basic chemistry and the properties of water. elements and compounds matter is made up of elements an...
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Basic Chemistry and The Properties Of Water
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Elements and Compounds
• Matter is made up of elements • An element is a substance that cannot
be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
• A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
• A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 2.1
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Figure 2.5
Cloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)
Electrons
Nucleus
(a) (b)
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Figure 2.8
A ball bouncing down a flightof stairs provides an analogyfor energy levels of electrons.
Third shell (highest energylevel in this model)
Second shell (higherenergy level)
First shell (lowest energylevel)
Atomic nucleus
Energyabsorbed
Energy lost
(b)
(a)
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Figure 2.12a
(a) Hydrogen (H2)
Name andMolecularFormula
ElectronDistribution
Diagram
Lewis DotStructure and
StructuralFormula
Space-FillingModel
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Figure 2.12b
(b) Oxygen (O2)
Name andMolecularFormula
ElectronDistribution
Diagram
Lewis DotStructure and
StructuralFormula
Space-FillingModel
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Figure 2.12c
Name andMolecularFormula
ElectronDistribution
Diagram
Lewis DotStructure and
StructuralFormula
Space-FillingModel
(c) Water (H2O)
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Figure 2.12d
(d) Methane (CH4)
Name andMolecularFormula
ElectronDistribution
Diagram
Lewis DotStructure and
StructuralFormula
Space-FillingModel
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Figure 2.13
H H
H2O+ +
–
O
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Figure 2.14-2
+ –
NaSodium atom
ClChlorine atom
Na+
Sodium ion(a cation)
Cl–
Chloride ion(an anion)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
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Figure 2.15
Na+
Cl–
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Figure 2.16
Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hydrogen bond
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
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Figure 2.18
Natural endorphin
Morphine
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
(a) Structures of endorphin and morphine
(b) Binding to endorphin receptors
Brain cell
MorphineNaturalendorphin
Endorphinreceptors
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Properties of Water
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Figure 3.3
Adhesion
Two types ofwater-conducting
cells
Cohesion
300 m
Directionof watermovement
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Movement of Water Up Xylem Vessels
Cohesion – strong attraction of water molecules to each other
Adhesion – strong attraction of water molecules to walls of xylem
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Figure 3.4
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Figure 3.7
Cl Cl
Na
Na
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Figure 3.8
+
+
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Figure 3.6
Hydrogen bond
Ice:Hydrogen bonds
are stable
Liquid water:Hydrogen bonds
break and re-form
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Figure 3.UN02
2 H2O Hydroxide
ion (OH)
Hydroniumion (H3O
+)
+
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Figure 3.UN05
Acidic[H+] > [OH]
Neutral[H+] = [OH]
Basic[H+] < [OH]
Bases donate OH
or accept H+ inaqueous solutions
14
7
Acids donate H+ in aqueous solutions.
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