basic biology and classification of marine invertebrates
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Basic biology and classification of marine invertebrates. -Metazoan animal origins: 700 million to 1.4 billion ybp -Cambrian explosion: 600 mybp -evolution is not progressive, no increase in complexity after origination of phyla -many body plans are no longer around - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Basic biology and classification of marine invertebrates
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-Metazoan animal origins:700 million to 1.4 billion ybp
-Cambrian explosion: 600 mybp
-evolution is not progressive, no increase in complexity after origination of phyla
-many body plans are no longer around
-What caused the dramatic radiation of metazoans?
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Burgess shale fossil quarry in the Canadian Rockies
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Some major phyla of marine invertebrates
Porifera sponges
Cnidaria jellyfish, anemones, corals
Annelida segmented worms (e.g. polychates)
Mollusca clams, mussels, octopus, squid
Bryozoa bryozoans
Arthropoda crabs, shrimp, copepods,
Echinodermata urchins, holothuroids, sea stars
Urochordata ascidians/tunicates
You should know the phyla and examples and general characteristics of animals in each
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Some basic terms:
Benthic vs. Pelagic
Sessile vs. Mobile
Solitary vs. Colonial
Sexual vs. Asexual
Encrusting vs. Upright
Autotrophic, Chemoautotrophic, Heterotrophic
Predation, Herbivory, Omnivory, Primary production
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Phylum: Porifera: Sponges
-simplest multicellular animals, but not ancestral!-no true tissues-cells are independent and perform specialized functions-very efficient filter feeders
-good spatial competitors
-incurrent and excurrent canals
-asymmetrical
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Sponge anatomy-built around a system of pores, chambers, and canals
-choanocyte
-spicules
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Phylum Cnidaria jellyfish, anemones, corals
What makes something a Cnidarian?
-all are aquatic
-tissues present but no organs
-2 basic shapes or phases:
polyp & medusa
-nematocyst
-tentacles
-1 opening
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Phylum Cnidaria jellyfish, anemones, corals
Physalia: man-o-war
Cassiopia
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Phylum Cnidaria jellyfish, anemones, corals
Hydroid Sea Pen
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Phylum Cnidaria jellyfish, anemones, corals
Colonial reef coral Solitary reef coral
Sea fan Anemone
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Phylum AnnelidaClass Polychaeta segmented marine worms
6000 species
Segmentation
Setae
A variety of feeding modes:
Active predators, mucus bag feeders, mud-munchers and passive filter feeders
Fire worm
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Feather duster worm
Christmas tree worm
-serpulids: secrete CaCo3 shell-filter feeders
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Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda: snails and limpets
Class Polyplacophora chitons
Cyphoma Cassis
-second most diverse marine animal phyla (100,000+ species)
-no segmentation
-have complete gut
-usually have a calcareous shell
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Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda: snails and limpets
Cone shell Conus geographus“mini melo”
-many predatory snails are highly specialized
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Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
Phylum Mollusca
Tridacna Giant Clam
-some have autotrophic symbionts-most are active filter feeders
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Cephalopods: octopods, squid, nautilus
Phylum Mollusca
Octopus-8 armsSquid-8 arms + 2 longer tentacles
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Nudibranchs: sea slugs
Phylum Mollusca
Aplysia Sea Hare
-most are specialized predators
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Phylum Bryozoa: bryozoans
-passive filter feeders-colonial-zoids
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobita
Subphylum Chelicerata horseshoe crabs, sea spiders
Subphylum Crustaea crabs, shrimp, barnacles, copepods
Subphylum Uniramia insects
-by far the largest animal phylum
-could represent several independent phyla
-mono vs. polyphyletic
-all are segmented, but segments are divided into different body regions
-appendages are paired and jointed
-all have an external skeleton
-probably derived from annelids
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata horseshoe crabs, sea spiders
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Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustaea crabs, shrimp, barnacles, copepods
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Blue crab
Barnacles (goose neck)
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Phylum Echinodermata
Sea stars
-radial symmetry
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Phylum Echinodermata
Diadema
Pencil urchin
Sand dollar
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Phylum EchinodermataOphioroids (brittle stars)
Crinoids
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Phylum Echinodermata
HolothuroidsSea cucumbers
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Urochordata ascidians/tunicates
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