bancannia trough data package 2018

Pondie Range Trough – Data Package Report | August 2018

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Pondie Range

Trough Data

Package

2018

August 2018


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August 2018

© Crown Copyright, State of NSW through its Department of Planning and Environment 2018

Disclaimer

While every reasonable effort has been made to ensure this document is correct at time of printing, the State of

NSW, its agents and employees, disclaim any and all liability to any person in respect of anything or the

consequences of anything done or omitted to be done in reliance or upon the whole or any part of this document.

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to reproduce the material that appears in Pondie Range Trough Data Package 2018. This material is licensed

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Contents

Introduction 5

Geological Setting 7

Evolution 9

Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments 10

Basement 11

Winduck Interval 11

Wana Karnu Interval 13

Ravendale Interval 14

Post-Devonian geology 15

Part 2 – Exploration history 17

Part 3 – Available data 19

Outcrop 19

Drilling and downhole geophysical data 20

Seismic surveys 24

Gravity surveys 27

Aeromagnetic Data 28

Geochemical surveys 28

Soil gas survey 30

Part 4 - Seismic Interpretation 31

Seismic data loading and quality control 31

Well Data 32

Well Correlation 32

Seismic-well tie and synthetic seismogram 33

Seismic Interpretation 33

Time-depth conversion 40

Part 5 – Petroleum systems 45

Source rocks 46

Reservoirs 47

Seal 52

Part 6 – Data assessment 53


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Part 7 – Summary and conclusions 56


5

Introduction

The Pondie Range Trough Petroleum Data Package 2018 is a product of the New Frontiers Minerals and Energy

Exploration Initiative of the Geological Survey of New South Wales (GSNSW), Division of Resources and

Geoscience, Department of Planning and Environment. This package provides information and pre-competitive

data, for petroleum explorers, to assess the petroleum potential of this relatively underexplored trough.

The Pondie Range Trough is a sub-basin within the Darling Basin and this data package builds on the previously

released Darling Basin Petroleum Data Package 2017 which is an overview of the entire Darling Basin. The Pondie

Range Trough Data Package 2018 provides a more focused collation and discussion of the available data on the

Pondie Range Trough.

The Darling Basin covers an area of 100,000 km2 and is the largest onshore basin in New South Wales (NSW). It is

located in far western NSW in a structurally complex Late Silurian to Early Carboniferous intracratonic basin (Figure

1). The Pondie Range Trough is also relatively close to the Moomba to Sydney pipeline and the all-weather Barrier

Highway provides good road access.

Figure 1: Location of the Pondie Range Trough (in bright orange) and the Darling Basin within NSW. The figure also shows the Pondie Range Trough’s proximity to the Moomba - Sydney gas pipeline.

The Pondie Range Trough is approximately 50 km wide and 60 km long and covers an area of around 3 200 km2.

The southeastern margin is approximately 6 km northwest of Wilcannia with the northeastern margin around 25 km

south of White Cliffs. The estimated maximum sediment thickness of the Pondie Range Trough is 12 km,

comprising possible Late Silurian or Early Devonian to Cenzoic sediments.


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Data is relatively limited with only two wildcat wells (Pondie Range 1, Gnalta 1), one stratigraphic well (Mena

Murtee1) drilled and limited seismic acquisition (32 lines totaling 440 km).

The Pondie Range Trough has been the focus of recent work in enhancing pre-competitive data by the GSNSW.

This work included the compilation of this petroleum data package and analysis that show all the elements of a

conventional petroleum system, required for the formation of a petroleum deposit, are present within the Pondie

Range Trough.

The data presented in this package includes well, seismic, outcrop, age dating, hydrocarbon indicator data and

reports that relate to the Pondie Range Trough. The package also includes data from locations outside of the

Pondie Range Trough which provide important information on the regional geology to complement the relatively

limited geological data available within the trough.


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Geological Setting

The Pondie Range Trough is one of a series of sub-basin/rift-depocenters of the Darling Basin (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Pondie Range Trough and other depocentres of the Darling Basin, superimposed on the SeebaseTM image.

The main bounding structural elements of the Pondie Range Trough are the SW-NE trending, fault bounded block

of the Wilcannia High to the South and the NW-SE trending Hummocks Fault Zone to the North (Buckley et al.

2015). The western boundary of the Pondie Range Trough is marked by the N-S trending Koonenberry Fault

system of the Wonominta Block. The eastern boundary with the Poopelloe Lake Trough, is marked by a basement

ridge which delineates a rift feature with pre-Devonian sequences, at depth, from Mid-Devonian and younger

successions in the overburden (Figure 3).


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Figure 3: Map depicting the structural elements bounding the Pondie Range Trough. The outlines are

displayed over the SeebaseTM image.


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Evolution

The Darling Basin formed in a back-arc setting during the Early to Late Silurian (Figure 4; Moresi et al. 2014). The

major driver of basin development was the roll-back motion of the westward subduction zone of the paleo-Pacific

Ocean floor under the eastern margin of Gondwanaland (Scheibner 1999; Khalifa et al. 2017). This resulted in the

development of the Lachlan Orogen and the Darling Basin as an associated extensional back-arc and later a

foreland basin (Scheibner & Basden 1998).

Figure 4: Reconstruction of the Tasmanide accretionary event, showing indentation of continental ribbon

material and lateral subduction. Roll-back motion of the westward subduction zone of the paleo-Pacific

Ocean floor under the eastern margin of Gondwanaland resulted in the development of the Lachlan Orogen

and the Darling Basin as its back-arc extension. (Moresi et al. 2014)

The Darling Basin sedimentary succession includes Late Silurian to Early Carboniferous rocks. Depositional events

were interrupted by orogenic episodes that were accompanied by variable amounts of uplift, tilting, folding, and

faulting in different parts of the Darling Basin (Khalifa et al. 2017).


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Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments

Formal stratigraphy of the Darling Basin has been defined along the western and eastern edges of the Darling

Basin, where the Devonian succession is well exposed (Kobussen and Dick 2011, Figure 5).

Figure 5: Generalised stratigraphy of the Darling Basin region, modified from Kobussen and Dick (2011). The table shows the relationship between the established formal stratigraphy in the Broken Hill area in the west and the Cobar area in the east and the major unconformities observed on the regional seismic lines.

The formal stratigraphy is defined to the west and east of the Darling Basin, however in between in areas such as

the Pondie Range Trough, outcrop and drilling data are limited and stratigraphy is based on the significant

unconformities observed on the regional seismic lines (Figure 6). These tectonostratigraphic intervals correlate

with major tectonic events (Bembrick 1997). This approach has been applied by previous authors including:

Bembrick (1997), Robertson Research Australia (2001), Cooney & Mantaring (2005) and in the recent Darling

Basin Prospectivity Report (DPE 2017). Detailed description of the seismic Interpretation of the Pondie Range

Trough is included in Chapter 4.

Regional Unconformity - Bindian Event

Regional Unconformity – Tabberabberan Event

Regional Unconformity – Kanimblan Event


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Figure 6: Regional Seismic line SS134_HD_83_106 depicting significant seismic reflectors (unconformities).

Basement

The basement of the Pondie Range Trough does not crop out and it has not been intersected in any wells. It most

likely consists of Cambrian Units similar to those intersected in wells in the Bancannia Trough (Bancannia South 1,

Byrnedale 1) and outcrop (Bynguano and Scropes Range). In the Bancannia South 1 well the basement consists of

Cambrian (506.1±2.7Ma) dacitic and andesitic volcanic rocks (Bodorkos et al. 2013). In the Bynguano and Scropes

Ranges the outcropping Cambro–Ordovician sandstones, shales and limestones are unmetamorphosed (Glen

2005).

Winduck Interval

The Winduck Interval was deposited during widespread marine inundation in the Late Silurian to Early Devonian

and it has not been encountered in any wells or outcrop in the Pondie Range Trough. The Winduck interval is

interpreted to form the basal part of the Devonian aged sedimentary sequence within the Pondie Range Trough.

Seismic interpretation indicates that this interval sits immediately on basement. The seismic character of the

Winduck Interval in the Pondie Range Trough suggests a marginal marine to deepening marine environment with

potential carbonate buildups developed along the basement highs (Figure 6; Figure 7; Cook 1990, Willcox 2003).

The top of the Winduck interval is defined as a prominent seismic reflector interpreted to represent a regional

unconformity associated with the Bindian orogeny (Bembrick 1997).


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Figure 7: Interpreted depositional environments at 416Ma (base Lochkovian) at the onset of Darling Basin Succession (modified from: (Cook 1990))

The nearest known intersections of the Winduck Interval are in the wells: Kewell East 1, Berangabah 1, BMR

Ivanhoe 1 and Mt Emu. In the Kewell East 1 well the Winduck interval consists predominantly of laminated to thinly

bedded, grey to brown, fine to very fine-grained quartzose sandstone, dark grey to black siltstone and black to

dark-grey claystone, deposited in environments ranging from near-marine to distal-marine shelf.

The Winduck sequence in the BMR Ivanhoe 1 and Berangabah 1 wells consist of hard, tight, grey siltstone and

black shale. The abundant fauna, dated as Lochkovian in the lower part of the BMR Ivanhoe 1 well suggests that

sediments were deposited in an open quiet sea. The Winduck Interval also outcrop in the Maccullochs Range in

the northern part of the adjacent Poopelloe Lake Trough. The outcrop largely comprises non-marine fine-grained

sheet-flood deposited sandstones (Neef 2007).

The sediments of the Winduck Group appear to be eroded west of the Pondie Range Trough. The wells west of the

Koonenberry Fault Zone as well as outcrop observations did not record any sediments between the Wana Karnu

Interval and the Cambro-Ordovician rocks. The unconformity is interpreted in the DMR04-3 seismic line in the

western part of the Pondie Range Trough (Chapter 4- Seismic Interpretation). The Winduck Interval units thicken

towards the east indicating higher faster subsidence rates in the middle of the Pondie Range Trough.

Pondie Range Trough

New South Wales


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Wana Karnu Interval

The Middle Devonian Wana Karnu Interval is correlated with the formal Wana Karnu Group (Greenfield et al 2010).

The Top of Wana Karnu Interval (previously known as the Snake Cave Interval) is defined as a prominent seismic

reflector, representing a regional unconformity associated with the Tabberabberan deformation.

The Wana Karnu Interval consists of thickly-bedded laminated and cross-bedded medium-grained fluvial quartzose

sandstones and conglomerates with occasional quartzites. There are also occasional quartzose pebbles and mud

clasts (Blevin et al. 2007). Redbed sandstone units are also found in this interval (Pearson 2003). Deposition was

primarily influenced by a complex braided river environment with delta and alluvial fan environments (Greenfield et

al. 2010). In outcrop the thickness varies from 100 m in the southern edge of the Darling Basin to maximum 2300 m

in the Cobar trough. The depositional environment ranges from shallow marine to braided plains and distal alluvial

fans with possible widespread, brackish to marine incursions (Bembrick, 1997).

In the Pondie Range Trough the Wana Karnu Interval was penetrated in Pondie Range 1, Gnalta 1 and crops out in

the north west part of the trough. It is dominated by alluvial sandstones with rare siltstone and shale also present

(Figure 8). In the Pondie Range 1 well the top of Wana Karnu Interval is marked by a rapid increase in the sonic

transit times (dt) in sandstone units.

Figure 8: Interpreted depositional environment at 497Ma (Emsian) at the onset of Wana Karnu Interval Sedimentation (modified from: Cook (1990))

Pondie Range Trough

New South Wales


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Ravendale Interval

The base of the Ravendale Interval is a regional unconformity associated with the Tabberabberan Orogeny that

caused erosion across fault blocks uplifted during this compressive event (Greenfield et al. 2010). Erosion is also

observed in outcrop along the Koonenberry Fault and further west in the Coco Ranges (Greenfield et al. 2010).

The Ravendale Formation consists of thickly bedded fine-grained quartz sandstones and occasional interbedded

siltstones and claystones (Blevin et al. 2007). These sediments have been interpreted as alluvial fans and fluvio-

deltaic sequences. Figure 9 depicts the inferred depositional settings of the Ravendale Interval.

Figure 9: Block Diagram showing the inferred depositional settings of the Ravendale Interval in a largely terrestrial environment dominated by alluvial fan and fluvial deposits (from Slatt, 2006)

In the Pondie Range Trough this interval has been encountered in the Mena Murtee 1, Pondie Range 1 wells and

crops out along the south-eastern trough edge. In the Pondie Range Trough the Ravendale Interval was deposited

in a largely terrestrial environment dominated by fluvial deposits (Figure 10). The upper part of the Ravendale

Interval is represented by estuarine tidal channel deposits which gradually change into meandering fluvial

lithofacies in the lower part of this interval (Watson et al. 2015). The sequence fines upwards and there are

localized areas where basal conglomerates occur.


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Figure 10: Interpreted depositional environment at 360Ma (Famennian) depicting depositional environment during Ravendale Interval Sedimentation (modified from: Cook (1990))

The Kanimblan shortening event (Alice Springs Orogeny) truncates the top of Ravendale interval with Mesozoic to

Cenozoic sediments deposited on this surface. The Kanimblan orogeny resulted in an uplift of 1200 m of the

Pondie Range anticline at the Pondie Range 1 well location (Blevin 2007).

Post-Devonian geology

Apart from the north-west part of the Pondie Range Trough where Devonian sandstones of the Wana Karnu

Interval crop out the rest of the trough is covered by post Devonian sediments (Figure 11). These post Devonian

sediments are of Cenozoic (predominantly Quaternary) age. In some water bores Cretaceous and younger units

overlie the Devonian sequence. These units are flat lying and almost undeformed. They occur above a regional

unconformity and are characterized by continuous, closely spaced reflectors on seismic data. There has been no

identified outcrop of these units in the Pondie Range Trough area (Hughes et al. 2018).


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Figure 11: Surface Geology in the Pondie Range Trough area.


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Part 2 – Exploration history

The oldest petroleum exploration licence in the Pondie Range Trough was granted in the 1950s and since then

parts of the Pondie Range Trough have been covered by nine (9) petroleum exploration titles. Only during the

1970s were there no titles over the trough. The last petroleum exploration licence was relinquished in 2013.

A geothermal exploration licence (EL) 8066 granted to NSW Government is the only existing title over the area.

Despite relative interest, this sub-basin remains underexplored for petroleum. The main data previously acquired

during exploration are three (3) wells, six (6) seismic surveys and 10 gravity and magnetic surveys. The time of and

main exploration activities are summarized in Figure 12.


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Figure 12: Outline of exploration activity in the Pondie Range Trough since the 1950s.


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Part 3 – Available data

Outcrop

The outcrop of Devonian aged rocks within the area is limited to the north-west part of the Pondie Range Trough

(Figure 13) and some isolated occurrences along its southern boundary.

Figure 13: Devonian outcrop in the Pondie Range Trough region (modified from Colquhoun et al. 2016). The geological map sheets are shown, 1:250 000 map sheets are shown with labels underlined and the 1:100 000 sheets with plain text.

The geology of the area has been recently updated as part of the range of seamless geology datasets available

from the Departments web site (https://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/miners-and-explorers/geoscience-

information/projects/nsw-seamless-geology-project).

https://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/miners-and-explorers/geoscience-information/projects/nsw-seamless-geology-project

https://www.resourcesandenergy.nsw.gov.au/miners-and-explorers/geoscience-information/projects/nsw-seamless-geology-project


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There are three 1:100 000 geological map sheets covering the western half of the Pondie Range Trough. These

are, from the north to the south; Kayrunnera (Mills & Hicks 2016), Grasmere (Buckley et al. 2015) and Bunda (Mills

& Hicks 2016a). The western half of the Pondie Range Trough is covered by the Wilcannia 1:250 000 geological

map (Frenda 1965). The surface geology of the region was updated in the Explanatory Notes for the Koonenberry

Belt geological maps Bulletin, Greenfield et al. 2010.

Drilling and downhole geophysical data

Three wells have been drilled in the Pondie Range Trough (Table 1, Figure 14). Two were petroleum exploration

wells, namely Pondie Range-1, drilled in 1966 by Mid-Eastern Oil NL (PEL38, Jessop 1967) and Gnalta 1 drilled by

N.S.W. Oil and Gas Company N.L in 1969 (PEL155, Haskell 1970). A third one a stratigraphic well, Mena Murtee 1,

was drilled by the NSW Government (EL8066, Department of Trade & Investment 2015) as a part of the NSW CO2

Storage Assessment Program.

Figure 14: Location of petroleum exploration and stratigraphic wells in and adjacent to the Pondie Range

Trough. (GDA94)


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In addition, about 60 shallow water bores have been drilled within the Pondie Range Trough with maximum depths

generally less than 150 m. These data have not been fully assessed and warrant additional analysis.

This data package contains nine well completion reports and associated data. It includes the three wells (Mena

Murtee 1, Pondie Range 1 and Gnalta 1) drilled in the trough and other relevant wells (Bancannia South 1,

Berangabah 1, Blantyre 1, Ivanhoe BMR 1, Kewell East 1 and the Koonenberry Suite boreholes) drilled near the

trough.

The available well tests and core data are given in Table 2, a summary of the drilling and results of the three wells

within Pondie Range is given in Table 3.

Table 1: Summary of wells drilled within the Pondie Range Trough.

Well name Year Type Company Depth (m)

Stratigraphy

Pondie Range-1 1966 Exploration Mid-Eastern Oil NL 3054

Tertiary: 0-80 m Late Devonian: 80-1692.8 m Middle Devonian: 1692.8-TD

Gnalta-1 1969 Exploration NSW Oil and Gas 718 Wana Karnu Group

Mena Murtee-1 2014 Stratigraphic Dept. Trade & Investment

2270 Post-Devonian: 0-220 m Ravendale Fm: 220-TD

Table 2: Summary of Pondie Range Trough well tests and data.

Data Pondie Range 1 Mena Murtee 1 Gnalta-1

Available cores 24 4 4

Sidewall cores 33 19 No

Formation tests 4+1 8 No

Wireline data Yes Yes No

Well velocity No Yes No

Fluid Inclusions Yes No No

EOM Yes No No

Reflectance Yes No No

TOC Yes No No

Porosity and permeability samples

61 52 No

HC indicators No No No

Palaeontology Yes Yes No

Temp./ Bottom Hole Temp.

Yes Yes No

Fluid Inclusion Stratigraphy

Yes No No


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Table 3: Summary of the 3 key wells in the Pondie Range Trough.

Well Name Summary

Pondie Range 1 The well was spudded in October 1966 and completed 146 days later in February 1967. It was primarily a deep stratigraphic test to evaluate the Devonian and possible Cambro-Ordovician units of the Pondie Range Trough. There was also a possibility of finding hydrocarbons in the seismically interpreted anticlinal structure delineated by the White Cliffs Seismic Survey. The well was drilled to a total depth of 3053.5 m. The Well Completion Report suggests that the well might have encountered Proterozoic rocks at 2957 m after penetrating nearly 2800 m of the Upper Devonian sediments. The improved seismic data (ESG reprocessing 2004) together with the newly acquired seismic from 2004, suggests that the Middle Devonian Wana Karnu interval was encountered at 739 m. No hydrocarbons were present and no source rocks were encountered in the well. Good porosities ranging from 8% to 28% were observed in the sandstones from which salt water was recovered. Below 1350 m the sandstone intervals are extremely abrasive, well cemented, tight and with porosity values ranging from 4% to 15%. Only one deep interval (2178-2193 m) showed filter cake build-up and has a porosity of 12%.

Mena Murtee 1 Mena Murtee 1 is a stratigraphic deep test drilled by the Division of Resources & Energy (DRE) (within the NSW Department of Trade and Investment) in 2014 with three broad aims: (1) gather information on the geothermal potential of the area in collaboration with the CSIRO, (2) assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) storage potential and (3) acquire geological data for the region. The well penetrated sediments which consisted mainly of sandstone and claystone with infrequent limestones and siltstones. The Ravendale Formation Units 3, 4 and 6 contain massive claystone sediments and Unit 5 and 7 are composed predominantly of sandstones. The sandstone intervals display very good reservoir properties with porosities ranging up to 13.25 % in core samples taken between 1417 - 2098 m depth.

Gnalta 1

Gnalta 1 was a wildcat test drilled by N.S.W. OIL in 1969. The well was designed to intersect and determine the nature of a high speed refractor located in this area based on results of the Mootwingee Refraction Survey. The refractor was recorded at about 609 m subsurface near the top of the Menamurtee Dome where the well was located. The well penetrated 709 m of Devonian Mulga Downs Group sandstone before entering a hard, dense orthoquartzite possibly correlative to Precambrian Wonaminta Beds (known as the Kara Fm).


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Koonenberry Stratigraphic Wells

The Koonenberry Stratigraphic wells were drilled by the Geological Survey of NSW to investigate the presence of

petroleum source rocks in the area north-west of the Pondie Range Trough (Figure 15).

Figure 15: The location of the Koonenberry stratigraphic wells and groundwater bores in the Pondie Range Trough area.

Eight wells (DM Koonenberry 3-10) were drilled in 1999 as a part of the program. Six were drilled near the north-

west boundary of the Pondie Range Trough. Samples of core and cuttings were analysed for source rock potential.

The results showed the total organic carbon (TOC) content ranged from 0.02% to 0.53% (Little. 2000).

Palaeontological age dating was unsuccessful.


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Seismic surveys

There are 33 seismic lines, from six seismic surveys that cover parts of the Pondie Range Trough (Table 4). The total

length of seismic lines in the Pondie Range Trough is approximately 484 km.

Table 4: Seismic lines and details of surveys within the Pondie Range Trough.

Seismic Line Name

Seismic Interpretation Pondie Range Data Package 2018

Survey Name Report Date

Length [km]

SEGY Quality

1 SS047-B_PART-1

line interpreted

SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 12.3 YES POOR

2 SS047-A_PART-2

line interpreted

SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 37.8 YES POOR

3 SS047-G not interpreted SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 8.9 YES POOR

4 SS047-D line interpreted

SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 10.5 YES POOR

5 SS047-A_PART-1

line interpreted

SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 47.8 YES POOR

6 SS047-E not interpreted SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 9.5 YES POOR

7 SS047-F not interpreted SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 4.0 YES POOR

8 SS047-B_PART-2

not interpreted SS047 -White Cliffs

1965 20.3 YES POOR

9 SS051-L not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.2

1965 17.6 NO -

10 SS051-J not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.3

1965 5.4 NO -

11 SS051-N not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.4

1965 17.7 NO -

12 SS051-PEXT line interpreted

SS51 - White Cliffs No.5

1965 3.2 NO -

13 SS051-I_(EXT)

line interpreted


1965 2.5 YES POOR

14 SS051-H not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.7

1965 18.4 NO -

15 SS051-H_(EXT-NE)

not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.8

1965 12.6 NO -

16 SS051-K not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.9

1965 2.6 YES POOR

17 SS051-O not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.10

1965 2.5 NO -

18 SS051-O_EXT


1965 2.7 NO -

19 SS051-I_(EXT-W)


1965 15.0 NO -

20 SS051-P not interpreted SS51 - White Cliffs No.13

1965 2.7 YES POOR

21 SS051-I line interpreted


1965 6.1 YES POOR

22 SS051-K_(EXT)


1965 6.3 NO -

23 SS051-K_(EXT-E)


1965 2.7 NO -

24 SS134>HD-106

line interpreted

SS134 - Darling

1983 47.1 YES GOOD

25 SS134>HD-107

line interpreted

SS134 - Darling

1983 45.7 YES POOR


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26 SS134>HD-105

line interpreted

SS134 - Darling

1983 32.5 YES GOOD

27 SS134>HD-101/101A

line interpreted

SS134 - Darling

1983 70.7 YES GOOD

28 SS134>HD-101B

line interpreted

SS134 - Darling

1983 5.0 YES GOOD

29 DMR04-3 line interpreted

GS2006-151 - Wilcannia / Ivanhoe 2D SS 2004, DMR

2004 41.9 YES GOOD

30 E04DB-01 line interpreted

GS2012-0770 - Darling Basin 2D Seismic Survey 2004, ESG

2004 10.6 YES GOOD

31 E04DB-02 line interpreted

GS2012-0770 - Darling Basin 2D Seismic Survey 2004, ESG

2004 19.2 YES GOOD

32 Line G not interpreted SS042 1965 13.3 NO POOR

33 Line H not interpreted SS042 1965 13.9 NO POOR


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The seismic coverage in the Pondie Range Trough is focused in the east (Figure 16) and most of the trough has no

seismic coverage. The quality of the available seismic data varies from poor to good. There is potential to

reprocess seismic data to improve the resolution and signal to noise ratios.

Figure 16: Seismic survey locations in the Pondie Range Trough and the general quality of the data for each line.


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Gravity surveys

Several gravity surveys have been acquired since exploration in the Pondie Range Trough commenced in the

1950s. The introduction of GPS systems in the early 1990s greatly improved the positioning of gradiometers

consequently, the data acquired prior to 1991 is no longer considered reliable.

The Pondie Range Trough is covered by 276 gravity stations. The 173 stations were acquired in 1995 on a 4 x 4

km grid using a modern and precise gravimeter that acquired good quality data. Previous surveys conducted in

1963-1973 were acquired on either on 11 x 11 km grid or along traverses, mostly using existing roads and tracks.

Figure 17 shows the isostatic Bouguer Gravity image covering the Pondie Range Trough area.

Figure 17: Isostatic Bouguer gravity image over the Pondie Range Trough area. Blue represents lower gravity measurements with red showing those with a higher gravimetric response.


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Aeromagnetic Data

The Pondie Range Trough is covered by the statewide aeromagnetic dataset compiled by the Geological Survey of

NSW. This dataset has a 50 m grid spacing and is based on data acquired using 400 m line spacing and a terrain

clearance of 80 m. Figure 18 shows the Total Magnetic Intensity, reduced to pole, in the Pondie Range Trough

area.

Figure 18: Total Magnetic Intensity (reduced to pole) of the Pondie Range Trough area. Red colours indicate higher magnetic intensity and blue representing a lower response.

Geochemical surveys

Rock Eval pyrolysis, Vitrinite Reflectance, Extractable Organic Matter

Analytical geochemical data for the Pondie Range Trough is limited to the Pondie Range 1 well. Table 5, Table 6

and Table 7 present the Rock Eval, Vitrinite Reflectance and Extractable Organic Matter data for the Devonian

sediments of the Ravendale and Wana Karnu Formations in the Pondie Range 1 well.


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Table 5. Pondie Range Trough – Rock Eva Total Organic Carbon Data

Well Depth [m] Age Interval Total Organic C [%]

Pondie Range 1 265.1 Late Devonian Ravendale 0.05



Pondie Range 1 2110.5 Middle Devonian Wana Karnu 0.05


Table 6. Pondie Range Trough – Vitrinite Reflectance Data

Well Depth Age Interval Vitrinite Reflectance [%VR]






Table 7. Pondie Range Trough - Extractable Organic Matter (EOM)

Well Depth Age EOM (ppm)

EOM Used

SATS (ppm)

AROMS (ppm)

SATS / ARO

NSO (ppm)

Pondie Range 1

265.1 Late Devonian

151 15.1 0 1 0 37

Pondie Range 1

450.8 Late Devonian

209 20.9 11 14 0.79 74

Pondie Range 1

693.5 Late Devonian

36 3.6 0 0 0 30

Pondie Range 1

2110.5 Middle Devonian

34 3.4 1 2 0.5 90

Pondie Range 1

2343.7 Middle Devonian

27 2.7 0 0 0 10


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Soil gas survey

In 2004 Petrofocus (2004) on behalf of Eastern Star Gas Limited completed a soil geochemical survey mostly along

several seismic lines in different parts of the Darling Basin. In the Pondie Range Trough, soil gas samples were

taken every 350-500 m along seismic line SS134-HD106 and two short lines perpendicular to it (Figure 19).

Figure 19: Location of the Petrofocus 2004 soil gas geochemical survey, the trough boundary, seismic lines and wells.


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Part 4 - Seismic

Interpretation

Seismic data loading and quality control

The interpretation of seismic data was carried out using IHS Kingdom software and the Kingdom Project is included

in this data package.

The seismic data were validated and checked against original seismic survey reports, seismic processing reports

and images of scanned hard copy seismic sections. Particular attention was given to the seismic reference datum

(SRD) and navigation data. The seismic reference datum (SRD) of the kingdom project is set at 100 m above sea

level. The coordinate system of the Kingdom project is GDA94/MGA zone 54 and all seismic navigation data were

converted to this coordinate system.

For each seismic line, volumes of different types and different processing versions have been loaded, which

included original migrated or stacked sections, reprocessed migrated and stacked data (Table 4 – Part 3 Available

Data). The final interpretation is based on the latest reprocessed data of better quality and the lower quality data

quality data were used only in areas where good quality data were absent. According to the seismic processing

reports an increase in the acoustic impedance is recorded as a peak (positive value) for all the lines. Troughs

(negative values) represent a decrease in the acoustic impedance.


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Well Data

Three wells have been drilled in the Pondie Range Trough namely; Pondie Range 1, Mena Murtee 1 and Gnalta 1.

The Mena Murtee 1 well completed in 2014 has good quality wireline logs and a check shot survey acquired,

whereas the Pondie Range 1 well drilled in 1966 has wireline data of low to moderate quality and should be used

with caution. No wireline logs were acquired for the Gnalta-1 well drilled in 1969. Additionally, a five regionally

relevant wells (Bancannia South 1, Berangabah 2, Blantyre 1, BME Ivanhoe 1 , Kewell East 1), outside of the

Pondie Range Trough, are included in the Kingdom project.

Well Correlation

Due to limited age control on the formation tops the well correlation between Pondie Range 1 and Mena Murtee 1,

is based on the well log pattern. In addition, significant seismic refractors across the two wells were used to

constrain stratigraphic correlations between wells (Figure 20).

Figure 20: Pondie Range Trough Well correlation with significant surfaces highlighted.


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Seismic-well tie and synthetic seismogram

The Mena Murtee 1 well was tied to the seismic data using the check shot survey and a synthetic seismogram

generated using available density and sonic logs. A good correlation between the synthetic trace and extracted

trace from the seismic section was achieved. The synthetic trace was generated using the DUG Insight 4.1

application and imported to the Kingdom project.

There was no density log nor check shot survey available for the Pondie Range 1 well, and the sonic log is of

limited use due to poor well conditions during wireline logging. A sonic log-derived Time-Depth (T-D) curve is

available in the Pondie Range 1 well completion report. This curve was modified in this project and used as a

reference. The Pondie Range 1 well was tied to seismic data using the combined time-depth pairs derived from the

Pondie Range well sonic log and the check shot data from the Mena Murtee 1 well.

Seismic Interpretation

The seismic interpretation focused on major seismic horizons and faults. Table 8 shows the interpreted horizons in

the Kingdom project included with this package, which correlate with the interpretation of Willcox et al. (2003).

Table 8: Correlation between horizons interpreted in the project and those from Willcox et al. (2003)

Interpreted horizon names in Pondie Range Trough Kingdom project

Horizon names of Willcox et.al. (2003)

Geological Interpretation

H_unconformity_regional A Top Revendale regional unconformity

H7_unit5_MM C Lithology boundary (Top Unit_5 identified at Mena Murtee 1)

H6_unit6_MM Lithology boundary (Top_Unit_6 identified at Mena Murtee 1)

H5_unit7_MM D Lithology boundary ( Top Unit_7 identified at Mena Murtee 1)

H4_unconform Top Wana Karnu unconformity (confirmed at Pondie Range 1 well)

H4_unit4_PR Top anticline reflector

H3 F Intra-Wana Karnu unconformity

H2_unconform Intra-Wana Karnu unconformity

H2_top_ancline Top anticline

H1_unconform H Top Winduck, Regional unconformity between syn-rfit succession and sag phase

H1_C_unconform Unconformity within the syn-rift succession

H1_B_unconform J Unconformity within the syn-rift succession

H1_A_unconform I Unconformity within the syn-rift succession

H1 K Unconformity within the syn-rift succession

H_base, Basement L Basement


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The most significant tectonic/structural events, evident on the seismic lines, are the major regional unconformities, interpreted as: H1_unconform (Top Winduck) and H_unconformity_regional (Top Ravendale) (Figure 21; Figure 22; Figure 23; Figure 24).


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Figure 21. Horizons interpreted and stratigraphic patterns on seismic section of SS134_HD_83_106. Please note vertical axis is two-way-time (TWT) in milli-seconds.


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Figure 22. Interpreted seismic section of line SS134_HD_83_106 (two-way-time in seconds).


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Figure 23. Interpreted seismic section of line SS134_HD_83_106 (two-way-time in seconds).


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Figure 24. Interpreted seismic section of line DMR04-3 (two-way-time in seconds).


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The H1_unconform (Top Winduck) horizon is associated with an extensive erosion between the presumed syn-rift

package and the overlying thermal sag succession of the Wana Karnu and Ravendale intervals. The syn-rift

package has a wedge-shaped geometry in most sections, including two to three recognisable unconformities. The

unconformity surfaces are characterized by truncation below them and onlap above.

Part of the syn-rift package comprises high amplitude, discontinuous reflectors, with oblique and channelised

features, whereas other parts of the package consists of medium to high amplitude, relatively continuous parallel

reflectors. Basement-involved low angle thrust faults were also interpreted in this syn-rift package.

For the interval between the two significant regional unconformity horizons, H1_unconform (Top Winduck) and

H_unconform_regional (Top Ravendale), eight horizons have been interpreted, of which most are unconformities.

Between the H1_unconform (Top Winduck) and H4_unconform horizons, the interval consists of five successions,

or sequences, separated by unconformities, of which most are associated with truncations or/and onlaps.

A large scale anticlinal geometry is observed in the Pondie Range 1 well area, associated with the post Devonian

regional inversion (Willcox et al. 2003). Mapping of the structure using seismic data indicate a four-way dip closure

or a fault-anticline combined closure.

The interval between the H4_unconform (Top Wana Karnu) and the H_unc_regional (Top Ravendale) horizon is

associated with broad and gentle folding, of which the top part is significantly truncated.

The H_unc_regional (Top Ravendale) horizon is correlated to a shallow regional unconformity associated with

strong truncation of the reflectors below, indicating significant regional uplifting and erosion. The unconformity is

shallow (less than 100 milliseconds (about 100m thick) and has a horizontal character. It separates the younger

Cainozoic sediments from the underlying and truncated Late Devonian units of the Ravendale Interval.


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Time-depth conversion

The horizons, H1_unconform (Top Winduck) and H4_unconform (Top Wana Karnu) were gridded (Figure 25;

Figure 26) and converted to depth (Figure 27; Figure 28) using a velocity function combining checkshot data from

the Mena Murtee 1 well and seismic stacking velocities at different structural locations. The resulting depth map of

the H4_unconform (Top Wana Karnu) horizon shows a good tie with the relevant formation tops of the Pondie

Range 1 well the H1_unconform (Top Winduck) horizon is not penetrated by wells in the Pondie Range Trough).


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Figure 25.Structural map of the H1_unconform (Top Winduck) horizon (two way time in milliseconds, CI=50ms).

Pondie Range Trough – Data Package Report | June 2018

42

Figure 26: Structural map of the H4_unconform (Top Wana Karnu) horizon (two way time in milliseconds, CI=50ms)


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Figure 27: Structural map of H1_unconform (Top Winduck) horizon (depth in meters subsea, CI=150m).


44

Figure 28: Structural map of the H4_unconform (Top Wana Karnu) horizon (depth in meters subsea,

CI=100m).


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Part 5 – Petroleum systems

This chapter focuses on the different elements of the petroleum system within the Pondie Range Trough (Figure

29). The integration of all available data including the recently drilled Mena Murtee 1 well and the reprocessed

seismic lines have provided evidence that all the elements of a petroleum system are present in the Pondie Range

Trough. Source rock units associated with a marine inundation in the Early Devonian were identified on newly

acquired and reprocessed seismic lines (Willcox 2003; Cooney & Mantaring 2007). Reservoir intervals were

deposited during the Middle to Late Devonian (Wana Karnu and Ravendale Intervals) in a foreland basin setting

with molassic sedimentation patterns (Cooney & Mantaring 2007). The core data from Mena Murtee 1 and Pondie

Range 1 have also confirmed good intra-formational sealing properties within these units.

Figure 29: Schematic cartoon indicating potential Petroleum System Elements within the Pondie Range Trough.


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Source rocks

The main source rocks within the Darling Basin are syn-rift deposits of the Winduck Interval. The Interval is

associated with marine inundation during the Early Devonian. The known intersections of the basal part of this

interval, in the Berangabah 1 and BMR Ivanhoe 1 wells, confirm its petroleum generative potential. The shallow

marine sequences encountered in these wells, despite being overmatured still contain up to 1% TOC (Table 9;

BMR 1979; Scott & Hartung-Kagi 1997; Brown et al. 1982; Dept. Mineral Resources 1993; Black Rock Petroleum

et al. 2001). Seismic characteristics within the Winduck Interval in the Pondie Range Trough indicate a marginal

marine to deepening marine environment with potential carbonate buildups developed along the basement highs

(Willcox 2003).

The source rock potential of the Wana Karnu and Ravendale Intervals are poorly understood. The lacustrine and

shallow marine facies of these intervals are likely to demonstrate petroleum generative potential. Marine inundation

within time equivalent units were laid down in the Devonian Adavale Basin of Queensland. The only available TOC

data in the Pondie Range 1 well are lean and represents the fluvial facies of these intervals.

Table 9: Pondie Range, BMR Ivanhoe 1 and Balranald 1 Source Rock Data (Source of Data BMR 1979; Scott & Hartung-Kagi 1997; Brown et al. 1982; Dept. Mineral Resources 1993; Black rock Petroleum et al. 2001)

Well Depth Interval Ro TOC

m % %

Pondie Range 1

265 Ravendale 0.7 0.05

451 Ravendale 0.78 0.1

694 Ravendale 0.72 <0.05

2111 Wana Karnu 0.9 <0.05

2344 Wana Karnu 0.92 <0.05

BMR Ivanhoe 1

62 Winduck 1.61 0.98

169 Winduck - 1.06

170 Winduck 1.2 0.81

201 Winduck 1.44 0.12

215 Winduck 0.43 0.15

225 Winduck 1.6 0.14

240 Winduck - 0.15

250 Winduck 0.85 0.08

270 Winduck 1.57 0.15

283 Winduck 1.63 0.29

287 Winduck - 0.23

301 Winduck 1.81 0.09

Balranald-1 186 Winduck - 0.8


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The presence source rocks are also confirmed by thermogenic derived ethane and propane present in the soil-gas

samples in the Pondie Range Trough (Petrofocus 2004).

Reservoirs

The reservoir properties of the Darling Basin rocks have been a subject of multiple studies (Blevin et al. 2007,

Kobussen & Dick 2011, Watson et al. 2015). In total 114 samples from the Pondie Range 1 and Mena Murtee 1

wells have been analysed for porosity and permeability. Several reservoir units within the Ravendale and Wana

Karnu intervals have been identified (Blevin et al. 2007; Kobussen & Dick 2011; Watson et al. 2015).

In the Pondie Range 1 well porosity is strongly influenced by depth of burial, diagenesis and microfacies

distribution. The seismic interpretation of the Pondie Range structure indicates at least 1200 m of the post-

Devonian (Kanimblan Orogeny) uplift and erosion (Blevin et al. 2007) at the well location. Despite this significant

uplift good reservoir properties of 12% porosity and permeabilities exceeding 100 mD occur down to 1600 m

(Figure 30).

Figure 30: Porosity and Permeability data for the Pondie Range 1 well. (Source of Data: GS2000/186; GS1997/378. GS1997/502)


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Thin sections show a moderate level of cementation within the identified reservoir units. In the thin section from the

deepest location (1281 mKB), a good primary intergranular porosity is still visible despite some minor reduction due

to diagenesis (Buswell,1997).

Figure 31: Thin section of sample from 1281 m in Pondie Range 1 (Buswell, 1997b) The sample is quartz arenite with good primary porosity. Blue stained epoxy represents porosity (blue areas). Some minor reduction in porosity is due to authigenic sillica overgrows.

The Mena Murtee 1 well penetrated four sandstone units of low clay content (1) 1386 – 1418 m; (2) 1488 – 1498 m;

(3) 1526 – 1535 m; (4) 1552 – 1641 m. All these units were cored, mini-Drill Stem Tested (DST) and then the

collected core samples analysed for reservoir properties (Bell et al. 2014). Measured porosities were between 11 -

13% and mini-DST derived permeabilities ranged between 23 and 260 mD. A summary of the results is presented

in Figure 32.

Silica overgrows

Quartz


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Figure 32: Petrophysical interpretation of sandstone units of interest at Mena Murtee 1. Porosity (%) and permeability (Kinf mD) results from side wall cores, conventional cores, and mini DSTs are given. In total 52 core and sidewall core samples were analysed for porosity and permeability in Mena Murtee 1 (Figure 33).


50

Figure 33: Porosity and permeability data for Mena Murtee 1. (Source: GS2015/0405)


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Porosity is visible in thin sections of the sandstone from the Mena Murtee 1 well. In the sample from 1630.78 m

(Figure 34) a low level of diagenetic cementation is evident in the form of quartz overgrowth development.

Figure 34: Mena Murtee 1 1630.78 m. Well-rounded, well sorted, fine grained quartz (Q) exhibits overgrowth cementation. Blue stained epoxy (blue areas) represents porosity. (source Intertek-Geotech-Mena Murtee-1).


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Seal

Numerous fine-grained units, capable of acting as seals, have been identified in the Pondie Range 1 and Mena

Murtee 1 wells. In the Pondie Range 1 well the interval from 1693 to 2507 m consisting of laminated siltstones with

interbedded sandstones is potentially a good seal.

In the Mena Murtee 1 well units with good sealing potential are also recognised. Twelve samples from various

possible sealing units (755 to 1979 m) were analysed to determine their gas retention capabilities (Watson et al.

2015). These measurements have revealed that they can contain a gas column height (CO2) of 52 m to 417 m

(Figure 35).

Figure 35: Gas column retention heights for the samples from Mena Murtee 1.


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Part 6 – Data assessment

A qualitative assessment of the availability of petroleum data in the Pondie Range Trough has been completed and

for the assessment the trough was subdivided into five areas (Figure 36). The areas were delineated based on

geology and the relative amount of data. The “North” and “South-west” sub-divisions are based on the interpreted

shallowing of the basin over faults that extend into basement. The “Central-north”, “Central” and “South-east” sub-

divisions are arbitrarily based on the location of the wells and seismic line density.

Figure 36. Location of areas considered in data assessment


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Ten geological factors were ranked based on the definitions set out in Table 10. For each of the areas a score for

each factor considered has been assigned after the assessment (Table 11). The assessment considers the

availability of data relevant to petroleum exploration in the five areas and the occurrence of hydrocarbon indicators

or shows. A higher score indicates relatively better data quality and density.

The assessment indicates that the NW, SW and Central areas have low data availability. The NE and SE, areas

have relatively good data coverage particularly in terms of seismic data availability. These two areas also have

moderate amounts of soil gas testing data although drilling data remains very limited in all parts of the trough. None

of the areas exhibit petroleum shows in wells or outcrop although there are indications based on soil gas surveys of

elevated light hydrocarbons in the SE and NE areas.

Table 10: Explanation of rankings used in the data assessment of the trough. The scores were used to calculate a data availability value for each area.

Ranking Score Explanation

None 0 No data available. Unable to draw any conclusions about the geology of the area.

Very Limited

1 Only minor, sparse data availability. Regional geology of the area may be inferred.

Limited 2 Only sparse data availability. Regional geology of the area may be inferred.

Moderate 3 Reasonable coverage. Regional geology may be interpreted with a degree of confidence.

Good 4 Good data availability. Regional geology can be interpreted with a higher degree of confidence and prospect scale geology may be inferred.

Excellent 5 Excellent data availability. High degree of confidence for the interpretation of regional and prospect scale geology.


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Table 11: Qualitative assessment of data availability in the Pondie Range Trough based on ranking definitions set out in Table 10. The scores and percentages indicate the relative amount and quality of data available in each area.

NW SW Central NE SE

Data Availability

Well data 1 Very limited 0 None 0 None 1 Very limited 1 Very limited

Formation test data

0 None 0 None 0 None 1 Very limited 1 Very limited

Seismic data 1 Very limited 0 None 0 None 4 Good 4 Good

Borewater geochemistry data

0 None 0 None 0 None 1 Very limited 0 None

Soil gas geochemistry data

0 None 0 None 0 None 3 Moderate 3 Moderate

Mapping data 4 Good 2 Limited 1 Very limited 1 Very limited 1 Very limited

Geophysics data 4 Good 4 Good 3 Moderate 4 Good 4 Good

Hydrocarbon Shows

Well show 0 None 0 None 0 None 0 None 0 None

Outcrop show 0 None 0 None 0 None 0 None 0 None

Geochemical survey show

0 None 0 None 0 None 1 Very limited 2 Limited

Overall data assessment score

10 6 4 16 16

Overall data % 20 12 8 32 32


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Part 7 – Summary and

conclusions

The available datasets and their interpretation indicate potential for the discovery of new petroleum resources in the

Pondie Range Trough.

All the elements of a petroleum system are interpreted to be present in the Pondie Range Trough. Source rocks are

associated with a marine inundation in the Early Devonian which resulted in deposition of marine units of the

Winduck Interval. These marine sequences showing a petroleum generative potential were encountered in wells

(BMR Ivanhoe-1, Berangabah 1) of the Neckarboo trough and were identified on the reprocessed seismic lines in

the Pondie Range Trough.

Reservoir intervals were deposited during the Middle to Late Devonian (Wana Karnu and Ravendale Intervals) in a

foreland basin setting. The preserved reservoir properties (porosities 10-12% permeabilities 10 -1000 mD) are

similar to those observed in gas producing intervals of the Lissoy Sandstone in the Devonian aged Adavale Basin

in Queensland.

Sealing units are provided by fine-grained intervals intersected by both Mena Murtee 1 and Pondie Range 1 in the

Pondie Range Trough. Laboratory analysis of these intervals have revealed a good sealing capacity.

The Pondie Range Trough is under-explored for hydrocarbons. Further assessment and exploration is required to

properly test its petroleum resource potential and determine if commercially viable hydrocarbon accumulations

likely exist.

.


57

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