basic measurements in epidemiology
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basic measurements in epidemiology
Dr. S. A. Rizwan, M.D.,Asst. Professor,
Department of Community Medicine,VMCHRI, Madurai
![Page 2: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Learning objectives
• At the end of this lecture you sh be able
• List the various tools used for measurement• List the various measures of death• List the various measures of disease
![Page 3: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Recap
• Define epidemiology• Uses of epidemiology
![Page 4: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Measurements used in epidemiology
• Measurement of mortality• Measurement of morbidity• Measurement of disability• Measurement of natality• Measurement of disease attributes• Measurement of health care services• Measurement of the risk factors• Measurement of demographic variables
![Page 5: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
TOOLS OF MEASUREMENT
![Page 6: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Tools of measurement
• Proportion• Rate • Ratio
![Page 7: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Proportion
• Usually expressed as a percentage %– Numerator (which is part of denominator)– Denominator– Multiplier– No time factor
![Page 8: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Proportion – exampleWhat proportion of this class are Vijay fans?
![Page 9: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Proportion – exampleWhat proportion of this class are Ajith fans?
![Page 10: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Proportion – ‘real’ example
• What proportion of the population is suffering from diabetes?
![Page 11: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Rate
Contains• Numerator (which is part of denominator)• Denominator• Multiplier• Time period
• Usually expressed per 100 / per 1000 population• It has a time dimension, whereas a PROPORTION
does not
![Page 12: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Rate – example
![Page 13: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Rate – example
• Death rate = X 1000
![Page 14: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Ratio
Contains• Numerator (not part of denominator)• Denominator
![Page 15: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Ratio – example
![Page 16: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Ratio – example
![Page 17: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Ratio – example
![Page 18: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Summary
• Epidemiology uses 3 main tools of measurement– Proportion– Rate – Ratio
![Page 19: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
MEASUREMENT OF MORTALITY
![Page 20: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Measurement of mortality
• Crude death rate• Specific death rate• Proportional mortality rate
• Case fatality rate
• Survival rate• Adjusted/standardized rates
![Page 21: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
International death certificate
![Page 22: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Crude Death Rate
X 1000
![Page 23: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Total population in Madurai in 2015
![Page 24: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
No. of deaths in Madurai in 2015
![Page 25: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
CDR in Madurai in 2015
![Page 26: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Specific death rate
• Cause specific– Deaths due to cholera
• Age specific– Infant deaths
• Sex specific– Maternal deaths
• Time specific– Weekly deaths
![Page 27: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Total population in Madurai in 2015
![Page 28: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
No. of deaths in Madurai in 2015
![Page 29: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Cause of death – cholera
![Page 30: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Cholera specific death rate in Madurai in 2015
![Page 31: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Proportional mortality rate
= X 100
![Page 32: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Total population in Madurai in 2015
![Page 33: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
No. of deaths in Madurai in 2015
![Page 34: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Total deaths
![Page 35: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Cause of death – cholera
![Page 36: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Proportional mortality rate of cholera
![Page 37: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Total population (MYP)
Total deaths – all causes
Cholera deaths
CDR
Specific DR
PMR
![Page 38: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Case fatality rate
CFR = X 100
![Page 39: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Total no. of cholera cases
![Page 40: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
No. of people died due to cholera
![Page 41: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Total no. of cholera cases
![Page 42: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Survival rate
• Used in research studies• Like cancer therapy or survival
X 100
![Page 43: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
What is standardization?
You: My salary has doubled this month
Ur friend: My salary has also doubled
![Page 44: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
What is standardization?
¥. 1 Lakh = Rs. 10 Lakh¥. 2 Lakh = Rs. 20 Lakh
Gain = Rs. 10 Lakh
Rs. 1 LakhRs. 2 Lakh
Gain = Rs. 1 Lakh
![Page 45: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
What is standardization?
Rs. 1 Lakh = $ 1,500 ¥. 1 Lakh = $ 15,000Rs. 2 Lakh = $ 3,000 ¥. 2 Lakh = $ 30,000Gain = $ 1,500 Gain = $ 15,000
![Page 46: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
What is standardization?
You: My salary has doubled this month
Ur friend: My salary has also doubled
![Page 47: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Direct standardization
![Page 48: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Crude ratesMadurai Population Deaths Death rate per
10000-64 53,500 446 8.3
Chennai Population Deaths Death rate per 1000
0-64 92,000 850 9.2
![Page 49: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Age specific ratesMadurai Population Deaths Death rate per
10000-24 21,500 123 5.7
25-64 32,000 323 10.0
Chennai Population Deaths Death rate per 1000
0-24 32,000 150 4.625-64 60,000 700 11.6
![Page 50: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Standard population
Standard Population
0-24 156,000
25-64 45,000
![Page 51: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Standardization for MaduraiStandard Population Madurai
ratesExpected
deaths0-24 156,000 5.7 889
25-64 45,000 10.0 450
Total 201,000 1,339
Age Population Total deaths Standardized crude rate
0-64 201,000 1,339 6.6
∂
∂ ∂ ∂
![Page 52: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Standardization for ChennaiStandard Population Chennai
ratesExpected
deaths0-24 156,000 4.6 718
25-64 45,000 11.6 522
Total 201,000 1,240
Age Population Total deaths Standardized crude rate
0-64 201,000 1,240 6.1
∂
∂ ∂ ∂
![Page 53: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Standardized ratesMadurai Population Deaths CDR per
1000Std. DR
per 10000-64 53,500 446 8.3 6.6
Chennai Population Deaths CDR per 1000
Std. DR per 1000
0-64 92,000 850 9.2 6.1
![Page 54: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Indirect standardization
![Page 55: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Standardized mortality ratio
Age National death rate per 1000
25-34 3
35-44 5
45-54 8
55-64 25
![Page 56: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Standardized mortality ratio
Age Doctor population
Observed deaths
25-34 300 *35-44 400 *45-54 200 *55-64 100 *Total 1000 9.0
Crude death rate for doctors is 9.0 per 1000
![Page 57: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Standardized mortality ratioAge National
rateDoctor
populationObserved
deathsExpected
deaths25-34 3 300 * 0.935-44 5 400 * 2.045-54 8 200 * 1.655-64 25 100 * 2.5Total 1000 9.0 7.0
![Page 58: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Standardized mortality ratio
SMR = X 100
SMR = 9/7 X 100 = 129
It means doctors experience 29% more mortality than the general population
![Page 59: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Summary
• There are various measures of mortality• Each one has its own purpose and
disadvantages• Standardization is a method for making rates
comparable between regions
![Page 60: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
MEASUREMENT OF MORBIDITY
![Page 61: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Measurement of morbidity
• Incidence– Occurrence of new cases
• Prevalence– Existence of new and old cases
• Incidence – how many people with the disease are newly diagnosed each year (like video)
• Prevalence - how many people in a population currently have the disease (like snapshot)
![Page 62: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Incidence (நடக்குறது)
X 1000
![Page 63: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Incidence – example
JANUARY 1, 2016 DECEMBER 31, 2016
![Page 64: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Special incidence rates
• Attack rate• Secondary attack rate
![Page 65: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Uses of incidence rate
• For taking action to control disease• More suited for acute or infectious conditions• For research
![Page 66: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Example of use of incidence
This news article is giving only the numerators,Without denominator, it is hard to place much importance
![Page 67: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Example of use of incidence
![Page 68: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Points to remember about incidence
• Refers only to new cases• Not influenced by duration of disease• Refers to a particular time period• Denominator is people at risk
![Page 69: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Prevalence (இருக்குறது)
X 1000
![Page 70: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Types of prevalence
• Point prevalence • Period prevalence
![Page 71: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Point prevalence – example
JANUARY 1, 2016 DECEMBER 31, 2016
![Page 72: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Period prevalence – example
JANUARY 1, 2016 DECEMBER 31, 2016
![Page 73: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Prevalence increases
• Longer duration of disease• Prolongation of life with treatment• Increase in incidence• Immigration of new cases• Better reporting of cases• Emigration of healthy people
![Page 74: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Prevalence decreases
• Shorter duration of diseases• Improved cure rate• Decrease in incidence • Emigration of new cases• Under reporting of cases• Immigration of healthy people
![Page 75: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Uses of prevalence
• Magnitude of disease problems • Identify potential high-risk populations • Administrative and planning purposes, e.g.,
hospital beds, manpower needs, rehabilitation facilities
![Page 76: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Example of use of prevalence
![Page 77: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Example of use of prevalence
![Page 78: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Points to remember about prevalence
• Refers to new and old cases• Influenced by duration of disease• Refers to a particular time period• Denominator is people at risk
![Page 79: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Relation between incidence & prevalence
![Page 80: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
Relation between incidence & prevalence
• Prevalence = Incidence X duration
• Incidence = 10 cases/1000 population/year• Mean duration of disease = 5 years• Prevalence = 10 x 5 = 50 per 1000 population
![Page 81: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
Summary
• Incidence and prevalence are finer measurements of health as compared to death rates
• They help us to measure the effectiveness of disease control measures
![Page 82: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
Take home messages
• Proportion, rate and ratio – basic tools• CDR is a simple measure of death/health• Standardization is needed for comparability• Incidence reflects new cases only• Prevalence reflects new and old cases• Incidence and prevalence are related• Mortality measures are important, morbidity
measures give a better idea of health
![Page 83: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
Review 1
• It was reported that the incidence of dengue was increasing every year in Madurai. This could mean all EXCEPT,
a) Control of mosquitoes has failedb) Reporting of dengue cases has improvedc) Treatment for dengue has failedd) Public awareness on dengue has increased
![Page 84: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Review 2
• Prevalence of Diabetes is increasing every year in India. This could mean all EXCEPT,
a) Incidence of DM is increasingb) Reporting of diabetes has increasedc) Diabetic patients are surviving longer due to better
treatmentd) Public awareness on diabetes has increasede) None of the above
![Page 85: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
Review 3
• Examples of a disease with high incidence but low prevalence include (multiple options)
a) Acute respiratory infectionb) Acute diarrhoea c) TBd) Leprosy
![Page 86: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
Review 4
• Examples of a disease with low incidence but high prevalence include (multiple options)
a) Acute respiratory infectionb) Acute diarrhoea c) TBd) Leprosy
![Page 87: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
Review 5
• A new diabetes control programme was introduced in Madurai. After 1 year, the incidence and prevalence of Diabetes increased. This means
a) The programme did not workb) The programme worked c) Data not sufficient
![Page 88: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Review 6
• Disadvantages of crude death rate include (multiple options)
a) Simple measureb) Influenced by the age compositionc) Not comparable between countriesd) All of the above
![Page 89: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
Review 7
• Proportional mortality is useful for all EXCEPT
a) Understanding relative importance of diseases as a cause of death
b) Determining measures for reducing preventable mortality
c) Indicating the risk for population from dying due to a particular cause
d) All of the above
![Page 90: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Review 8
• Standardized rates can be calculated for
a) Age b) Sex c) Race d) Literacy ratee) All the above
![Page 91: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
Review 9
• Standardized mortality ratio requires all EXCEPT
a) Age specific denom. for interest pop.b) Age specific death rates for standard pop.c) Age specific death rates for interest pop.d) Crude death rate in interest pop.
![Page 92: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
Review 10
• A patient with Atherosclerotic heart disease for 7 years developed Acute myocardial infarction last week and died today as a result of myocardial rupture. What is the immediate cause of death?
a) Acute myocardial infarction b) Atherosclerotic heart disease c) Cardiac arrestd) Rupture of myocardium
![Page 93: Basic measurements in epidemiology](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/587e25d11a28abb93e8b4f59/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
Review 11
• Mid year population is not the denominator for (multiple options)
a) Age specific death rateb) Cause specific death ratec) Crude death rated) Proportional mortality ratee) Case fatality rate