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TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)

Basic Communication

For Protection Engineer




Communication in Protection

Two purposes: -

• Operational requirements

– Requirement of the functions

– SCADA interface

• Non Operational services

– Remote access

– Protection system management




Operational Requirements

• Requirements of the functions

– Line current differential protection

– Line current phase comparison protection

– Line distance permissive signaling

– Intertrip scheme

– Substation Automation

– System Integrity Protection Scheme/Wide Area

Protection




Non Operational Services

• Remote Access – Settings

– Configuration – Fault Investigation

• Protection System Management

– Substation Interrogation & Monitoring System(SIMS)

– Relay management




Serial vs. Parallel

• Serial

– Transmit bits one after another

– Slow, cost effective

– Practical for long distance

• Parallel

– Group of bits at one time

– Requires multiple path – Practical for very short distance

– Computer system internal bus




UART

• Universal Asynchronous Receiver and

Transmitter

• Parallel to Serial Converter

– Receiver : Serial to Parallel

– Transmitter : Parallel to Serial




Serial Data

• Start bit

• Stop bit

• Data bits

• Parity bit

– Even

– Odd




Connection Topology

• Point to Point

• Point to Multi-point (Star)

• Point to Multi-point (Multi-drop)

• Ring

• Bus




Communication Types

• Asynchronous – Transmission of single character by character

– Framing bits (Start and Stop bits) – Require buffer on receiver

• Synchronous

– Transmission of a block of data – Requires clock signal

– SYN bit at the beginning of data block




Current Differential Protection

S/Stn A S/Stn B

CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’

CT ‘A’ CT ’B’

Relay ‘A’ 87CD

Relay ‘B’ 87CD

Communication Link

Ia Ib

Ia = 1200 A Ib = -1200 A

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 00 0 01 1

1 1 00 0 01 1

1 1 00 0 01 1

Current Values Sampling

1 1 00 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 00 0 01 1

1 1 00 0 01 1

t0 t1

t2

IB

t2

t1

t0




Current Differential Protection

Relay A87CD

G.703converter

G.703 Interfacecard

Mux Mux

G.703 Interfacecard

TelecommNetwork

Telecomm, ICT EquipmentProtection Equipment

Substation A Substation B

Relay B87CD

G.703converter

ElectricalTwisted Pair

Wire

2 types of communication network are available

1. SDH network (new telecomm system)

2. PDH network (old telecomm system)Communication protocol used

• 64kbit/s G.703

Communication equipment layout

87CD relay – G.703 communication converter – Telecomm Equipment




Distance Protection

(Permissive Under Reach)Zone 1 for Relay A

Zone 1 for Relay B

Circuit

Breaker

Circuit

Breaker

Distance

relay

Distance

relay

Decision DecisionTele-

protection

Tele-

protection

AC

B

• Earth Fault & Phase Fault

– Z1 :inst.

– Z2 :300ms

– Z2+CR : inst

– Z3 = Z3R :3000ms or 3s

– SOTF: inst




Teleprotection

• Contact transfer

• PDH or SDH

• TPS – Tele Protection Signaling

DistanceRelay

TPS Card

Mux Mux

TPS Card

TelecommNetwork

Telecomm, ICT EquipmentProtection Equipment

Substation A Substation B

DistanceRelay


Wire


Wire




Wide Area Protection

TKLG

KAWA PAKA KNYR

KTNN

PMU PMU

Generator Ramp Down

Generator Tripping

Adaptive Protection

Phasor Data

Concerntrator

PMU

PMU

PMU




Communication – PDH

PDH network layout• Point to Point communication

• Current Differential communication is a direct route connection

87CD 87CD 87CD 87CDPDH

Stn CStn BStn A

Stn E Stn D

Line AB Line BC

Line EA

Line DE

Line CD

Comm

AE

CommED

CommBC

PDH PDH

CommAB

PDH PDH PDH




Communication - SDHSDH Network

• Switched Communication Network

• Switches in SDH system enables communication to be routed through a differentpath.

87CD 87CD 87CD 87CDSDH

Stn CStn BStn A

Stn E Stn D

Line AB Line BC

Line EA

Line DE

Line CD

Comm

AE

CommED

CommBC

SDH SDH

CommAB

SDH SDH SDH

87CD (Line BC) Comm Route : B-A-E-D-C




Communication – SDH Features

SDH Network Features• SNCP (Sub Network Control Protection)

– 2 Communication Routes are configured

– In case of LOS (Loss of Signal) or AIS (Alarm Injected Signal) occurs,

Communication route will be switched from Main to Backup.

87CD 87CDSDH

Stn BStn ALine AB

Main Route = A-B

SDH Network

Backup Route = A-Network-B




Communication – SDH Features

SNCP Features

• Tx channel is sent through both Main and Backup routes

• SNCP Switching is done at Rx channel

• In case of failure, switching is done at affected substations only




OSI/ISO 7 Layers

7 Application Layer Data Application Layer 7

6 Presentation Layer Data Presentation Layer 6

5 Session Layer Data Session Layer 5

4 Transport Layer Segments Transport Layer 4

3 Network Layer Packets Network Layer 3

2 Data Link Layer Frames Data Link Layer 2

1 Physical Layer Bits Physical Layer 1

101101011100010101000101010111

C o d i n g

D e c o d i n g




Master – Slave Access

The master always has access to the bus

Slaves are polled in a fixed sequence by the master Slaves may respond by sending data

Characteristics• No direct slave to slave to slave communication• Polling rate depending on the master/transport media• Non-Deterministic response time

• Slave can only polled by one master

Master

Slave 1 Slave 2 Slave 3Examples: IEC 60870-5-103, DNP3, SPA etc




Client - Server

Master can poll slave Slave can report changes Slaves may respond by sending data

Characteristics• No direct slave to slave to slave communication• Polling rate depending on the master/transport media• Deterministic response time• Centralized transport media arbitration (bus administrator)

Client

Server1

Server2

Server3

Examples: IEC 61850, DNP3_TCP, ModbusTCP etc

Client




Peer – to – Peer

Each node has its own time slot Node may send during this time

Examples: IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE

Characteristic• Peer-to-peer communication• Fixed time slot independent of the network load• Deterministic response time (no collisions)

• Centralized transport media arbitration (bus administrator)

Node 1 Node 2 Node 3

t

Node 1

Node 2

Node 3




Ethernet




Ethernet uses CSMA/CD algorithm and full duplex: CSMA/CD ideal for transportation of best-effort traffic.

Easy decentralized algorithm and cheap implementation available. Currently, most communication medium uses full duplex transmission. Revert back CSMA/CD if full duplex not supported by device.

Ethernet is standardized with IEEE802.3 in IEEE802.3, lots of protocols for data link & physical layer arestandardized.

Ethernet is the dominating LAN technology since 1980’s

Ethernet’s performance is continually improved 3 Mbits/s → 10 Mbits/s → 100 Mbits/s → 1 Gbits/s → 10 Gbits/s

Features of Ethernet




Standard for Ethernet




Protocol Standards

• IEC 870-5-101

• IEC 870-5-103

• IEC 870-5-104

• DNP 3

• MODBUS

• IEC 61850




SUBSTATIONINTERROGATION AND

MONITORING SYSTEM

(SIMS)

THE SYSTEM AND ITSIMPLEMENTATION




What is SIMS…

• An integrated network of protection,

telecommunication and recorder/monitoring

equipment which will provide a single pointof access to all substation data.




Functions of SIMS

SIMS will provide…

• Event and disturbance Database

• Monitoring and supervision of protection

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED).

• Allow remote and local access to all

substation data.




SIMS• On demand Interrogation..

SLC MMI Databank Condition

Monitoring

Relay SIMS

Router SIMS Server

PCM

relay relay relay

RS 232

V.35

Hub

IP No. : Port No.

IP No.

(Vision Continued)




SIMS• Monitoring..


Monitoring

Relay SIMS

RS 485

Router SIMS Server

PCM

relay relay relay

RS 232

V.35

Hub

IP No.

(Vision Continued)




SIMS Topology


Monitoring

Relay SIMS

Router SIMS Server

PCM

relay relay relay

RS 232

V.35

Hub




SUBSTATION AUTOMATION




IEC 61850 STANDARD

Defines Communication Between

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)use in substation




INTEGRATION

THE CONVENTIONAL WAY




IEC 61850 Substation

Fly By Wire




IEC 61850 Objectives




Interoperability

• Based on answering two simple questions

– What Information Have To Be Communicated

(Data Model) – How Information Are Being Communicated

(Data Exchange)

• IEC 61850 Standardize Both



TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)Standard Data Model (Logical Node)

PROXY OBJECT Smallest Functional Element



TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)Anatomy of Logical Node

Physical Device(network address)

Logical Device

(e.g. Relay1)

MMXU1 MMXU2

MXMX

AV

Logical Nodes

Functional Components

“MMXU2$MX$A” = Feeder #2 Current Measurements



TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)Logical Node - Example

Brand YBrand XIOC Relay

PIOCMeasurements

MMXU1

SG CO A V

Diff Relay

PDIFMeasurements

MMXU1

SG CO A V

Physical Devices

Logical Nodes

Component

Data

MMXU1$MX$V$PhsVStandard Wayto Access Data

Prefix added to differentiate

i l d i & G i



TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)Logical Node – Naming & Grouping

Total of 100 LNs

S d d D E h



TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)Standard Data Exchange

(Excluded)

(Excluded)

GOOSE (4ms)

Virtual DC Wiring Virtual AC (RMS)

Sample Value

Virtual AC Wiring (sinusoidal)

Available Data

Self Descriptive




Free Functional Allocation - Example

IED

Optical Fiber



TNB Integrated Learning Solution (ILSAS)Long Term Stability

Logical Nodes

Technology




Potential Benefits

• Impact on Substation Design

• Impact on Substation Engineering

• Impact on Substation Delivery Time




Substation Design

• Reduction in number of dedicated

equipment

• Reduce number of panel leads to smallercontrol house

• Minimum number of auxiliary component

• Minimum usage of copper cables

• Less dependency on same manufacturer

Free Functional Allocation

Interoperability




Summary

Supported by ALL Major Manufacturers

IED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Relay




AnalogueInput Module

Binary InputModule

RelayOutput

Module

CalculateV1, I1,V0, I0,V2, I2

WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE

CommunicationModule 1

To other substation

F.O. C37.94or G.703 interface

Communication Module 2

SCADA via IEC103, DNP 3 etc

Configuration,Settings & Analysis

Proprietary

Settings &Configuration

Time

Synch

IRIG-B

WaveformData

Storage•Monitoring•Supervision•Control

Relay

Serial Port

Serial Port

Serial Port

IED with ETHERNET

Relay





Binary InputModule

RelayOutput

Module


WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE

CommunicationModule 1

To other substation

F.O. C37.94or G.703 interface

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SCADA via IEC104, DNP 3 over Ethernet, IEC61850 etc

Configuration,Settings & Analysis

Proprietary


Time

Synch

WaveformData

Storage•Monitoring•Supervision•Control

Ethernet Module

Ethernet Port

SNTP ServerSNTP

Relay

Relay





Binary InputModule

Relay OutputModule


WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE


WaveformData Storage •Monitoring

•Supervision•Control

IEC 61850 Implementation

Relay

Relay





Binary InputModule

Relay OutputModule

Calculate

V1, I1,V0, I0,V2, I2

WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE




RelayInformation Model





Binary InputModule

Relay OutputModule


WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE




PDIF

SERVER

L DEVICE: Protection

PDIS1

PDIS2

PDIS3

PIOC1

LLN0

PTOC1

PTOC2

PTRC

RCBF

XCBR

XSWI1

XSWI2

XSWI3

CILO

LLN0

CSWI1

CSWI2

CSWI3

L DEVICE: Control

MMXU1

MMXU2

MSQI

MMTR

L DEVICE: Measurement& Supervision

RDRE

RADR1 RBDR1

RADR n

L DEVICE: Recorder

RBDR n

SIMG

y

GGIO1

GGIO2 GAPCRREC

PDIR

LLN0 LLN0

RelayInformation Model





Binary InputModule

Relay OutputModule


WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE




SERVICE

y

Control

Get/Set

Directory

Substitute

BReport

UBReport

GOOSE

SMV

RelayInformation Mapping





Binary InputModule

Relay OutputModule


WaveformRecording

Scheme Logic

87L

21Z

50

51

27

25

67

50BF

MAPPING TABLE

MAPPING TABLE




y

L DEVICE: Protection

L DEVICE: Control

L DEVICE: Measurement

LN

LN

LN

Dataset 1

Dataset 2

Dataset 3

Dataset 4

Dataset n

BReport

UnBReport

GOOSE

IEC61850 - 8




Thank You

Wallahuaalam

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