basic genetics
DESCRIPTION
Basic Genetics. Student Judge Seminar Warsaw September 2011. To see a cat. Some see a cat!. To see a cat. I see: a female cat genetic black color not diluted with white it’s a tortie mackerel tabby shorthair. To see a cat. I see: A - non agouti BBblack - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Basic Genetics
Student Judge Seminar Warsaw
September 2011
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To see a cat
Some see a cat!
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To see a cat
I see:a female catgenetic blackcolor not dilutedwith whiteit’s a tortiemackerel tabbyshorthair
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To see a cat
I see:A - non agoutiBB blackD - not dilutedLL shorthairMc - mackerelSs bi-colour
xox tortie
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To see a cat
A judge see??
BeautyWhich breedPattern and colourCompare with: - breed standard
- general part of standard
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To see a cat
A cat is ”built” of many different elements – a puzzle which can be joint together in many ways.
– color– sex– pattern– hair length– etc.
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What is the color of the cat about?
Back to the basic!
Felis Sysvestris Lybica
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Original genetics
The original model:
AA BB CC DD ii LL McMc ss xy ww
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Original genetics
The original model:
agoutiblackno dilutionnon silvershort hairspottedno whiteno pointsno red
AA BB CC DD ii LL McMc ss xy ww
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Original genetics
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Original genetics
Colour and structure!
Original genetics
Mutations in the development of the cats
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Original genetics
Two types of colour pigments:
Eumelanin: Black pigments
Phaomelanin: Yellow to orange pigments
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Original genetics
Structure of the hair
The hair must be filled with the two types of pigments
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Original genetics
Structure of the hair
Phaomelanin (orange) is
put into the hair
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Original genetics
Structure of the hair
Then eumelanin
(black).
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Original genetics
Most hairs is of this type (ticked or banded hairs):
The pattern is
areas of darker
ticking on a
lighter ticked
ground
The agouti ground The pattern
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Original genetics
Nature goes for the average
We goes for the extreme
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What is the color of the cat about?
Production of color pigmentation and the distribution of the pigment granules
Some modifying factors
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What is the color of the cat about?
During the growth the melanin is incorporated in the hair celles.
Type and concentration of the pigment gives the colour
Melanocyter transfer melanine to the hair – gives the colourMelanocyter transfer melanine to the hair – gives the colour
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Hvad handler farven på katten om?
Produktion of eumelanin– Different types (black, choc. and cin.)
black
chocolat
cinnamon
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What is the color of the cat about?
Production of eumelanine– Different types (black, choc and cin.) B / b / bl
– Amount of eumelanines Normal A / D / x / Bm
Overproduction (non agouti /pattern) aa None (red) xo xo
/ xo y Distribution (dilution) dd Modification (amber) bmbm
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What is the color of the cat about?
Production of Pheaomelanine
The colour or the amount of phaomelanine gives the variation from warm orange to cool yellow?)
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What is the color of the cat about?
Production Pheaomelanine
– Distribution (dilution) dd– None (silver) I -– Modification (rufism)
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What is the color of the cat about?
Pattern / modification of pattern
– original pattern (spottet) Mc -– blotched (blotched)
mcmc– ticked (ticked tabby) tb tb
– wide band (shaded/tipped) Wb -
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What is the color of the cat about?
No production of pigment
– all white (the white colour) W -
– piebald spotting (the white spotting) SS /Ss– gloves (SBI) glgl– white spots (??)
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What is the color of the cat about?
Reduction of pigmentetion
– normal C– burmese cb
cb
– siamese cs
cs
– ressecive white ca ca
– albino c c
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What is the color of the cat about?
The quality of the colour and pattern
Polygenetic modifications
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Genes
Colour genes (color and pattern)
– Each gene controls one feature– Can be dominant, recessive or partly dominant
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Genes
Polygenes– A lot of ”small” genes work together– They work in different ways– “Qualitymakers”– Modifyers– Treshold characters
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Colour genetics
I will look at one feature at a time.
They can be combined later on.
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B alleles – Black/brown colour
B > b > bl
Decides the shape of the euamelanin granules
B = normal shape black
b = oval shape cholate
bl = rod shape cinnamon
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B alleles – Black/brown colour
B > b > bl
BB / Bb / Bbl Black
bb / bbl Chocolate
blbl Cinnamon .
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The red colour
The red color.The red color is sex linked.The gene is placed on the X chromosome.
No eumelanin is prodcued, no matter the type.
Black, chocolate and cinnamon colours can not be produced!.
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The red colour
Only phaeomelanin (the yellow/red color)
is produced
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The red colour
I have chosen to mark this gene for orange/red as a variation of the normal X gene, as the placement of the red allele is at the X chromosome.
X the normal coloured catXo redY carry no genes
This way I think it is more clear that the color is sex linked and the explanation about the outcome as a result of mating red/tortie cat is more clear.
This is my way of seeing it – and not all share my opinion on this matter.
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The red colour
Xo blocks or change the production of eumelanine. Only phaomelanine will be produced.
In order to work fully there must be two Xo in a female .
In the male, who only has one X chromosome, one Xo gives a red male
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Red mating – colour distribution
Male: red Females: normal - tortie - red
females: tortie red or tortie red males: normal normal or red red
½
xo y
x xox xy
x xox xy
xo y
xo xo xo xo y
x xox xy
xo y
xo xo xo xo y
xo xo xo xo y
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Red mating – colour distribution
Male: Normal Female: normal - tortie - red
females: normal normal and tortie tortie
male: normal normal and red red
½
x y
x xx xy
x xx xy
x y
xo xo x xo y
x xx xy
x y
xo xo x xo y
xo xo x xo y
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Colour pigmentation
The basic colurs
Black BB / Bb / Bbl Black eumelanine Chocolate bb / bbl Chocolate
eumelanine Cinnamon blbl Cinnamon
eumelanine Red No eumelanine
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Colour pigmentation
The basic colurs
black chocolate cinnamon red
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Colour pigmentation
The basic colurs
Explanation to why there is no difference between a genetically black, chocolate or cinnamon based red!
No eumelanine is produced to give the difference!!!
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D allele - dilution
DD / Dd
controles the destribution of pigment granules in the hair.
DD and Dd give an even distribution dd gives uneven deposit the hair appears lighter and the roots gets lighter
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D allele - dilution
DD / Dd
cross section of a normal coloured hair (dense). colour pighment evenly distributed in the hair colour is black, choc., cinnamon
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D - allele - dilution
dd
Diluted hairColour pigment is placed in groupsLight can pass through the hairThe hair appears palerUneven placement of pigment
black blue choc. lilac cinnamon fawn red creme
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D - allele - dilution
dd
Even though the pigment granules are distributed in an other way this will have no effect on the eyecolour.
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
[II] & [Ii] cause suppression of the phaomelanine pigment in the individual hairs.
That leaves only the eumelanine in the hair.
(no warm colors left).
[ii] is the normal coloured cat. (non-silver)
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
The I gene works different in agouti and non agouti hairs. I non agouti hairs it leaves lower part of the hair without
pigments (looks white)Non agouti and silver = smoke.
non-agouti hair smoke hair.
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
When reducing the
pigments the hair
structure can be
seen and the tabby
pattern shows.
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
In agouti cats, the I gene surpresses the phaomelanin (the yellow/red colour) and the ticked hairs wil be the colour af the eumelanine and white without coloured bands.
agouti hair silver agouti hair
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
In agouti cats the I gene inhibits the phaomelanin (the yellow/red color) and the ticked hair will be black and white without coloured bands.
non silver OSH n 22 silver OSH ns 22
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
Silver and red!
The I (silver) allele surpresses the creation of phaomelanine!
The xo (red) allele surpresses the creation of eumelanine!
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
Silver and red!
No pigment granules are (supposed to be) created!!
But some phaomelanine is left in the red/creme silvers.
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I allele – Silver (inhibitor)
Rufism/tanning?
– Unwanted colouring on legs, neck and sides….
– Selection will reduce
the problem– Is it connected to the
warmth in color??
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Tabby patterns
All cats have a tabby pattern!!But you cannot always see it!!
There are various theoriesabout the genes, whichdecide the tabby patterns.
And there is still a lot to learn!!
When it can be seen, it is a
a coloured pattern or a darker agouti area on an (lighter)
agouti background
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Tabby patterns
A / a A gen which turn the tabby pattern on and off
Mc/mc A gene controls if it is mackerel or blotched
Ta/ta A gene which causes the ticked tabby pattern – this is partly dominant.
Wb/wb A gene which causes an “unpatterned” tabby patternwith the lower part of the hair without eumelanine
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A allele – agouti / non agouti
AA (Aa) is the original pattern for cats
and the tabby pattern can be seen.
A causes bands of different colours in the single hairs (eumelanine and phaomeline bands)
The hairs will be ticked – provide an agouti base
The coloured pattern sits on this agouti base.
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A genes – agouti / non agouti
aa is the mutation.
Causes an overproduction of eumelanine.Fills up the entire hair with the type of eumelanine.
Looks like there are only single coloured hairs
- but the aguti structure is still there!!
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A genes – agouti / non agouti
Ticked hair. Bands of eumelanine on the ground colour. of phaeomelanine. Phaomelanine gives ground colour. The warm yellowish coloured bands. Which is the same in all colours.
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A genes – agouti / non agouti
Non-agouti hairOne colorThe phaomelanine is“overruled”/covered by the overproduction of eumelanine.
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aa genes – red
A red self??
aa causes an overproduction of eumelanine to “fill” the hairs with the melanine (black, chocolate and cinnamon)xo block the production of melanine
Result: The red color “overrules” the non agouti in the red cat.A red is ALWAYS non agouti!!!
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Non agouti
The tabby pattern isstill there (hair structureis the same) – but youcan not se it.
aa turns it of!
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Agouti
Agouti in connection with a tabby pattern
Different grades of agouti hairs.
In the pattern moreeumelanine is produced.
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Mc genes
Mc / mc control the basic tabby pattern
The difference in appearance is decided by polygenetic
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Mc genes
mc mc
The spotted/mackerel pattern is changed
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Ta genes
The Ta gene covers the ”normal” tabby pattern.
Is only partly dominant.
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Ta genes
Ta Ta Ta ta ta ta
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Ta genes
Homozygot ticked tabby
A - McMc TaTa
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Ta genes
Heterozygot ticked tabby
A - McMc Tata
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Wb genes (wide band)
ta ta
Wb - Ta Ta Ta ta
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Shaded / tipped
A tabby pattern that covers up all other tabby patterns – expression can vary.
Seen in a silver and a golden variant
A golden blotched tabby!??
To me a bad shaded with the underlying tabby pattern shining through.
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Shaded / tipped
We do not know much about genetics.
We know:
It is an agouti / tabby cat (a tabby pattern)
Only shaded/tipped if one of the parents is shaded/tipped
Has been closely connected to silver
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Shaded / tipped
Works only together with AA or Aa.
Restrict the creation of eumelanine and creates the lover part of the hair totally without eumelanine
In combination with silver (no phaeomelanine produced) creates the chinchilla / silver shaded
Without silver (with phaomelanine produced) golden tipped and golden shaded.
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Shaded / tipped - silver
tipped shaded normal
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Shaded / tipped - golden
tipped shaded normal
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Shaded / tipped
This what I think!
The wide band gene is an unpatterned tabby gene different from the tick tabby gene (no stripes on the legs)
The wide band gene widens the lover part of the hairs to be without phaeomelanine.
- and probably several polygenes
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Shaded / tipped
So may be the genetic is like this:
[A - ] to be non agouti
[Mc - ]/[mcmc] to have a tabby pattern
[Ta - ] /[ta ta] to have or not to have the tick tabby pattern
[Wb - ] to have the ”unpatterned” tabby pattern and to have the lover part of the hair without pigment.
+ some polygentic factors.
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Tabby patterns
Original tabby pattern
Can vary from mackerel to spottet – but still have the same gene to give the pattern
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Tabby patterns
Variation (mutation) of the original tabby pattern
Gives the blotched pattern
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Tabby patterns
No tabby pattern / non agouti
“Underlying” tabby pattern can be seen as ghost markings.
Covers all tabby patterns!
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Tabby patterns
Tick Tabby – covers the original tabby pattern (spottet/mackerel) and the mutation (blotched)
Only partly dominant
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Tabby patterns
Tipped / shaded (an unpatterned tabby pattern).
Covers all the other tabby patterns, develops with age.
A blotched golden is a contradiction!
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Tabby patterns
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Tabby patterns
Patterns mainly found in wild / domestic hybrids
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Black modifier - Amber
A recessive gene– Dm for normal colour– dm for amber
Do not work with red (epistatic)
Cancels the blocks the work of [ a a ]
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Black modifier - Amber
Modifies/reduces the production of eumelanine or give an overproduction of phaomelanine
Do not work with red because there is no euamelanine to modify or reduce. (epistatic to red)
The overproduction of eumelanine is blocked/reduced and the tabby pattern is visible (blocks the work of [ a a ])
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Black modifier - Amber
BB Dd Mc- bmbm
Still a small amount
of eumelanine left
but mainly the
phaomelanine shows.
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C alleles – albino serie
C genes have 5 levels. C normal colour cb burmese point
cs siamese point (siamese, colour point,
sc. birma, ragdoll) ca recessive white (blue-eyed albino) c red-eyed albino
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C alleles – albino serie
Strength between the 5 different genes are:
C > cb > cs > ca > c
– C dominates all others– cb onyl partly dominates cs (tonkanese)
I will only deal with C or cs.
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C alleles – albino serie
[cscs] causes the pigmentation to be linked to the temperature.
The coldest areas will have color.Colour on legs, tail, ears and face.The warmer areas will be lighter.Eyes will be deep blue.
A pointed cat is genetically a cat in whatever color, which is lighter in the warmest parts of the cat.
At birth all kittens are white (no pigmentation)
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White
Many different (at least three) genes can cause white
W gives the all white cat
S gives the white spotted cat
Gl gives the gloves on a SBI
?? gives small white spots (lockets)
and there are probably more with the same effect.
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Embryo – the early fetus
Is still just a tube. The task of the cellers
is not yet defined
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Embryo – the early fetus
Is still just a tube. The task of the cellers
is not yet defined
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Ear
Eye
Mouth
Tail
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Normal colours.
When the task of the cells is defined.
Colour pigmentation “grows” from the spine of the embryo very early (1 – 2 weeks)
Nerve cells and skin cells have the same origin. (“hearing”, eye colour, fur colour etc.)
Continue till the cat is covered all over. (grows from the back to the stomach)
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White
Same influence from all the “white” genes – W S Gl og ??.
When the pigmentation spread out from 1 – 2 weeks, it will not always reach all the way round the “tube”.
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W – dominant white
If the cat carries WW or Ww the migration of the pigment cells do not start at all.
Only around the head the cells will migrate and reach the ears and the eyes.
If they reach the eyes the cat will have green/orange eyes. If not the cat will have one or two blue eyes.
If the do not reach the ear the cat will be deaf or partly deaf.
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S – white spotted – piebald spotted
If the cat carries SS or Ss the migration of the pigment cells will start normally.
The cells will run tired and stop at a certain point. If they reach the eyes the cat will have green/orange
eyes. If not the cat will have one or two blue eyes. If the do not reach the ear the cat could be deaf or
partly deaf but this is extremely rare Odd eye/blue eye only at bi-colours or less white.
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Gl – glowes – (SBI)
If the cat carries GlGl or Glgl the migration of the pigment cells will start normally.
The cells will go almost all the way round the tube. Except the feet and possibly the middle line of the stomach.
The gene is dominant but with a threshold character to be reached before it can be seen.
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Locket – white spots
Possibly a recessive gene – goes in certain lines.
Small mistakes early in pregnancy “Environmental” influence – heat, stress,
medicine etc.
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W – genes – dominant white
Dominant white.
Surpresses all production of pigment from in the coat.
Cover up ALL other colours/paterns!
Eyecolour can be blue, orange/green or one of each (odd eyed).
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W – genes – dominant white
Can cause deafness in white cats.
There is no such thing as a ”deafness gene”.
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S - genes Piebald spotted
S genes are only partly dominant towards s
That means that there is a difference between [SS] or [Ss]
S gene causes a small or large distribution of white in the normal color.
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S - genes Piebald spotted
The variation is very big and it is impossible to predict any outcome of the
white pattern!!!
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S - genes Piebald spotted
The amount of white is controlled on the basis of the cell / polygenetic, and it is possible to find cats with the genetic [SS] or [Ss] which have the same amount of white.
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S - genes Piebald spotted
Grades of white
ss
Ss
SS
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Dilute modifier
Not recognized in FIFe!
Does it actually exist??
Modifies diluted colours (can only be seen when the cat is homozygos [ d d ])
The EMS code is for registration purposes only in imported cats from other organisations.
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Dilute modifier
2 x ”caramel” or 1 x lilac?
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Dilute modifier
2 x ”caramel” or 1 x lilac?
lilac silver ticked