BandraWorli Sea Link 1

Bandra–Worli Sea Link

Bandra-Worli Sea Linkवांद्रे वरळी सेतू

Bandra-Worli Sea Link at nightOfficial name Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link[1]

Carries 8 lanes of traffic

Crosses Mahim Bay

Locale Mumbai, India

Owner MSRDC

Designer Seshadri Srinivasan[2]

Design Cable-stayed main spans; concrete-steel precast segment viaducts at either end

Total length 5.6 kilometers (3.5 mi)[3]

Height 126 metres (413 ft)[1]

Longest span 2 x 250 metres (820 ft)[4]

Clearance below 20 metres (66 ft)[5]

Constructed by Hindustan Construction Company, India

Construction begin 2000[6]

Construction end 24 March 2010

Opened 30 June 2009[7]

Toll 55 (US$1) Car 80 (US$1.46) LCV 110 (US$2) Heavy vehicle

ConnectsBandra to Worli

Coordinates 19°02′11″N 72°49′02″E

The Bandra–Worli Sea Link (BWSL), officially called Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link, is a cable-stayed bridge with pre-stressed concrete-steel viaducts on either side that links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of Mumbai with Worli in

BandraWorli Sea Link 2

South Mumbai.[1] The bridge is a part of the proposed Western Freeway that will link the Western Suburbs toNariman Point in Mumbai's main business district.The 16 billion (US$291.2 million) bridge was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road DevelopmentCorporation (MSRDC), and built by the Hindustan Construction Company. The first four of the eight lanes of thebridge were opened to the public on 30 June 2009.[8] All eight lanes were opened on 24 March 2010.BWSL reduces travel time between Bandra and Worli during peak hours from 60–90 minutes to 20–30 minutes.[9]

As of October 2009, BWSL had an average daily traffic of around 37,500 vehicles.[10]

HistoryMahim Causeway was the only road connecting the western suburbs to Mumbai's central business district. Thisnorth-southwestern corridor became a bottleneck and was highly congested at peak hours. The West Island Freewayproject was proposed to span the entire western coastline of Mumbai to ease congestion. BWSL, a bridge overMahim Bay, was proposed as the first phase of this freeway system. offering an alternative route to the MahimCauseway.BWSL connects the intersection of the Western Express Highway and Swami Vivekanand Road (S.V. Road) inBandra to the Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Road (Worli Seaface) in Worli. From Worli Seaface, it connects toMumbai's arterial Annie Besant Road.The project was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Limited (MSRDC). Thecontract for construction was awarded to the Hindustan Construction Company (HCC), with project management ledby the UK offices of Dar Al-Handasah, with significant technology transfer from China.[11]

The foundation stone was laid in 1999 by Bal Thackeray. The original plan estimated the cost at 6.6 billion(US$120.12 million) to be completed in five years.[12] But the project was subject to numerous public interestlitigations, with the 5 year delay resulting in the cost escalating to 16 billion (US$291.2 million),[12] with theadditional interest cost alone accounting for 7 billion (US$127.4 million).[12]

BWSL was named in the memory of late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[1]

Planning

Bandra-Worli Sea Link

The overall project consisted of five parts,contracted separately to accelerate theoverall schedule.• Package I: Construction of a flyover

over Love Grove junction in Worli• Package II: Construction of a cloverleaf

interchange at the intersection of theWestern Express Highway and S.V. Roadin Bandra

• Package III: Construction of solidapproach road from the interchange tothe Toll Plaza on the Bandra side alongwith a public promenade

• Package IV: Construction of the central cable-stayed spans with northern and southern viaducts from Worli to theToll Plaza at the Bandra end

• Package V: Improvements to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan RoadPackage IV was the main phase, with the other packages providing supporting infrastructure.

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GeologySurveys of the seabed under the planned route were conducted before the bridge design commenced. The marinegeology underneath the bridge consists of basalts, volcanic tuffs and breccias with some intertrappean deposits.These are overlain by completely weathered rocks and residual soil. The strength of these rocks range fromextremely weak to extremely strong and their conditions range from highly weathered and fractured, to fresh,massive and intact. The weathered rock beds are further overlain by transported soil, calcareous sandstone and thinbed of coarse grained conglomerate. The top of these strata are overlain by marine soil layer up to 9m thickconsisting of dark brown clay silt with some fine sand overlying weathered, dark brown basaltic boulders embeddedin the silt.

Design

Main cable-stayed span

BWSL was designed as the first cable-stayed bridge to be constructedin open seas in India. Due to the underlying geology, the pylons have acomplex geometry and the main span over the Bandra channel is oneof the longest spans of concrete deck attempted. Balancing theseengineering complexities with the aesthetics of the bridge presentedsignificant challenges for the project.

The superstructure of the viaducts were the heaviest precast segmentsto be built in India. They were built using a span-by-span method usingoverhead gantry through a series of vertical and horizontal curves.The 20,000 tonne Bandra-end span of the bridge deck is supported bystay cables within a very close tolerance of deviations in plan and elevation.[13]

Foundation and substructure

The construction of the bridge's structure presented major engineering challenges. These included the highly variablegeotechnical conditions due to the underlying marine geology of the seabed. At times, even for plan area of a singlepile had a highly uneven foundation bed. Further compilcations included the presence of a variable intertidal zone,with parts of the foundation bed exposed in low tide and submerged in high tide.The foundations for the BWSL's cable-stayed bridges consist of 120 reinforced concrete piles of 2,000 millimetres(6.6 ft) diameter. Those for the viaducts consist of 484 piles of 1,500 millimetres (4.9 ft). These 604 piles weredriven between 6m and 34m into the substrate in geotechnical conditions that varied from highly weathered volcanicmaterial to massive high strength rocks.

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Pylon tower

BWSL's largest pylon towers are 128 m (420 ft)high.

The largest pylons for the bridge consist of diamond shaped 128 metres(420 ft) high concrete tower featuring flaring lower legs, convergingupper legs, a unified tower head housing the stays and a continuouslyvarying cross section along the height of tower.The bridge's pylon towers gradually decrease in cross-section withheight. They have horizontal grooves every 3m in height, whichpermitted inserts. Vertical grooves in the circular sections requirespecial form liners, as well as require attention for de-shuttering. Thetower legs are inclined in two directions, which presented challenges inalignment and climbing of soldiers. Construction joints were permittedat 3m intervals only.

To build the pylons, Doka of Austria was commissioned to build acustom automatic climbing shutter formwork system, based on theirSKE-100 automatic climbing shutter system. This was fabricated onsite and employed to execute all tower leg lifts below deck level.

Pre-cast yardThe pre-cast yard was located on reclaimed land. The yard catered to casting, storing and handling of 2342concrete-steel pre-cast segments for the project. The storage capacity requirement of yard was about 470 precastsegments. As the area available was limited, the segments were stored in stacks of up to three layers.

Structure

Northern viaduct in the foreground seen against the Worli skyline

BWSL consists of twin continuous concretebox girder bridge sections for traffic in eachdirection. Each bridge section, except at thecable-stayed portion, is supported on pierstypically spaced 50 metres (160 ft) apart.Each section is designed to support fourlanes of traffic with break-down lanes andconcrete barriers. Sections also provide forservice side-walks on one side. The bridgealignment is defined with vertical andhorizontal curves.The bridge consists of three distinct parts:the north end viaduct, the centralcable-stayed spans and the south endviaduct. Both the viaducts used precast segmental construction. The cable-stayed bridge on the Bandra channel has a50m-250m-250m-50m span arrangement and on the Worli channel it has a 50m-50m-150m-50m-50m spanarrangement.

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Northern & Southern viaductsThe viaducts on either side of the central cable-stayed spans are arranged in 300-metre (980 ft) units consisting of sixcontinuous spans of 50 metres (160 ft) each. Expansion joints are provided at each end of the units. Thesuperstructure and substructure are designed in accordance with IRC codes. Specifications conform to the IRCstandard with supplementary specifications covering special items. The foundation consists of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in)diameter drilled piles (four for each pier) with pile caps. Bridge bearings are of disc type. The modular expansionjoints for the bridge were provided by Swiss Civil Engineering firm mageba.[14]

The viaducts were built utilising pre-cast, post-tensioned, segmental concrete-steel box girder sections. An overheadgantry crane with self-launching capability was custom built on the site to lay the superstructure of the precastsegments. The Pre-Cast segments are joined together using high strength epoxy glue with nominal pre-stressinginitially. The end segments adjacent to the pier are short segments "cast-in-situ joints". Geometrical adjustments ofthe span are made before primary continuous tendons are stressed.Segment types are further defined by the changes in the web thickness and type of diaphragms cast in cell. Thesegment weights vary from 110 to 140 tonnes (110 to 140 long tons; 120 to 150 short tons) per segment. Thesegment length varies from 3000 to 3200 mm (9.8 to 10.5 ft). Deck post tensioning is performed at the completion ofthe erection of each 50-metre (160 ft) bridge span.

Cable-stayed spansThe cable-stayed portion of the Bandra channel is 600 metres (2,000 ft) in length between expansion joints andconsists of two 250-metre cable supported main spans flanked by 50 metres conventional approach spans. A centretower, with an overall height of 128 metres above pile cap level, supports the superstructure by means of four planesof cable stay in a semi-harp arrangement. Cable spacing is 6.0 metres along the bridge deck.The cable-stayed portion of the Worli channel is 350 metres (1,150 ft) in length between expansion joints andconsists of one 150 metres cable supported main span flanked on each side by two 50 metres conventional approachspans. A centre tower, with an overall height of 55 metres, supports the superstructure above the pile cap level bymeans of four planes of cable stay in a semi-harp arrangement. Cable spacing here is also 6.0 metres along the bridgedeck.The superstructure comprises twin precast concrete box girders with a fish belly cross sectional shape, identical tothe approaches. A typical Pre-Cast segment length is 3.0 metres with the heaviest superstructure segmentapproaching 140 tonnes. Balanced cantilever construction is used for erecting the cable supported superstructure ascompared to span-by-span construction for the approaches. For every second segment, cable anchorages areprovided.A total of 264 cable stays are used at Bandra channel with cable lengths varying from approximately 85 metres tonearly 250 metres. The tower is cast in-situ reinforced concrete using the climbing form method of construction. Theoverall tower configuration is an inverted "Y" shape with the inclined legs oriented along the axis of the bridge.Tower cable anchorage recesses are achieved by use of formed pockets and transverse and longitudinal barpost-tensioning is provided in the tower head to resist local cable forces.A total of 160 cable stays are used at Worli channel with cable lengths varying from approximately 30 metresminimum to nearly 80 metres maximum. Like the Bandra channel, the tower here is also cast in-situ reinforcedconcrete using the climbing form method of construction but the overall tower configuration is "I" shape with theinclined legs. Similarly, tower cable anchorage recesses are achieved by use of formed pockets.The foundations for the main tower comprise 2 metre-drilled shafts of 25 metre length each. Cofferdam and tremieseal construction have been used to construct the six metre deep foundation in the dry.

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Bridge management

Toll collectionThe Bandra end of the toll plaza has 16 approach lanes. The toll plaza is equipped with an electronic toll collectionsystem.At both ends, the toll collection options include:• Automatic electronic payment system through On-board Units mounted on vehicles for frequent-commuters that

enable vehicles to pass without stopping[15]

•• Semi-automatic cash-less electronic payment via a smart card in unattended lanes•• Manual toll collection for payment by cash, to a toll attendant

Vehicle Toll

Single Journey Return Journey Day Pass

Car 55 (US$1) 82.5 (US$1.5) 137.5 (US$2.5)

Tempo/LCV 80 (US$1.46) 120 (US$2.18) 200 (US$3.64)

Truck/Bus 110 (US$2) 165 (US$3) 275 (US$5.01)

MonitoringAn intelligent bridge management system (IBS) provides traffic information, surveillance, monitoring and controlsystems. It comprises CCTVs, automatic traffic counters and vehicle classification system, variable message signs,remote weather information system and emergency telephones. The control centre is located near the toll plaza alongwith the electronic tolling controls. The control system uses fibre-optic cables running the entire span of the BWSL.The toll management system and advanced traffic management system was installed by Efkon India.For traffic enforcement, the bridge includes facilities for vehicles to pull over when stopped by enforcement officersor in the event of a breakdown.

SecurityThe bridge uses mobile explosive scanners[16] for vehicles traveling on the sea link.[17][18] Scans take less than 20seconds for each vehicle with sensors above and below the vehicles. Over 180 cars can be scanned per hour by eachscanner.The pillars and the towers supporting the bridge are protected by buoys designed to withstand explosions andcollisions. These inflated buoys surround each pillar of the sea link to avoid any damage.[19]

The bridge tower and the control centers feature lightning protection, designed to protect the bridge monitoring,communication and power equipment from possible surges.

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Power supply & lighting

The Bandra Worli Sea link, at night.

The bridge has a reliable and redundant power supply, backed up bydiesel generators and auto mains failure panels for critical loads, suchas monitoring, surveillance, emergency equipment and communicationservices including aviation and obstruction indicators. BWSLexclusively uses energy saving illlumination systems.

Criticisms

The Economic Times was critical of the Bandra–Worli Sea Link inevery particular. First, the cost was not the projected 300 crore butactually cost 1,600 crore or about 430% cost overrun. Second, the project was 5 year behind schedule. Third, thesupposedly reduction in commute time did not occur. Traffic bunched up at both ends of the Link causingnightmarish grid lock. The blame rest, as usual, on the notorious Indian corruption and political in-efficiencies.Compared to China, who in a span of 6 years, completed 7 sea links, under budgets and within the timeschedules.[20]

References[1] "Bandra-Worli sealink named 'Rajiv Gandhi Sealink'" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Mumbai/

Bandra-Worli-sealink-named-Rajiv-Gandhi-Sealink/ articleshow/ 4753472. cms). The Times of India. 2009-07-08. . Retrieved 2009-08-23.[2] "Khul ja sim sim" (http:/ / www. mumbaimirror. com/ index. aspx?page=article& sectid=15&

contentid=2009070120090701035211765664eb377). Mumbai Mirror. 2009-07-01. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[3] "Sonia opens Bandra-Worli sea-link, to be named after Rajiv" (http:/ / www. zeenews. com/ news543195. html). ZeeNews.com. . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[4] "Bandra Worli, Scribd" (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 22462076/ Bandra-Worli). Scribd.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/

20100808162836/ http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 22462076/ Bandra-Worli) from the original on 8 August 2010. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[5] "Worli Bandra Sea Link: High Tech Sea Span Bridge in Mumbai" (http:/ / www. marinebuzz. com/ 2008/ 03/ 07/

worli-bandra-sea-link-high-tech-sea-span-bridge-in-mumbai/ ). Marinebuzz.com. 2008-03-07. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[6] "Bandra Worli Sealink Bridge" (http:/ / en. structurae. de/ structures/ data/ index. cfm?ID=s0010504) (in (German)). En.structurae.de. .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[7] "Finally, a date set for opening of Bandra-Worli sea link" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/

finally-a-date-set-for-opening-of-bandraworli-sea-link/ 474673/ ). Indian Express. 2009-06-11. . Retrieved 2009-06-11.[8] "Refer to Package IV - Project Status" (http:/ / www. bandraworlisealink. com/ details. html). Bandraworlisealink.com. 2009-07-01. Archived

(http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100724044455/ http:/ / bandraworlisealink. com/ details. html) from the original on 24 July 2010. .Retrieved 2010-08-31.

[9] "Bandra-Worli sea link extended up to Haji Ali" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/bandra-worli-sea-link-extendedto-haji-ali/ 323162/ ). Business-standard.com. 2008-05-16. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.

[10] Chittaranjan Tembhekar, TNN, Oct 2, 2009, 04.53am IST (2009-10-02). "Sea link finances cause concern - Mumbai - City - The Times ofIndia" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ news/ city/ mumbai/ Sea-link-finances-cause-concern/ articleshow/ 5079109. cms).Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-03.

[11] <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVJGxnfrWno>[12] "Looking back: Frustration and elation of building the Bandra Worli Sea Link - Slide 5" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/

slideshow_looking-back-frustration-and-elation-of-building-the-bandra-worli-sea-link_1560872-5#top). DNA India. 2011-06-30. . Retrieved2011-09-08.

[13][13] Mumbai Mirror: Wednesday, July 1, 2009 page 4[14] http:/ / www. mageba. ch/ en/ dyn_output. html?content. void=3032& SID=SID=SID=e5f63502491b8a3dc1bd662590b1b635[15] http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ mumbai/ Sea-link-test-drive-successful-e-toll-starts-today/ articleshow/ 15320178. cms[16] "Mumbai police commissioner asks MSRDC to ensure security of Bandra-Worli sealink" (http:/ / www. mynews. in/ News/

Mumbai-Bandra-Worli_sea_link_N26393. html). Mynews.in. 2009-09-22. . Retrieved 2010-08-03.[17] http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ tabloid-news/ mumbai/ Your-car-will-be-scanned/ Article1-578713. aspx[18] Source: DNAIndia. "Bandra-Worli Sea Link will get hi-tech security" (http:/ / news. indiainfo. com/

bandra-worli-sea-link-will-get-hi-tech-security-1461695. html). News.indiainfo.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-03.

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[19] "DNA: Mumbai - Hi-tech scanners on Bandra-Worli Sea Link by year-end" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/report_hi-tech-scanners-on-bandra-worli-sea-link-by-year-end_1415643). Dnaindia.com. 2010-07-28. . Retrieved 2010-08-03.

[20] http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ features/ bandra-worli-sea-link-hi-tech-incompetence/ articleshow/ 4723969. cms

External links• Bandra-Worli Sealink Photo Gallery on Flickr (http:/ / www. flickr. com/ groups/ bandra-worli-sealink/ pool/ )• Bandra-Worli Sealink Project (http:/ / www. msrdc. org/ projects/ bandra_worli. aspx)• Bandra-Worli Sea Link Project official website (http:/ / www. bandraworlisealink. com/ index. html)• Bandra-Worli Sea Link: A hi-tech incompetence? (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ News/ Economy/

Infrastructure/ Bandra-Worli-Sea-Link-A-hi-tech-incompetence/ articleshow/ 4723268. cms) from The EconomicTimes

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsBandra–Worli Sea Link  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526741515  Contributors: Abhijitsathe, AdjustShift, Amitkutumbale, Amolyin, Ankitbhatt, AnnaFrance,Balaganesh.nit, Bhadani, Bhagat.Abhijeet, BigJolly9, Bishupriyaparam, Boseritwik, Brihave, Cambrasa, CarTick, Chandan Guha, Chhajjusandeep, Cmdrjameson, Coolguyche17, Coooolguy tdh,Dabomb87, Danny, Demorragwar, Divyarathore, Dministrator, Doorvery far, Dude7190, Edward, Eggman64, Eric Blatant, Gene Nygaard, GrahamHardy, Heyz, Hometech, Hrish.thota, Hspro71,Husainkhan2008, Iball, Ichbinkunal, Imgaril, ImpuMozhi, J.delanoy, JHunterJ, Jak86, Jonoikobangali, Jovianeye, Jpatokal, JubalHarshaw, Kanags, Karthikndr, Kensplanet, Kittoo, Kunaljhaveri,KuwarOnline, LeviStrauss, Logicwiki, Mandar.mulherkar, Mandarax, Manishc, Mazca, Mbxp, McSly, Mediran, Megaman en m, Mikey79au, Modster, Mushroom9, Nadesai, Nichalp, NickNumber, Nik-Hill, Nikkul, Nothingofwater, Paddu, Phantomsteve, Pizzadeliveryboy, Pragvansh, Pranabrulez, Pungimaster, Rait, Rajanpras, Rama's Arrow, Rbhanti, Redtigerxyz, Reshadpatuck1,Robert Ullmann, Ronhjones, Roshanbpoojary, Rsrikanth05, SameerKhan, Sandstein, SchuminWeb, Shyamsunder, Skcpublic, Sluzzelin, Stepheng3, Sumit77seo, Suyogaerospace, Swimandrow,Tabletop, Thebigdig, Topest1, Trakesht, Trusilver, Truthanado, Tutorialconr, Umennet, Urprakhar, Wayiran, Webvip, Woohookitty, अभय नातू, आशीष भटनागर, 222 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Mumbai_India_Bridge_.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_India_Bridge_.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Ameya charankarImage:Indian Rupee symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: OrionistImage:Bandra-Worli Sea Link Map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bandra-Worli_Sea_Link_Map.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Mumbai_area_locator_map.svg: cc-by-sa-2.5 derivative work: Abhijitsathe (talk)File:Mumbai skyline88907.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mumbai_skyline88907.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Jeet221990File:BandraWorliSealinkInsideView.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BandraWorliSealinkInsideView.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Satish KrishnamurthyFile:BWSL Cable Stay Bridge.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BWSL_Cable_Stay_Bridge.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:ShashiBellamkondaFile:Worli skyline with BSWL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worli_skyline_with_BSWL.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:WoodysworldtvFile:Bandra-Worli Sea Link night.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bandra-Worli_Sea_Link_night.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: seanpinto

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