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Patricia M. DehmerDirector, Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy
19 April 2007
BES UpdateBES Update
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES ––Serving the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
http://http://www.science.doe.gov/beswww.science.doe.gov/bes
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070605040302010099989796959493929190898887868584838281807978
Fiscal Year
Da
ys B
eyo
nd
Sep
tem
ber
30th
*
* Prior to FY 1977, Fiscal Years ended on June 30th
3030--Year History of Energy and Water Development AppropriationsYear History of Energy and Water Development Appropriations
Source information from the Library of Congress: http://thomas.loc.gov/home/search.html
1,250,250
The FY 2008 Congressional Budget Request for SC Prior to FY 2007The FY 2008 Congressional Budget Request for SC Prior to FY 2007 AppropApprop..
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Timelines for BES Solicitations Based on BRN WorkshopsTimelines for BES Solicitations Based on BRN Workshops
Solicitation: Instrumentation Basic research for
solar energy utilization
Basic research for the hydrogen fuel
initiative
Basic research for advanced nuclear energy systems
Funding in FY 2007 Request ~ $20 million $34.1 million + $17.5 million $12.4 million
Additional funding in FY 2008 Request + $5.9 million + $9.5 million
FY 2007 Congressional Budget released February 6, 2006
Announcement of intent to issue solicitations February 16, 2006
Posting solicitation on SC website March 7, 2006 March 21, 2006 April 20, 2006 October 12, 2006
Preproposal deadlines May 17, 2006
106 preproposals June 5, 2006
656 preproposals July 6, 2006
502 preproposals Nov. 22, 2006
209 preproposals
PIs notified of preproposal decisions June 30, 2006 59 encouraged
August 11, 2006 346 encouraged
Sept. 12, 2006 249 encouraged
January 5, 2007 126 encouraged
Full proposal deadlines August 30, 2006
58 received Nov. 14, 2006 309 received
Dec. 12, 2006 229 received
March 14, 2007
Announce awards (dates are approximate) Early April 2007 Mid April 2007 Mid May 2007 Late June 2007
Pie Chart of the FY 2008 PresidentPie Chart of the FY 2008 President’’s Requests Request
Materials Sciences and Engineering Research
Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Res
Major Items of Equipment
E-Beam Facilities and Facility R&D
Combustion Research Facility
Nanoscale Science Research Centers
Synchrotron Radiation and FEL Light Sources
Neutron Scattering Sources
Construction, PED, and OPC
GPP/GPE
SBIR/STTR
Scientific User Facilities Division
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• 4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources • Linac Coherent Light Source & NSLS-II (PED or construction)• 4 Neutron Sources• 3 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers• 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers (2 complete and 3 nearly complete)• 1 Special Purpose Center
Advanced Light Source
Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation Lab
National Synchrotron Light Source
Advanced Photon Source
National Center for Electron
Microscopy
Shared Research Equipment Program
Electron Microscopy Center for Materials
Research
High-Flux Isotope Reactor
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
Combustion Research Facility
Los Alamos Neutron Science
Center
Center for Nanophase
Materials Sciences
Spallation Neutron Source
Linac Coherent Light Source
Center for Integrated
Nanotechnologies
MolecularFoundry
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Center for Functional
Nanomaterials
National Synchrotron
Light Source-II
Tools for Discovery Tools for Discovery The BES Scientific User FacilitiesThe BES Scientific User Facilities
The Spallation Neutron Source Project is CompleteThe Spallation Neutron Source Project is CompleteAhead of schedule, under budget, meeting all technical milestoneAhead of schedule, under budget, meeting all technical milestoness
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SNS First Neutrons SNS First Neutrons –– 28 April 200628 April 2006
DOE Deputy Secretary Clay Sell Signs CD-4 – 5 June 2006, 4:37 EDT
Center for Center for NanophaseNanophase Materials SciencesMaterials Sciences(Oak Ridge National Laboratory)(Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Center for Nanoscale MaterialsCenter for Nanoscale Materials(Argonne National Laboratory)(Argonne National Laboratory)
Molecular FoundryMolecular Foundry(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Center for Integrated Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (Sandia & Los Nanotechnologies (Sandia & Los
Alamos National Labs)Alamos National Labs)
Center for Functional NanomaterialsCenter for Functional Nanomaterials(Brookhaven National Laboratory)(Brookhaven National Laboratory)
Construction is Complete and Initial Operations are Underway at Construction is Complete and Initial Operations are Underway at Four NSRCsFour NSRCs
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Wood
HydroelectricPower
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Electric Power
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
10
20
30
40
0
Qu
adri
llio
n B
tu
U.S. Energy Consumption by Source
Wood
HydroelectricPower
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Electric Power
1650
10
20
30
40
0
Qu
adri
llio
n B
tuU.S. Energy
Consumption by
Source
Incandescent lamp,
1870s
Four-stroke combustion
engine, 1870s
Rural Electrification Act,
1935
Eisenhower Highway System, 1956
Watt Steam
Engine, 1782
Technology, Energy, and Society are Inextricably IntertwinedTechnology, Energy, and Society are Inextricably IntertwinedToday’s Energy Technologies and Infrastructures are Firmly RooteToday’s Energy Technologies and Infrastructures are Firmly Rooted in the 20d in the 20thth CenturyCentury
Wind, water, wood, animals, (Mayflower,1620) Intercontinental Rail System, mid 1800s
What Will the 21What Will the 21stst Century Bring?Century Bring?2121stst Century Science and Technology Will Exert Control at the AtomicCentury Science and Technology Will Exert Control at the Atomic, Molecular, and Nanoscale Levels, Molecular, and Nanoscale Levels
Wood
HydroelectricPower
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear Electric Power
1850 1900 1950 2000
10
20
30
40
0
Qu
adri
llio
n B
tu
Bio-inspired nanoscale assemblies –
self-repairing and defect-
tolerant materials and
selective and specific
chemical reactivity.
Mn
MnMn
Mn
O
OO
O
OO
Mn
Mn
MnMn
O
OO
O
2H2O 4H+ + 4e-
photosystem II
High Tc super-
conductors
DOE Formed, 1977
Designer molecules
Solid-state lighting and many other applications of quantum confinement
and low-dimensionality Peta-scale computing
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� Basic research for fundamental new understanding on materials or systems that may revolutionize or transform today’s energy technologies
� Basic research for fundamental new understanding, usually with the goal of addressing showstoppers on real-world applications in the energy technologies
� Research with the goal of meeting technical milestones, with emphasis on the development, performance, cost reduction, and durability of materials and components or on efficient processes
� Proof of technology concepts
� Scale-up research
� At-scale demonstration
� Cost reduction
� Prototyping
� Manufacturing R&D
� Deployment support
� Basic research to address fundamental limitations of current theories and descriptions of matter in the energy range important to everyday life –typically energies up to those required to break chemical bonds.
Goal: new knowledge / understanding
Focus: phenomena
Metric: knowledge generation
Goal: practical targets
Focus: performance
Metric: milestone achievement
TechnologyMaturation
& Deployment
AppliedResearch
Grand
Challenge
Research
Discovery
Research
Use-Inspired
Basic
Research
The Continuum of Research, Development, and DeploymentThe Continuum of Research, Development, and Deployment
The Continuum of Research, Development, and DeploymentThe Continuum of Research, Development, and Deployment
TechnologyMaturation
& Deployment
AppliedResearch
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(BES) Basic Research Needs Workshops
(BESAC) Grand Challenges Panel
Grand
Challenge
Research
Discovery
Research
Use-Inspired
Basic
Research
(BES, BESAC, …) Tools and Facilities in Support of Research
Technology Office/Industry Roadmaps
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Discovery and UseDiscovery and Use--Inspired Research Inspired Research The The ““Basic Research NeedsBasic Research Needs”” WorkshopsWorkshops
� Basic Research Needs to Assure a Secure Energy FutureBESAC Workshop, October 21-25, 2002The foundation workshop that set the model for the focused workshops that follow.
� Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyBES Workshop, May 13-15, 2003
� Nanoscience Research for Energy NeedsBES and the National Nanotechnology Initiative, March 16-18, 2004
� Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy UtilizationBES Workshop, April 18-21, 2005
� Advanced Computational Materials Science: Application to Fusionand Generation IV Fission ReactorsBES, ASCR, FES, and NE Workshop, March 31-April 2, 2004
� The Path to Sustainable Nuclear Energy: Basic and Applied Research Opportunities for Advanced Fuel CyclesBES, NP, and ASCR Workshop, September 2005
� Basic Research Needs for SuperconductivityBES Workshop, May 8-10, 2006
� Basic Research Needs for Solid-state LightingBES Workshop, May 22-24, 2006
� Basic Research Needs for Advanced Nuclear Energy SystemsBES Workshop, July 31-August 3, 2006
� Basic Research Needs for the Clean and Efficient Combustion of 21st Century Transportation FuelsBES Workshop, October 30-November 1, 2006
� Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy SystemsBES Workshop, February 21-23, 2007
� Basic Research Needs for Electrical Energy StorageBES Workshop, April 2-5, 2007
� Basic Research Needs for Materials under Extreme EnvironmentsBES Workshop, June 10-14, 2007
� Basic Research Needs for Catalysis for EnergyBES Workshop, August 5-10, 2007
� Low-dimensionality, quantum
confinement, and the control of
the density of states of
photons, phonons, electrons
� Defects, disorder, and
tolerance to same of advanced
materials
� Molecular self-assembly and
self-repair
� Designer interfaces and thin
films
� Photon management, including
exciton creation and transport
� Control of light absorption and
scattering
� Novel theoretical and
experimental tools
� New or nanostructured materials
for multiple-junction solar cells
� Control and extraction of energy
from multiple-exciton generation
� Radiative and non-radiative
processes in solar cells
� Interfacial photochemistry of dye-
sensitized nanostructures
� Synthesis and processing
science: Thin-film growth,
templating, strain relaxation,
nucleation and growth
� Enhanced coupling of solar
radiation to absorber materials,
e.g., by periodic dielectric or
metallodielectric structures
� Energy transduction in novel
molecular, polymeric, or nano-
particle-based photovoltaics
� Technology Milestones:
� Decrease the cost of solar to be competitive with existing sources of electricity in 10 years
� Deploy 5-10 GW of photovoltaics (PV) capacity by 2015, to power ~2 million homes.
� Residential: 8-10 ¢/kWhrCommercial: 6-8 ¢/kWhrUtility: 5-7 ¢/kWhr (2005 $s)
� Silicon solar cells – single
crystal, multicrystal, ribbon, thin-
layer; production methods;
impurities, defects, and
degradation
� Thin-film solar cells – a-Si,
CuInSe, CdTe, Group III-V
technologies
� High-efficiency solar cells
� Polymeric and dye-sensitized
solar cells
� Assembly and fabrication R&D
issues
BESBES EEREEERE
Technology Maturation& Deployment
Applied ResearchDiscovery Research Use-inspired Basic Research
� Scale-up research
� At-scale demonstration
� Cost reduction
� Prototyping
� Manufacturing R&D
� Deployment support
Example: SolarExample: Solar--toto--Electric ConversionElectric Conversion
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Example: SolarExample: Solar--toto--Fuels ConversionFuels Conversion
� Charge transfer and separation in
natural and bio-inspired
photosynthetic systems
� Nano-architectures for coupling
light-harvesting and catalytic
functions
� Self-organization and controlled-
assembly of complex structures
� Robust, functional catalysts that
mimic biological processes
� Ultrafast imaging of electron
dynamics
� Multi-scale theoretical and
computational approaches
� Novel photoelectrode materials
and molecular configurations for
efficient photoelectrolysis
� Biomimetic multi-electron
catalysts and proton-coupled
electron transfer for solar water
splitting
� Photocatalytic cycles for CO2
reduction to alcohol fuels
� Multi-scale control of reactivity in
hybrid molecular materials
� Defect formation mechanisms and
self-repair in solar-to-fuels
pathways
� Hierarchical organization of
molecular constructs for artificial
photosynthesis
� Technology Milestones:
� 2010 to 2012: Laboratory-scale demonstration of solar driven high-temperature thermochemical hydrogen production that projects to a cost $6.00/gge (ultimate target: $7.00/gge delivered)
� 2015 to 2018: Laboratory-scale photo-electrochemical water splitting system to produce hydrogen at a 10% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Laboratory-scale photobiological water splitting system to produce hydrogen with 5% efficiency.
� Accelerate and expand research
on the low-cost solar production
of hydrogen:
� Component development and
systems integration to enable
electrolyzers to operate from inherently intermittent and
variable-quality power derived from
solar sources
� Solar-driven high-temperature
chemical cycle water splitting
� Photoelectrochemical systems
� Thermochemical conversion of
biomass
� Photolytic and fermentative
microorganism systems
BESBES EEREEERE
Technology Maturation& Deployment
Applied ResearchDiscovery Research Use-inspired Basic Research
� Scale-up research
� At-scale demonstration
� Cost reduction
� Prototyping
� Manufacturing R&D
� Deployment support
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Transportation
Buildings
Industry
Electricity Production & Grid
Electric Storage
Hydrogen
Alternate Fuels
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Hydropower
Renewables
Biomass
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Ocean
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,…
CO2Sequestration
Carbon Recycle
Geologic
Terrestrial
Oceanic
Global Climate Change Science
No-net-carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Management
Distribution/Storage
Research for a Secure Energy FutureSupply, Carbon Management, Distribution, Consumption
Decision Science and Complex Systems Science
Carbon Energy Sources
Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Stewardship
Energy Consumption
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Industrial Technologies
A DOE Analysis Looked at the Vertical and the Horizontal ConnectA DOE Analysis Looked at the Vertical and the Horizontal Connectionsions
Future Liquid Fuels Systems
Cross-cutting / Enabling Science and Technology
Future Electricity Systems
Future Hydrogen & Gaseous Fuels Systems
DistributionUse
Advanced Building Systems
Fuel Gridof the Future
Electric Gridof the Future
Hydrogen & Gas Infrastructure
Vehicle Technologies
Supply
Fusion Energy
Advanced Nuclear
Zero Emission FossilElectric Generation
Alternative Liquid Fuels
Bioenergy/Chemicals
Renewable Energy
Grand ChallengesGrand Challenges
Our 20th century theoretical frameworks for condensed matter and materials physics, chemistry, and biology fail
as we move to:
� ultrasmall or isolated systems at one extreme and
� complex or interacting systems at the other extreme.
New 21st century frameworks must be created to provide the language to interpret the discoveries of the last
quarter of the 20th century: superconductivity, metamaterials, nano-x, chemistry in all its complexities including
replication, and more. These frameworks will recognize that the boundaries among condensed matter and
materials physics, chemistry, and biology are erased at small scales.
The BESAC Grand Challenges subcommittee has posed five questions:
� How do electrons move in atoms, molecules and materials?Creating a new language for electron dynamics to replace the 20th century assumption that electrons move independently from
atoms
� Can we control the essential architecture of nature? Designing the placement of atoms in materials using tools of self-assembly, self-repair, self-replication
� How do particles cluster? Understanding primary patterns, emergence, and strong correlations
� How do we learn about small things? Interrogating the nanoscale, and communicating with it
� How does matter behave beyond equilibrium?Formulating the basis for non-equilibrium behavior, which dominates the world around us at both very small and very large scales