bangladesh sundarbans tiger human...

T I G E R H U M A N C O N F L I C T R E P O R T 2 0 1 1

Md. Mahbubul Alam, Mohammad Abidur Rahman, Md. Khairul Islam, James Probert, Petra Lahann

28th May, 2012

BANGLADESH SUNDARBANS

TIGER HUMAN CONFLICT REPORT: 2011


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to the Bangladesh Forest Department (FD) for their cooperation,

support and supply of tiger-human conflict information. In particular, we are very grateful to

the following FD Officers: Md. Yunus Ali, Md. Akbar Hossain, Dr. Tapan Dey, Abu N. Md. Y.

Newaz, Md. Modinul Ahsan, Abu N. M. Hossain, Zahir Ahmed, and Mihir Kumar Doe. Data

collection would not have been possible without the kind help of Md. Taufique Islam, Jahirul

Islam and the other FD range officers stationed in the Sundarbans. We are especially

grateful to the members of the Village Tiger Response Teams (VTRTs) for providing

information on tiger-human conflict incidents. We would like to acknowledge our boat-based

Forest Tiger Response Team (FTRT), Md. Osman Goni, Md. Mujibul, and Md. Jafor for their

continuous effort in managing tiger-human conflict incidents and data collection. Many

thanks also go to Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh (WTB) staff, Ashraful Haque, Rejuan Parag,

Mizan Rahman, and Alam Howlader for their kind support in data collection.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tiger-Human-Conflict (THC) in the Sundarbans Reserved Forest (SRF) of Bangladesh

results in the loss of human life, livestock, and tigers. Reducing THC requires improved THC

management in general and the development of new conservation actions adapted to local

requirements. In order to develop applicable conservation actions a sound information base

on THC and its trend over time is required. To fill the information gaps relating to THC

incidents and management responses the Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh (WTB) and the

Zoological Society of London (ZSL) have been working in collaboration with the Forest

Department (FD). The purpose of this collaboration is to improve THC data collection,

recording, analysis, and reporting processes. This document details the THC incident and

management response data for 2011, compares them with the 2010 data set, and proposes

future improvements in data collection and management. Data collection on tiger, livestock,

and human incidents were recorded on standardised data sheets. Data were collected from

a variety of different sources such as WTB staff through their field activities, Forest Tiger

Response Teams (FTRT), Village Tiger Response Teams (VTRTs), FD field staff, and the

Tiger Hotline. A total of 77 THC incidents (see Appendix 1 for definitions) were recorded in

2011 with the majority (48 %) occurring in Khulna range, followed by Satkhira range (34 %)

and Chandpai range (15 %).

Table 1: Number of tiger human conflict incidents in 2011.

Range

Tiger Incidents Human Incidents Livestock Incidents

Total Incidents

Str

ay

Inju

red

Dea

d

Tot

al

Inju

red

Dea

d

Tot

al

Inju

red

Dea

d

Tot

al

Chandpai 0 0 0 0 2 7 9 0 3 3 12

Khulna 0 0 0 0 6 24 30 0 7 7 37

Satkhira 2 0 1 3 11 3 14 0 9 9 26

Sarankhola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2

Total 2 0 1 3 19 34 53 1 20 21 77

In terms of management responses we recorded 10 responses to tiger incidents including

one immobilization of a stray tiger, 153 responses to human incidents, and 43 responses to

livestock incidents. The number of killed stray tigers (n = 1) is within the historical range of 0-

3. The number of humans killed is above average (34 to 22) but within the historical range of

0-96 (Barlow 2009). However, there is considerable room for improvement in terms of data

collection. Data was probably better recorded for Satkhira and Khulna ranges than Chandpai

and Sarankhola due to the presence of the FTRT in Satkhira range.


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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5

2. METHODS ........................................................................................................................ 6

3. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.1. Tiger incidents ................................................................................................................ 7

3.2. Human incidents ............................................................................................................ 9

3.3. Livestock incidents ....................................................................................................... 12

3.4. THC scenario in 2010: A brief comparison with 2011 ................................................... 15

4. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 16

4.1 THC variation between years ........................................................................................ 16

4.2 THC variation between ranges and years ..................................................................... 17

4.3 Improvement of responses ............................................................................................ 17

4.3.1 Improvement of data collection ................................................................................... 17

4.3.2 Coordination and decision making.............................................................................. 18

4.3.3 Specialized FD teams ................................................................................................ 19

4.3.4 WTB-Tiger Response Team ....................................................................................... 19

4.3.5 Voluntary Villages Tiger Response Team................................................................... 19

4.3.6 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………...19

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 22

APPENDIX 1. THC INCIDENT DEFINITIONS…………………………………………………..20

APPENDIX 2. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: ATTACKED HUM AN. ......................... 24

APPENDIX 3. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: ATTACKED LIV ESTOCK. .................. 26

APPENDIX 4. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: ATTACKED TIG ER. ............................ 28

APPENDIX 5. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: STRAY TIGER. ................................... 30

APPENDIX 6. DETAILS OF TIGER INCIDENTS. ............................................................... 32

APPENDIX 7. DETAILS OF HUMAN INCIDENTS. ............................................................. 32

APPENDIX 8. DETAILS OF LIVESTOCK INCIDENTS. ..................................................... 33

APPENDIX 9. NUMBER OF TIGER HUMAN CONFLICT INCIDENT S IN 2010. ................ 34


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1. INTRODUCTION Conflict is a common scenario wherever tigers and humans coexist (Goodrich 2010). The

Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest on earth (Ahmed 2001) and is home to between

300 and 500 Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris, Linnaeus, 1758) (Ahmad et al. 2009,

Barlow et al. 2008). This is the world’s largest remaining population of wild tigers and it

shares its habitat with roughly 4 million people, who live on the periphery of the Sundarbans

and mostly depend on its natural resources such as fish, crabs, wood and honey (Dhar

2011).

As a consequence one of the major issues facing tiger conservation in the

Sundarbans is THC. Previous THC reports indicate that every year THC results in the death

of approximately 50 people, 60-80 livestock and 1–3 tigers (Barlow 2009; Rahman et al.

2010). These figures are based on reported incidences, but the real figures, particularly for

tiger killing, are likely to be much higher. Additional and unreported sources of mortality,

such as poisoning, may have a substantial impact on the long-term viability of the tiger

population (Kenney et al. 1995; Chapron et al. 2008; Goodrich et al. 2008).

The loss of human life and livestock can have a devastating impact, both emotionally

and economically, on the affected family (Jagrata 2003; Bhattarai 2009). Women whose

husbands are killed by a tiger are known as “tiger widows” and are stigmatised rather than

supported by Bangladeshi society. The impact of THC leads to negative attitudes towards

tigers within local communities and thus makes the implementation of tiger conservation

actions challenging (Löe and Röskaft 2004; Goodrich 2010). It is therefore stated in the

Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan (BTAP) that it is essential to minimize THC to reduce the

unnecessary misery inflicted on local communities and secure their support for tiger

conservation (Ahmad et al. 2009).

Reducing THC in the SRF requires the improvement of THC management in general

and the development of new, locally relevant, conservation actions. In order to develop

applicable conservation actions a sound information base on the THC and its trend over time

is required (Barlow et al. 2010). Furthermore, the BTAP has the specific objective to “Monitor

numbers of human, livestock, and tiger killings”.

Before 2008 the main concentration was recording the occurrence of THC incidents.

Management responses towards THC incidents were started after establishing a boat based

FTRT under the supervision of Sundarbans Tiger Project (STP) within WTB. This boat was

manned by three local villagers, who were trained in how to respond to a variety of THC

situations, including tiger attacks on humans and tigers that had strayed into villages.

Presently this team is stationed in the west of the Sundarbans where most of the tiger

attacks on humans occur so that they can respond quickly to incidents with first aid,


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transportation of victims to medical care, and body retrieval (Barlow et al, 2010). In addition

the WTB, ZSL and FD have been working with local communities to create VTRTs to help

deal with stray tiger situations by assisting the authorities in crowd control and scaring tigers

back into the forest. From 2008 to the present 29 VTRTs have been created with each team

made up of 5-10 volunteers (220 volunteers in total). WTB, ZSL, and Wildlife Vets

International (WVI) have conducted a series of training workshops in wild tiger capture and

immobilisation for FD staff, to build capacity for additional management options such as tiger

translocation and collaring (Barlow et al. 2010).

Since 2010 WTB and ZSL has been working with the FD to improve the THC data

collection, storage, analysis and reporting process and fill the information gaps relating to

THC incidents and management responses. This has been facilitated by the creation of a

Tiger Hotline number, advertised with stickers, distributed throughout the local communities

and in each FD post and also by formulation of VTRTs in the adjacent villages.

This document details the THC incident and management response data of 2011,

compares them with the 2010 data set, and proposes some future improvements in data

collection and management. In addition to this yearly report, monthly and six-monthly reports

are also available (Fig 1).

Figure 1: Organization of THC reports.

2. METHODS Data was collected by WTB staff through the activities of the boat-based FTRT, the VTRTs,

liaison with the FD field staff, and the Tiger Hotline. The FTRT team or WTB staff generally

visited the location of each incident and interviewed multiple witnesses to verify the

information of each THC incident. Data on tiger, livestock, and human incidents were

T I G E R H U M A N C O N F L I C T R E P O R T 2 0 1

recorded on standardized data sheets (Appendix 2

incident (Appendix 1).

3. RESULTS 3.1. Tiger incidents A total of 3 tiger incidents were recorded including one in which the stray tiger was killed by

the villagers (Table 2). The recorded tiger incidents occurred between January and March

2011 in the Satkhira range. (

noted for the tiger incidents, including the

(Table 3). Details of each tiger i

Table 2: Number of tiger incidents in 2011.

Range Stray

Chandpai

Khulna

Satkhira

Sarankhola

Total

Figure 2


7

dardized data sheets (Appendix 2-5) according to clear definit

tiger incidents were recorded including one in which the stray tiger was killed by


. (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). Altogether 10 management re

tiger incidents, including the immobilisation and translocation of one stray

tiger incident are listed in Appendix 6.

mber of tiger incidents in 2011.

Tiger incidents

Stray Injured Dead

0 0 0

0 0 0

2 0 1

0 0 0

2 0 1

Figure 2: Trend in tiger incidents in 2011.

) according to clear definition of each

tiger incidents were recorded including one in which the stray tiger was killed by


Fig. 2, Fig. 3). Altogether 10 management responses were

translocation of one stray tiger

Total

0

0

3

0

3


8

Figure 3: Location of tiger incidents in 2011.


9

Table 3: Management responses for tiger incidents in 2011.

3.2. Human incidents A total of 53 human incidents were recorded for 2011, resulting in 19 injured humans and 34

losses of human life (Table 4). Incidents were highest for the month of February and lowest

for the month of August (Fig. 4). Most (n = 30) human incidents were recorded in Khulna

range, followed by Satkhira range (n = 14) and Chandpai range (n =9). No incidents were

reported for Sarankhola range (Fig. 5). Overall, 153 management responses to human

incidents were carried out. In the majority of responses, bodies were retrieved (n = 40) and

victims were transported (n= 39) either to their village or to a hospital (Table 5). Details on

each human incident are listed in Appendix 7.

Table 4: Number of human incidents in 2011.

Range Human incidents

Injured Dead Total

Chandpai 2 7 9

Khulna 6 24 30

Satkhira 11 3 14

Sarankhola 0 0 0

Total 19 34 53

Range

Tiger incidents

Imm

obili

zatio

n

Sca

ring

the

tiger

Man

agin

g cr

owd

Bod

y re

trie

val

Firs

t aid

Vic

tim tr

ansp

ort

Vill

ager

trai

ning

Vill

ager

mee

ting

For

est p

atro

lling

Vill

age

patr

ollin

g

Tot

al

Chandpai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Khulna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Satkhira 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 10

Sarankhola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 10


10

Figure 4: Trend in human incidents in 2011.

Table 5: Management responses to human incidents in 2011.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Num

ber

of H

uman

inci

dent

s

Month

Range

Human incidents

Bod

y re

trie

val

Firs

t aid

Vic

tim tr

ansp

ort

Vill

ager

trai

ning

Vill

ager

mee

ting

For

est p

atro

lling

Vill

age

patr

ollin

g

Tot

al

Chandpai 8 0 9 0 0 8 0 25

Khulna 24 3 19 7 7 16 0 76

Satkhira 8 1 11 11 13 7 1 52

Sarankhola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 40 4 39 18 20 31 1 153


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Figure 5: Location of human incidents in 2011.


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3.3. Livestock incidents A total of 21 livestock incidents were recorded in 2011, resulting in 20 losses of livestock

(Table 6). Of those 16 were goats, followed by cows (n = 4) and buffalos (n = 1) (Fig.6).

Records were highest for the month of March and December (Fig.7). Most (n = 9) livestock

incidents were recorded in the Satkhira range, followed by the Khulna range (n = 7), the

Chandpai range (n = 3), and the Sarankhola range (n = 2) (Fig.8). Overall, 43 management

responses to livestock incidents were noted (Table 7). Details on each livestock incident are

listed in Appendix 8.

Table 6: Number of livestock incidents in 2011.

Range Livestock incidents

Injured Dead Total

Chandpai 0 3 3

Khulna 0 7 7

Satkhira 0 9 9

Sarankhola 1 1 2

Total 1 20 21

Figure 6: Types of livestock killed in 2011.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Cow Goat Buffalo Sheep Dog

Nu

mb

er o

f Liv

esto

ck

Kil

led

Type of Livestock


13

Figure 7: Trend in livestock incidents in 2011.

Table 7: Management responses to livestock incidents in 2011.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Num

ber

of L

ives

tock

Inci

dent

s

Month

Range

Livestock incidents

Bod

y re

trie

val

Firs

t aid

Vic

tim tr

ansp

ort

Vill

ager

trai

ning

Vill

ager

mee

ting

For

est p

atro

lling

Vill

age

patr

ollin

g

Tot

al

Chandpai 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 10

Khulna 7 0 0 1 1 0 1 10

Satkhira 7 0 7 2 3 1 0 20

Sarankhola 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3

Total 16 0 8 6 7 4 2 43


14

Figure 8: Location of livestock incidents in 2011.


15

3.4. THC scenario in 2010: A brief comparison with 2011 In 2010, a total of 86 THC incidents were recorded (Fig. 9). Of these 16 were tiger incidents

(14 stray tigers and 2 killed tigers), 54 human incidents (17 humans injured and 37 humans

killed), and 16 livestock incidents (16 killed livestock).

In comparison in 2011, a total of 77 tiger human conflict incidents were recorded,

showing a decrease of 11%. Of these, 3 were tiger incidents (2 stray tigers and 1 killed

tiger), 53 human incidents (19 humans injured and 34 humans killed) and 21 livestock

incidents (1 livestock injured and 20 livestock killed).

Figure 9: Tiger human conflict incidents in 2010 and 2010.

In 2010 the majority of THC incidents were occurred in the Satkhira range. The

number of incidents occurring in Satkhira range was 67, followed by Chandpai, Khulna and

Sarankhola range with 7, 9, and 3 incidents respectively (Appendix 9).

In contract in 2011 the highest number of THC incidents was recorded for Khulna

range with 37 records out of 77 in total (Table 1, Fig.10).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tiger Incidents Human Incidents Livestock Incidents

Num

ber

of In

cide

nts

Type of Incident

2010

2011


16

Figure 10: Percentage of incidents occurred in different ranges.

4. DISCUSSION 4.1 THC variation between years

Both in 2010 (n = 2) and in 2011 (n = 1) tigers were overtly killed while straying in the

villages. These numbers lie within the historical range of 0-3 tigers killed per year (Barlow

2009). However information on the number of covertly killed tigers is lacking. There is

evidence that tigers were killed covertly through poisoning or when villagers formed groups

which went into the forest with the purpose of finding and killing a particular stray tiger

(VTRT, personal communication).

In general the numbers of reported stray tiger incidents decreased from 2010 (n =

14) to 2011 (n = 2) which might be just in the frame of normal year-to-year variation and

further data collecting in the following years are required. A trend towards fewer stray tiger

incidents might have several causes, which are discussed below.

A decrease in stray tiger incidents might explained by improved living conditions for

tigers inside the Sundarbans in recent years, such as increasing numbers of prey animals,

no further forest degradation, and less human activities within the forest etc. Yet, a recent

study on the scale of deer consumption in the village areas immediately adjacent to the SRF

suggests that > 10000 deer are consumed/year (Mohasnin et al. 2010). This indicates an

potentially significant pressure on tiger food resources which may be causing or lead to food

scarcity (Mohasnin et al. 2010). In addition, the evidence of forest destruction by illegal and

unsustainable logging, combined with ever increasing human activities inside the forest, all

point to decreasing rather than improving living conditions.

8%

10%

78%

4%2010

15%

48%

34%

3%

Chandpai

Khulna

Satkhira

Sarankhola

2011


17

It might be possible that the decrease in recorded stray tiger incidents between 2010 and

2011 is due to a decrease in communication with villagers not informing the FD or calling the

WTB hotline. Yet we feel confident that there has been an increase in communication flow

due to the establishment of VTRTs in 29 villages, the ongoing training of FD staff and better

publicity for our VTRTs and theTiger Hotline. The most likely reason for a decline in stray

tiger incidents is a decline of the Sundarbans tiger population in general, but further

investigations are required to verify this assumption.

In contrast to stray tiger incidents no variation was found for human incidents

comparing 2010 and 2011. However both in 2010 and 2011 the numbers human incidents

were above the average number of humans killed (22/year) (Barlow 2009), which might be

an indication for continuing high or even increase human activities inside the forest.

4.2 THC variation between ranges The comparison of THC incidents between ranges revealed that while in 2010 most

incidents were reported for the Satkhira ranges, in 2011 most incidents occurred in Khulna

range. This might also be within the frame of normal year-to-year variation of hotspot THC

areas but might be also a sign of a change in either the level human activity in Khulna or

Satkhira range or tiger abundance. Further studies and data analysis are required to

investigate this range change in THC concentration.

In general observed regional variation in THC incidents occurrence is presumably

driven by differences in tiger density across the SRF, differences in human activities within

the SRF and natural resources utilization, and population densities (Barlow 2009, Hossain et

al. 2011). For example while Khulna range has the highest human population density in

general, the highest forest resources utilization and Non-Timber-Forest Product (NTFP)

extraction happens in Satkhira range. Barlow et al., (2009) found the highest relative tiger

abundance in Satkhira range.

4.3 Improvement of responses 4.3.1 Improvement of data collection Due to the presence of the FTRT in Satkhira range and the easy access in Khulna range, it

can be assumed that THC data were better recorded for the ranges in the west (Satkhira

and Khulna) than the east (Chandpai and Sarankhola). Within ranges, it is assumed that

incident reporting was better for villages with an active VTRT team in place compared to

villages with no VTRT teams. Thus, in conclusion the data presented in this report might be

lower than the real number of THC incidents for 2011, especially for stray incidents and

livestock incidents, which are most likely to be missed due to a lack of communication.


18

Improvements in data collection could be made by involving more field staff in data

collection, both from FD and from WTB, by developing a database to allow storage and

sharing of THC information, by communicating more regularly with important stakeholders in

the area, by establishing a new FTRT boat team in Khulna range, by increasing the

advertising of the Tiger Hotline number, and by increasing the number and activities of

VTRTs.

4.3.2 Coordination and decision making In terms of management responses, especially to stray tiger incidents, the decision making

process and the cooperation between the FD and WTB could be improved. The response to

a stray tiger incident is often delayed due to a lack of clear definition of responsibilities,

resulting in a lengthy communication process between the different departments of the FD

and WTB emergency team before any immediate actions can be started.

Therefore, it is recommended that THC response should be situated in the

responsibility of the FD Wildlife Division. Here, in the long term an emergency team could be

set up complementing or even replacing the WTB response team. For this FD emergency

response team trained staff, equipment, and general resources are required in order to

respond to THC incidents effectively. A centralisation of a THC response unit in the FD

Wildlife Division would also help the FD to develop clear liaison channels with the local

administration, other law enforcement departments (Police, Coast Guard, Border Guards of

Bangladesh, Bangladesh Navy), and VTRTs.

A THC protocol is also required to help FD officers make decisions on

management responses which are based on the best possible scientific and ethical

considerations (Goodrich et al. 2010) and also to help define the roles and responsibilities

across all parties. This THC protocol should include a recommendation to collar problem

tigers to allow monitoring of their movements and prevent future THC incidents (Barlow et

al. 2010) and also a recommendation to permanently remove tigers which are too much of a

danger to human life or are at risk from an inhumane death. The development of additional

hazing techniques, such as rubber bullets, would improve the ability of FD and VTRTs to

scare tigers back into the forest (Goodrich et al. 2011).


19

4.3.3 Specialized FD teams In 2011 WTB and ZSL carried out workshops on tiger immobilization for FD staff which

aimed to build up important capacities within the FD and to support the formation of

specialised FD tiger response teams. However, with few exceptions, the members of staff

trained so far do not have the capability or motivation required to conduct wild tiger capture

and immobilisation activities.

An additional factor reducing the overall response capabilities of the FD is that

trained FD staff are scattered across the Sundarbans instead of being formed and

centralised into specialised FD tiger response teams in each range. Specialised FD tiger

response teams based in each range and with clear chains of command would enable a

rapid response to any incidents.

4.3.4 WTB/FD tiger response team So far the FTRT boat team has had great success in responding to THC incidents,

especially to human incidents, by retrieving bodies and helping injured people. Yet the FTRT

team has not been able to respond effectively to all incidents especially in cases of humans

injured by tigers. This is reflected by the low number of first aid responses. This is mainly

due to a combination of low mobile coverage in the forest (which prevents villagers

contacting the FTRT through the Tiger Hotline), and the relatively slow speed of the current

FTRT boat (max speed 12 km/hr). A faster boat is currently beyond the financial capabilities

of WTB, ZSL, and the FD, but a new European Union funded SEALS project may provide

FD with boats to allow them to respond faster to THC incidents (Greenwood et al. 2010).

4.3.5 Voluntary tiger response teams In general the work of the VTRTs is excellent but some teams are more motivated and

effective than others. WTB, ZSL, and the FD will carry out activities in 2012 to strengthen the

existing VTRTs through training, improved coordination and a range of non-monetary

incentive programs to build the VTRTs’ profiles and effectiveness in their respective areas. A

further 20 VTRTs will be established in 2012, leading to a better coverage of village areas

and faster responses.

4.3.6 Conclusions

Overall, THC continues to inflict a heavy toll on the tigers, humans, and livestock.

Ongoing activities are improving the THC management capability but further improvements

are required to reduce THC in the SRF. The recommendations outlined in this document


20

(Box 1) and in previous studies (Barlow et. al 2010; Goodrich et al. 2010) would greatly

reduce THC in the SRF. The longer it takes to carry out these recommendations, the more

tigers, livestock, and humans will die.

Box 1. Recommendations THC Data Collection:

• Improvement of the data collection by getting more WTB and FD staff involved. • Establishment of a new FTRT in Khulna range. • Development of a THC information source data base. • Further and enlarged advertisement of the tiger hotline number to popular places

inside the villages around the Sundarbans. • Creation of more VTRTs.

THC Reporting System:

• Improved integration of FD into THC database system. • Improvement of THC data sheets. • Conducting regular meetings with FD staff. • THC report development in collaboration with FD.

THC Management:

• Establishment of a specialized immobilization team within WTB. • Establishment of a specialized immobilization team within FD. • Increase WTB’s veterinary capacity by recruiting a second veterinarian or training

other team members to carry out simple procedures • Recruitment of Veterinarians for FD to secure long term THC management. • Purchase and store necessary equipment e.g. dart gun, rubber bullet and

immobilizing drugs within FD to manage future stray tiger situation. THC Coordination:

• Improvement of coordination within FD for emergency cases. • Improvement of decision-making process by handing over the responsibility to FD

(wildlife division) for the THC managements. • Development of long term management strategy for existing VTRTs and FTRT.


21


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APPENDIX 1. THC INCIDENT DEFINITIONS. Human incident: Any human killed or injured by a wild tiger inside or outside the forest. Livestock incident: Any livestock killed or injured by a wild tiger attack inside or outside the forest (If a tiger stray inside a village and kill or injure livestock it will be considered as livestock incident, not stray tiger incident). Tiger incident: Any wild tiger killed or injured by a human being inside or outside the forest. Presence of tiger and/or evidence of a tiger (pug mark, scat, and scrap) near or inside human habitat (stray tiger). APPENDIX 2. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: ATTACKED HUM AN. THC Form 1 – Attacked Human Form No. H Incident Details Reporter Detail Date of Incident (dd/mm/yyyy) Reporter Name

Time of Incident ………………AM / PM Reporter Phone

Location Forest/Village Team Name (Team or FD Post)

Village Was the Hotline Used? Yes / No

Union Witness of Incident Thana & District Name/Village Compartment Number Telephone Number

Range Nearest Khal Name Group Details

GPS Type Incident Location/ Nearest Khal Group Size

GPS Point N’ Permit Type E’ Number of Victims

Victim Details (Continue on Back of Paper if More Space is Needed)

Victim’s Name Age Father’s Name & Address Fate of Victim

1.

Died at Scene/ Injured but Died on the Way to Help/ Injured and Saved

2.


3.


Evidence of Tiger at the Scene of Attack

Evidence Tracks / Scrape / Scratch / Scat / Spray Cub Tracks Yes / No


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/ Tiger Sighted Hind Track Width ………………..cm Tiger Kill Nearby Yes / No Incident Description What was the Victim(s) Doing at the Time of Attack?

From Which Direction Did the Tiger Attack? Front / Back / Side / Don’t Know What Was The Immediate Reaction of The Group To The Attack?

What Did The Tiger Do After Attacking The Victim?

Other Notes On The Incident Response Description Who Are / Is The Responder? (See below responder codes and tick mark/marks)

TRT1 / FD / LV / BRD / VTRT (CHP1 / CHP2 / CHP3 / CHP4 / CHP5 / CHP6 / CHP7 / CHP8 / CHP9 / KHL1 / KHL2 / KHL3 / KHL4 / KHL5 / KHL6 / KHL7 / SAT1 / SAT2/ SAT3 / SAT4 / SAT5 / SAT 6/ SAT 7 / SRN1 / SRN2 / SRN3 / SRN4 / SRN5 / SRN6)

Type Of Response From Responder

A. Body Retrieval, B. Body/Victim Transport, C. Villagers Training, D. Village Meeting, E. Forest Patrolling, F. Village Patrolling

Other Notes On The Response (Response from TRT1)

Other Notes Responder Codes: Satkhira Forest Tiger Response Team – TRT1, Forest Department – FD, Bangladesh Rifles – BDR, Local Villagers – LV, Village Tiger Response Team – VTRT (Baidyamari – CHP1/Chandpai – CHP2/Baraitala – CHP3/Katakhali – CHP4/Jewdhara – CHP5 /Kalamteji – CHP6/Dhansagar Station – CHP7/Dhansagar Camp – CHP8/Nangli – CHP9/ Shankbaria - KHL1/Bojbaja - KHL2/Shorbatkhali - KHL3/Kalabogi - KHL4/Kailashgonj - KHL5/ Kassiabad - KHL6/Hayatkhali - KHL7/Burigoalini - SAT 1/Kadamtala - SAT2/Munshigonj - SAT3/ Chunkuri - SAT4/Morgang - SAT 5/Tengrakhali - SAT6/Golakhali - SAT7/Sarankhola - SRN1/ Terabeka - SRN2/Bhola - SRN3/Desherbharani - SRN4/Rohitkhalpar – SRN5/Tengrakhali - SRN 6)


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APPENDIX 3. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: ATTACKED LIV ESTOCK. THC Form 1 – Attacked Livestock Form No. L Incident Details Reporter Details Date of Incident (dd/mm/yyyy) Reporter Name




Union Witness of Incident Thana & District Name/Village Compartment Number Telephone Number

Range Enclosure & Herd Details

Nearest Khal Name Type of Enclosure? Fenced / Closed / Hut / Other / None

GPS Type Incident Location/ Nearest Khal If Other, Give Details

GPS Point N’ Herd Size

E’ Number of Killed / Injured

Livestock Details (Continue on Back of Paper if More Space is Needed)

Animal Type Value (Taka) Fate of Livestock Owner Name & Phone No.

1. Cow / Buffalo / Goat / Sheep / Dog / Other

Dead / Injured


Dead / Injured


Dead / Injured

Tiger Evidence

Evidence Tracks / Scrape / Scratch / Scat / Spray / Tiger Sighted

Cub Tracks Yes / No

Hind Track Width ………………..cm Tiger Kill Nearby Yes / No


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Incident Description What was the Livestock(s) Doing at the Time of Attack?

From Which Direction Did the Tiger Attack? Front / Back / Side / Don’t Know What Was The Immediate Reaction of People Near The Attack?

What Did The Tiger Do After Attacking The Livestock?

Other Notes On The Incident Response Description Who Are / Is The Responder? (See below responder codes and tick mark/marks)







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APPENDIX 4. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: ATTACKED TIG ER. THC Form 1 – Attacked Tiger Form No. T Incident Details Reporter Details Date of Incident (dd/mm/yyyy) Reporter Name




Union Burial Information

Thana & District Date Buried (dd/mm/yyyy)

Compartment Number Burial Location Name

Range Burial Location GPS

N’ Nearest Khal Name E’

GPS Type Incident Location/ Nearest Khal Witness Of Incident

GPS Point N’ Name / Village E’ Telephone Number

Tiger Details (Continue on Back of Paper if More Sp ace is Needed) Body Measurements

Sex Demographic Group Body Length Tail Length Chest Circ. Weight

Male / Female

Cub / Transient / Adult

…………..cm

………….cm

…………..cm

…………kg

Tiger Evidence


Cub Tracks Yes / No

Hind Track Width ………………..cm Tiger Kill Nearby Yes / No Incident Description What was the Livestock(s) Doing at the Time of Attack?

From Which Direction Did the Tiger Attack? Front / Back / Side / Don’t Know What Was The Immediate Reaction of People Near The Attack?

What Did The Tiger Do After Attacking The


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Livestock? Other Notes On The Incident Response Description Who Are / Is The Responder? (See below responder codes and tick mark/marks)







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APPENDIX 5. THC DATA COLLECTION SHEET: STRAY TIGER. THC Form 1 – Stray Tiger Form No. S Incident Details Reporter Details Date of Incident (dd/mm/yyyy) Reporter Name




Union Thana & District Witness of Incident Compartment Number Name / Village

Range Telephone Number Nearest Khal Name

GPS Type Incident Location/

Nearest Khal

GPS Point N’ E’

Tiger Evidence


Cub Tracks Yes / No

Hind Track Width ………………..cm Tiger Kill Nearby Yes / No Incident Description What did the tiger do? Where did the tiger go? What Was The Immediate Reaction of People Near The stray tiger?

Other notes on the incident?

Response Description Who Are / Is The Responder? (See below responder codes and tick mark/marks)





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APPENDIX 6. DETAILS OF TIGER INCIDENTS. Date Range Location name Details of incident

10-Jan-2011 Satkhira Rahimkhali A tiger strayed into the village

20-Feb-2011 Satkhira Harinagar A tiger stayed in the field near village

12-Mar-2011 Satkhira Golakhali A tiger was killed by villagers after attacking a villager

APPENDIX 7. DETAILS OF HUMAN INCIDENTS.

Date Range Location name Details of incident

01-Jan-2011 Khulna NolbuniaKhal A fisherman was killed by tiger.

06-Jan-2011 Satkhira KochukhaliKhal A fisherman was injured by tiger

07-Jan-2011 Khulna HalatolaBaoshiKhal A golpata collector was killed by tiger

08-Jan-2011 Khulna DagraKhal A golpata collector was killed by tiger

11-Jan-2011 Satkhira HarikhaliKhal A golpata collector was injured by tiger

12-Jan-2011 Chandpai KultolirKhal A fisherman was injured by tiger

01-Feb-2011 Satkhira KeoratolirKhal A fisherman was injured by tiger

03-Feb-2011 Khulna KhetaciraKhal A golpata collector was killed by tiger

04-Feb-2011 Satkhira KamotKhal A fisherman was injured by tiger

05--Feb-2011 Khulna SutarkhaliKhal A golpata collector was killed by tiger

06-Feb-2011 Khulna FultolarKhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

07-Feb-2011 Khulna AtbynerKhal A golpata collector was killed by tiger

07-Feb-2011 Khulna Hodda Office Khal A fisherman was killed by tiger

15-Feb-2011 Khulna DoyatkhaliKhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

20-Feb-2011 Satkhira TushkhaliKhal A man was injured by tiger

20-Feb-2011 Satkhira Tushkhalikhal A man was injured by tiger

20-Feb-2011 Satkhira Tushkhalikhal A man was injured by tiger

26-Feb-2011 Khulna Majaputo A crab collector was killed by tiger

03-Mar-2011 Khulna Jaliakhali A fisherman was killed by tiger

12-Mar-2011 Satkhira Golakhali A traveler was injured by tiger

03-Apr-2011 Khulna BaishirKhal A man was injured by tiger

08-Apr-2011 Satkhira Ayerduniya A honey collector was killed by tiger


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15-Apr-2011 Khulna Baguntola A crab collector was injured by tiger

21-Apr-2011 Satkhira Dargang A fisherman was killed by tiger

24-Apr-2011 Khulna Guritana A honey collector was killed by tiger

30-Apr-2011 Satkhira Hogoldubi A fisherman was injured by tiger

01-May-2011 Satkhira ChotoBoigiriChoraKhal A honey collector was injured by tiger

06-May-2011 Khulna Kumrakati A fisherman was killed by tiger

11-May-2011 Khulna Botolkhali A honey collector was killed by tiger

12-May-2011 Khulna Middle of 1&2 No Khal A woodcutter was killed by tiger

25-May-2011 Chandpai CharerKhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

02-Jun-2011 Chandpai Golpata A fisherman was killed by tiger

04-Jun-2011 Khulna Doyalarkhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

23-Jun-2011 Chandpai Passur River A fisherman was killed by tiger

25-Jun-2011 Khulna Sutarkhali River A woodcutter was injured by tiger

30-Jun-2011 Chandpai Olarkhal A honey collector was killed by tiger

26-Jul-2011 Khulna Vadro river A fisherman was killed by tiger

27-Jul-2011 Chandpai Nimtolirkhal A fisherman was injured by tiger

29-Jul-2011 Khulna CachaNnangla A fisherman was killed by tiger

29-Aug-2011 Khulna Muchikhalikhal A crab collector was injured by tiger

06-Sep-2011 Khulna CharerKhal A crab collector was killed by tiger

16-Sep-2011 Chandpai Baniyatolakhal A FD office labor was killed by tiger

26-Sep-2011 Khulna CharerKhal A fisherman was injured by tiger

10-Oct-2011 Khulna CharerKhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

20-Oct-2011 Chandpai Charakhalikhal A woodcutter was killed by tiger

10-Nov-2011 Khulna CharerKhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

12-Nov-2011 Satkhira Mathavangga river A crab collector was killed by tiger

13-Nov-2011 Khulna Keora kata A woodcutter was killed by tiger

19-Nov-2011 Khulna Kalirkhal A fisherman was killed by tiger

23-Nov-2011 Khulna Lokhipicsat A fisherman was injured by tiger

30-Nov-2011 Chandpai Kultolirkhal A woodcutter was killed by tiger

18-Dec-2011 Khulna TanaBharani A crab collector was killed by tiger

23-Dec-2011 Satkhira SimanarKhal A crab collector was injured by tiger APPENDIX 8. DETAILS OF LIVESTOCK INCIDENTS.

Date Range Location name Details of incident

02-Jan-2011 Sarankhola UttorTafalbari A buffalo was injured by tiger.

08-Jan-2011 Sarankhola DokkhinRajapur A cow was killed by tiger.

11-Mar-2011 Satkhira Golakhali A goat was killed by tiger.


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19-Nov-2011 Satkhira Golakhali A goat was killed by tiger.

29-Nov-2011 Chandpai PoschimRajapur A cow was killed by tiger.

04-Dec-2011 Chandpai PoschimRajapur A cow was killed by tiger.

05-Dec-2011 Satkhira Golakhali A goat was killed by tiger.

06-Dec-2011 Chandpai PoschimRajapur A cow was killed by tiger.

28-Dec-2011 Khulna Kalabogi A goat was killed by tiger.






28-Dec-2011 Khulna Kalabogi A goat was killed by tiger. APPENDIX 9. NUMBER OF TIGER HUMAN CONFLICT INCIDENT S IN 2010.

Range Tiger incidents Human incidents Livestock incidents

Total incidents

Stray Injured Dead Total Injured Dead Total Injured Dead Total

Chandpai 0 0 0 0 2 5 7 0 0 0 7

Khulna 0 0 1 1 2 6 8 0 0 0 9

Satkhira 14 0 1 15 12 24 36 0 16 16 67

Sarankhola 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 3

Total 14 0 2 16 17 37 54 0 16 16 86

bangladesh sundarbans tiger human...

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