basin and petroleum systems modelling · shale gas/oil 8. gas hydrates 9. closing session:...
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Basin and Petroleum Systems Modelling: Applications for Conventional and Unconventional
Petroleum Exploration Risk and Resource
Assessments
By Dr Bjorn Wygrala Schlumberger
21-22 November 2013
9. Closing Session
Education Days Moscow 2013
2
1. Opening Session: Industry Challenges and Opportunities
Conventional Petroleum Systems
2. Deepwater and Salt
3. Structural Complexity
4. Reservoir in Petroleum Systems Modeling
Theoretical Aspects
5. Temperature and Pressure
6. Petroleum Generation and Migration
Unconventional Petroleum Systems
7. Shale Gas/Oil
8. Gas Hydrates
9. Closing Session: Petroleum Systems Modeling in Context
3
Geologic Risk Factors in Exploration
3
source
carrier
Trap Risk
- Prospect/fault geometry
Reservoir Risk
- Porosity/permeability
Seal Risk
- Capillary pressure, fault seal
Charge* Risk
- Petroleum generation and expulsion
- Petroleum migration, entrapment and loss
- Timing relationship with structural evolution
- Petroleum property predictions
seal carrier/
reservoir
* Charge is the volume of hydrocarbons available for entrapment
5
PetroMod 3D Petroleum Systems Model – Campos Basin, Brazil
Roncador oil field
Jubarte oil field
Pre-salt
lacustrine
source rocks
Post-salt
marine
source rock
Play
Oligocene-
Miocene
Play Upper
Cretaceous
6
PetroMod 3D Petroleum Systems Modeling – Campos Basin, Brazil
6
mature source rocks salt
existing known fields and
potentially charged prospects
predicted hydrocarbon
migration routes
PetroMod
7
PetroMod 3D Modeling: Petroleum Property Predictions
Petrobras Application of 3D Petroleum Systems Modeling for
petroleum property prediction (Santos Basin, post-salt prospect)
Pre-drilling
prediction of
petroleum
charge history,
volumetrics and
properties (API
gravities, GOR)
Post-drilling
results
(discovery)
Courtesy of Petrobras
8
Exploration Workflow Requirements From megaregional screening to prospect/field scale
8
Screen: Focus:
Screening Workflows:
- Cover large areas with sparse data
- Basin to Play to Prospect scale
- Rapid workflows
- High uncertainties!
Focussed Workflows:
- … add locally refined data
- Basin to Play to Prospect scale
- Efficient workflows
- Reduce uncertainties!
9
PetroMod 3D Modeling: From Megaregional to Reservoir Scales
MEGA-REGIONAL SCALE
Hydrocarbon Resource Assessment
Entire Golf of Mexico, PEMEX
REGIONAL SCALE
Exploration Risk Assessment:
Campos Basin, Brasil
100-200 km
1000- 2000 km
RESERVOIR SCALE
Middle-East Oil Field
KOC Kuwait
MEGA-REGIONAL SCALE
Total HC Resource Assessment:
Complete Mexican Gulf of Mexico
Typical Model Size in Exploration:
Regional Scale
with about 10 million cells
10 - 20 km
14
“Interpretation” on
bitmap images
TWT
surface
Additional control
points for surface
modeling
Water velocity
Overburden velocity based on
thickness/compaction stage
TWT <=> TVD
18
Gulf of Mexico: Geology from Seismic
Green Knoll
Salt
sheet
Salt diapir
Sigsbee
Escarpment
Turbidites
Salt diapir
Peripheral plain
Post-salt sediments
Geological features :
Salt features: salt sheets, diapir; salt dissolution; salinar tectonics
Sedimentary features: turbidites, salt-sediment interaction
Shallow drilling hazards: seafloor instability, shallow gas
2013 © 2013 WesternGeco AL
Laake and Fiduk,
First Break, v.31,
September 2103,
p.81-85
19
Extraction of Geobodies: Salt Sutures and Impurities
Structurally sharpened
PSDM cube
Geobodies
2013 © 2013 WesternGeco AL
Laake and Fiduk,
First Break, v.31,
September 2103,
p.81-85
20
Geology from Seismic: Cut-out into turbidite, gas hydrate zone above salt
Gas hydrates
Faulted roof of salt diapir Shallow turbidite channel
Green Knoll
Sigsbee Escarpment Salt canopy
Abyssal plain
2013 © 2013 WesternGeco AL
Laake and Fiduk,
First Break, v.31,
September 2103,
p.81-85
22 22
G&G Data
into
Model
Petroleum
Systems
Analysis
and
Mapping
Risks
and
Resources
Statistical
Analysis
Petroleum Systems
Modeling of maturation,
expulsion vs. retention,
migration and
accumulation
Interpretation, mapping
of Gross Depositional
Environments and
model construction
Risk Mapping and
definition of
Assessment Units
(ASU)
Statistical assessment of
conventional and
unconventional
hydrocarbon resources
Resource
Mapping and
Reporting
Petroleum Resource Assessment Workflow for conventionals and unconventionals
24
Conventional Petroleum Systems and Processes
source unit
In conventional petroleum systems, we are interested
in the hydrocarbons that have been expelled from the
source rocks
Source System
Reservoir System
Carrier System
source unit
carrier
Basic processes:
- generation
- expulsion
- migration
- containment
(accumulation/loss)
loss
loss
25
Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Processes 1
source unit
In unconventional petroleum systems, we are
interested in the hydrocarbons that have been
retained in the source rocks
source unit
Basic processes:
- generation
- retention
- secondary cracking
of oil to gas
- containment
(accumulation/loss)
Source/Reservoir System
26
Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Processes 2
source unit
In unconventional petroleum systems, we are
interested in the hydrocarbons that have been
retained in the source rocks ... or migrated into
juxtaposed, continuous organic-lean intervals
source unit
carrier
loss
Source/Carrier/Reservoir
System
Shale-oil Resource Systems
... are organic-rich mudstones that have
generated oil that is stored in the organic-
rich mudstone intervals or migrated into
juxtaposed, continuous organic-lean
intervals. Thus these systems may
include primary and secondary migrated
oil.
Jarvie, 2012
27 27
1. Opening Session: Industry Challenges and Opportunities
Conventional Petroleum Systems
2. Deepwater and Salt
3. Structural Complexity
4. Reservoir in Petroleum Systems Modeling
Theoretical Aspects
5. Temperature and Pressure
6. Petroleum Generation and Migration
Unconventional Petroleum Systems
7. Shale Gas/Oil
8. Gas Hydrates
9. Closing Session: Petroleum Systems Modeling in Context