basic chemistry water chemistry atoms – 1 x 10 -11 each atom is made up of a ‘nucleus’ and...
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Basic Chemistry
Water Chemistry
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Atoms – 1 X 10-11
• Each atom is made up of a ‘nucleus’ and ‘orbits’ or ‘shells’ outside the nucleus Nucleus: Protons = + charged
Neutrons = neutral/ no charge
Orbits: Electrons = - charged
Periodic Table: A chart of elements that have been discovered
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What makes each atom different, i.e. a unique element???
• Atomic number • The number of protons in nucleus • Electrons (-) will always equal protons (+)
• Atomic mass – The number of protons + neutrons in the
nucleus
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Molecules = atoms bonded together = chemical bonds = represents ENERGY
wATER
METHANE
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Ionic Bonds – between atoms that want to give and take electrons!
• “Happy” atoms = outer e- shells filled!
1. 2 e- fill first shell 1s What atom is this?
2. 8 e- fill second shell
1s 2s 2p What atom is this?
3. 8 e- fill third shell
?Q: Na and Cl … what would make them
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Covalent Bonds = electrons shared
• CARBON
• Most common atom involved in covalent bonding
• ½ filled outer shell
(4 e-)
CH4 Methane gas
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CompoundsNaCl – Sodium Chloride
- inorganic - ionic bonding - a salt
C6H12O6 - Glucose - organic
- covalent bonding- a sugar
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Water Molecule: 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen atom bonded
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H20 - WATER
Oxygen side is slightly negative (-) charged
Hydrogen side is slightly positively charged (+)
Positive ends
Negative end
H H
O
“a polar-covalent molecule”
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CAUSE and EFFECT
- Because of the ‘polarity’ of water molecules, they attract each other like magnets
• In this way, water molecules
“stick together” – cohesion
+-
-
+
+
+
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Proof of the Cohesive nature of H2O …
- Certain insects can “walk on water”
- Cohesion between molecules of water
creates a strong surface tension
- benefits insects like the water strider
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Adhesion - the tendency of two
DIFFERENT substances sticking together
Examples:
1. water molecules “sticking” to glass
2. capillary action
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Capillary Action - example of adhesion
- water molecules adhere to the inside of tubules that fill the stems of plants
- water molecules are “drawn up” from the soil toward the top of the tree by the pull of adhesion
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• Perspective: the size of “A” water molecule
– A molecule of water is so small that there are millions of molecules in a single drop of water.
– About 60 million water molecules could be stretched side by side across a penny.
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Water• is the ONLY compound that commonly
exists in all 3 phases (solid, liquid, gas) on earth
• there would be no life on earth without water.
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WATER … the Universal Solvent
In a SOLUTION, - the solvent is the substance that does
the dissolving ( usually a liquid)
- the solute is the substance that is dissolved (usually a solid)
- so many substances are soluble in water that it is therefore called the …
“universal solvent”
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WATER … in living cells
- is the SOLVENT of our cells’ cytoplasm
- dissolves the SOLUTES: carbs, lipids, proteins
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3 types of environments living cells encounter
• ISOTONIC environment
Equal amounts of solvent and solute molecules inside and outside of cells
• HYPERTONIC environment
– Greater % of solute molecules in sol’n outside the cell to
inside
• HYPOTONIC– Less % of solute molecules in the sol’n
outside the cell to inside
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In Solutions … … water molecules disassociate into
1. H + ions and
2. OH- ions
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THE pH Scale- a scale that measures the concentration of
H+ ions in the solution compared to OH- ions
1. An acidic solution (pH range 0 – 6.9)- a high concentration of H+ ions
- ( Infer: a low concentration of OH- ions )
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
Citric AcidHC6H7O7
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2. An alkaline solution - pH range 7.1 – 14 (also known as ‘bases’) - a low concentration of H+ ions compared to OH - ions
Sodium HydroxideNaOH Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
Sodium Bicarbonate
NaHCO3
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• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14
• The pH of pure water is 7 = equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions
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Water Chemistry Terms
A. Hydrolysis- a chemical reaction where water
molecules are used to break up a large compound into smaller ones
B. Dehydration Synthesis- a chemical reaction where water
molecules are taken away from smaller molecules in order to form a larger compound.
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Water Chemistry TermsC. Hydrophobic
- substances that will not dissolve in water
- Ex. fats, oils, soaps … “non-polar” substances
D. Hydrophilic - substances that will dissolve in water
• - Ex. sugar, salt, tea, protein powder - “polar” substances - “LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE”
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Water’s UniquenessA. For most substances, their solid form is more
dense than the liquid formB. But for water the solid form is less dense than the liquid form. Proof: Ice floats on water!
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WHY is ice less dense than water/steam? water as a solid
- the molecules “line up” - geometrically organized molecules
water as a liquid or gas
- molecules are random, in constant motion
- very close together
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Pond Temperatures
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VII. Water: Public Health Issues
A. Open Sewers
- Before the invention of sewer systems, human and animal waste was collected in open water ways.
- How many of the earth’s 6 billion people still live with these open sewers?
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ANALYZE: Open Sewer Consequences
- breeds disease – why?
- contaminates drinking water – how?
- Hurricane Katrina “undid” the sanitation system … how?