bana dam design be ahmed alkazmi
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KUALA LUMPUR INFRASTRUCTURE
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
KLIUC
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BEC208
HYDRAULIC & HYDROLOGY
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
TITLE : Design and Implementation New Dam
NAME and MATRIC NO:
Ahmed Mohammed Mansoor 093905072
Abdullah Taher 093905041
SUBMISSION DATE 13 sep 2011
LECTURERS NAME Dr. FARIS GORESHI
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Table Of Content
No Content Page
1 Background 3-4
2 Design of the Bana Dam 4-8
3 Implementation 9-10
4 Bana Dam and its impact 11-15
5 Conclusion 16
6 Reference 17
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BANA DAM
1-Background :
Bana Dam
Bana dam is Yemenis most famous future project . It will be most colossal structure in the Arab
world in the future . This great Yemeni icon will be the largest and heaviest dam, producing the
largest amount of Hydro electric power in the Arab world. 5000 men will take part in its
construction and many of those workers will expose their lives to danger to complete this
structure.
Though its not the superior dam but will be most famous, iconic and greatest dam ever built.
Situated in Nadera , 30 Km south-east of Ibb city. Built on Bana valley , the construction site is
extremely difficult. The risks will involve huge and the consequences could have been
catastrophic, if the dam failed.
Bana dam Consists mainly of the body of the dam wall , the bottom outlet ,the water intake and
spillway .. The body of the dam is usually carried out in the narrowest gorge provided by natureon the course of the valley, in order to reduce the size of the dam and the cost to a minimum,
provided that accommodates the course of the valley before the dam site to form a water
reservoir manner to provide this resource, water flow to warrant the establishment of the dam. It
is also available in the dam site geological conditions to ensure that bear the stresses applied by
addition to the availability Hydrology appropriate conditions to ensure that the foundations of the
dam and Lake storage to reduce water losses, to the extent economically acceptable
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Bana Dam is 150 m high, 160 meters thick and 300000 cubic meters of concrete will be use in its
construction.
Dam structure and design
Concrete ArchConcrete arch dams are built in narrow, steep-walled canyons. The canyon walls take up the
thrust exerted by the arch and the pressure of the water. Such dams can be extraordinarily thin.
Vaiont Dam is 265 metres high, but only 22.7 metres thick at its base. In comparison, HooverDam is 221 metres high and 201 metres thick at its base and has a partial arch effect.
Glen Canyon Dam, which spans the Colorado River in Arizona, is the highest arch dam in the
United States. It is 216 metres high and 475 metres long but contains less than four million cubic
metres of concrete. Arch dams can be less expensive to build than gravity dams.
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2-Bana Dam Desgin
Bana is an arch gravity dam, incorporating two principles.
Bana is a gravity dam stabilized by its weight
According to the first principle, the weight of the dam forces it into the ground due to its weight,
thus helping it to remain stable.
In another principle, the arch shape of the dam deflects the force of the water into the canyon
walls through the compression of dam's concrete walls, using the compressive strength of
concrete (concrete is very strong in compression).
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Pressure deflection in Bana design
Major problem is the pouring of 300000 cubic meters of concrete. Plants will be install at theconstruction site to produce concrete locally. But the dam is too big to be made into a single concrete
mount. If the concrete in the dam was poured in only one go, the concrete would not have settle.
It is because when ingredients of concrete cement, sand, coarse aggregate combine in the presence of
water, they start a chemical reaction, resulting in the generation of internal heat, thus slowing down the
curing process. The large the pour, the larger the cure. If heat is not dispersed, cracks would form,
weakening the structure.
To counteract the problem of heat generation, Bana dam will be build in series of inter lockingblocks. This idea was conceived by a previous dam called Lower Crystal Spring dams.
Blocks used in construction of Bana
But Bana will be 20 times less than gigantic Lower Crystals Spring Dam. Each block is 5 ft high
and is inter lock with the neighboring one and water will force between them.
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Cooling of blocks through water pipes
To accelerate the setting of concrete, cool water pipes will pass through each block. Concrete
mix will cool and cure faster. To speed up pouring of concrete in the mega structure, an elaborate
overhead network of cables and pulleys will be designed, carrying vast buckets of concrete.
Labors stayed on the site to spread, place and compact the poured in concrete.
Due to this new method, a record breaking volume 1000 cubic meters of concrete will be pour
in a single day.
Construction and Benefits
Before the construction could start, the Bana valley have to be diverted through tunnels. These
tunnels would allow the water to bypass the site of the dam foundation, and later would contain
the electric plant generators.
Building tunnels directly through the canyon rock walls required huge amounts of dynamite in
order to remove rock, and enormous support structures to maintain the passageways. Once the
first two tunnels where in place, cofferdams were built to divert the Bana valley. This
accomplishment signaled that the actual dam construction could begin.
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Base Surface.
Because of its importance in the overall integrity of the dam, the foundation was a major factor
in building a structure that would be assured not to fail. This necessitated the removal of the mud
and muck at the valley bottom. Workers with the assistance of power shovels will excavate over
(500,000 cubic yards) of these deposits. The massive undertaking that create Bana Dam captivate
the public. Here a tour guide explains the dam's features to sightseeing visitors in 2012. Bana
Dam will be a popular tourist attraction. Reach bedrock, sometimes over 12 meters (40 feet)
below. At the same time, workers called "high scalars" blasted the walls to create a smooth
joining surface for the dam.
Pouring Concrete.
The pouring of concrete will begin at the dam's base. Two-hundred-thirty blocks of concrete,
totaling a volume of (.500000cubic yards), were used to complete the base .
This pouring process is necessary to allow the concrete to properly dry.
Why we should Build Bana Dam?
The main reason for building Bana Dam is to supply the electrical power necessary to transport
2.4 million acre-feetover a quarter of the Bana valley average annual flowto Ibb city Soon,
the dam also would supply water to Naderah, whose revenue will be used to finance more water
projects. Bana Dam also will allowe waterworks along the lower Naderah to be safely construct
and maintaine as they operate upstream on a (now) tamely flowing valley.
Benefits and Impacts
Because of Bana Dam, the Bana valley will be under ontrolle for the first time in history.
Farmers will receive a dependable supply of water in Naderah, andTurbah city. Numerous cities
such as Ibb city will be given an inexpensive source of electricity, permitting population growth
and industrial development. Bana Dam also provided for flood control and irrigation. Even prior
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to its completion however, concerns is expresse over the potential impacts of Bana Dam on
aquatic systems.
3-Implementation
BanaTunnels
Bana tunnels diverting water from dam site
There will be blasting for construction of plain dry area, upon which dam would be build, begin.
To divert the Bana valley 4 tunnels will be excavate on each side of the Canyon measuring 1000
ft long and the diameter of the tunnel was 30ft, these were acting as diversion channels.
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Bana Coffer Dams
2 small cofferdams will be build to force water into the tunnels. Also the drilling will continue.
The digging, blasting, and debris removal as well will continue for 8 months, with men working
3 shifts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Holidays will be observe only at Eid fiter , Eid Al-adha
and 14rth October(the national day for Yemen) and Labor Day. The workers maybe will face
harsh conditions but they will get 40% extra money. Proper ventilation will be provide, which
work is extremely physically demanding. Men have to to swing 7's of feet down the canyon
walls to remove dangerous loose rocks, using jacks and dynamites. Due to lack of safety measure
men required nerves of steel.
Since there was no paved roads , led into the canyon, men (as well as equipment) will be arrive
at the work site by heavy vehicles. Workers used 70 pneumatic drills, hoses, and compressors to
make holes in the canyon rock where explosives could be placed. Once holes will be drill,
workers will use dynamite to blast into the rock and break it into smaller pieces that could be
hauled away by dump trucks. A ton (0.1 metric tons) of dynamite will be required for every 5feet (1.3 meters) of tunnel that workers dug into the canyon wall. Special team will visit the
inside of the tunnels to ensure it will remain same for workers to work inside it. The tunnels will
be lined with concrete and By sliding sticks of dynamite into holes bore into the canyon wall,
workers will be able to blast and excavate large diversion tunnels. These tunnels, each about the
size of a 4-lane highway, which is lined with 1 feet of concrete, allowing valley water to be
transported away from the construction site at a rate of 300000 gallons per second .
4-Bana Dam and its impact:
Bana Dam will be a marvelous arch dam;will represent the great efforts and the height of architecture of
human. It will show the Arab world a beautiful face with so many advantages such as a source of clean
hydropower, an impressive wonder, amazing landscape etc. Bana, behind the positive appearance,
Bana dam causes a lot of negative effects on the environment: valley bed lowering, greenhouse gases
ejecting, ecosystem destroying and problems about the water itself.
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Valley bed lowering:
After Bana dam will be construct, people gradually will realize that the groundwater table will be getting
deeper. The reason for that phenomenon is the lowering of Bana Valley. During the coming years, the
water stored in Lake Turbah kept digging the valley bed and it will made the valley bed below Bana dam
get 4 meters deeper . The groundwater became deeper, and it will bring along with it a bunch of bad
effects. Many plants in the floodplain are threatened, because they wont reach the new depth of the
groundwater table.
Greenhouse gases ejecting:
The hydropower dams are supposed to help decrease the global warming problems by reducing the
greenhouse gases. If people use electricity from hydropower plants instead of those made from fossil
fuel, there will be less greenhouse gases. It is logical! However, the dams themselves are a great source
of greenhouse gases. A study created by National Institute for Research in the Amazon pointed out that
hydropower dams can release greenhouse gases from their reservoirs (5*). These gases are carbon
dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), which is 25-times stronger than carbon dioxide.
This is the valley of Bana vlley, before Bana dam project end of it is establishment. There were many
trees along side the vally (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1
Bana Valley
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When the dam will be complete, the water from upstream will store behind the dam, forming its
reservoir. Bana dam has Lake Turbah as its reservoir. It expands to the length of 180km after the dam,
contains approximately 35 km of water. It covers all the trees in 640 sq km of valley
(7*)
(Figure 2.2).
Because the trees may covere in water, they could not obtain any more sunlight and oxygen, and they
will die. Then, under the process of bacteria, these trees will rot. As they rot, they release carbon dioxide
and methane and these gases will come from the bottom of the lake or valley to the surface as bubbles
(Figure 2.3).
The water covered
the valley
Figure 2.2
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When the bubbles reach the surface, they will ejects all the gases into the air (Figure 2.4).
Figure 2.3
CO2 and CH4
CO2 and CH4
released
Figure 2.4
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But it is not just the plants create the greenhouse gases, the soil and animals can do it too. The soil
contains a large amount of nutritive substance, and as it is store behind the dam, it just rots. Just the
same as animals and fish which will die there, the soil will release methane and nitrous oxide into the
air.
Ecosystem destroying:
The Bana Dam ecosystem, a part of the Nadera, is home to a number of animal species, including the
bighorn sheep, coyote, ground squirrel. The valley tortoise in particular will suffere from the impact of
the Bana Dam through the disruption of nesting grounds and destruction of nests by construction and
visitors. The roadrunner, golden eagle and turkey vulture are just a few of the bird species found in the
area, and the valley is also home to scorpions, and lizards. Attempts to avoid altering the bighorn
sheep's natural environment guide the original construction plans of the dam, but more considerations
of Bana Dam wildlife will include in the Bana Dam Bypass Project. The Bana Dam Bypass Project initiate
in the 2011s to alleviate the impact of road traffic and potential road hazards on area wildlife by
providing an alternate valley crossing. This project will provide Bana Dam wildlife crossing areas and
tortoise protection policies for the construction of the dam, with the hopes of minimizing the impact of
new construction on wildlife.
The valley animals in the Bana Dam ecosystem live in a delicate balance that depends on specialized
plant life to survive. A range of cactus types, valley flowers and bushes and nettles provide the basis of a
fragile food chain. Plant life maybe will be affected by the change in the Bana Valley watershed and the
harnessing of water flow, the erosion of the valley banks and the pollution maybe resulte from
increased vehicle traffic. The draws of the Lake turbah recreational area and the Bana Dam visitor center
also will increase the human impact of individuals through foot traffic, damage or removal of plants and
litter.
Several species of native and introduced fish that live in the Bana Valley also will feel the impact of Bana
Dam. The catfish, sunfish and other fishes inhabiting the Bana Dam ecosystem will affect by a number of
specific aspects of the dam, most notably the change in water temperature. The Bana Dam turbines
lower the water temperature drastically, which result in the immediate extinction of several species of
warm-water wish after the dam's completion. Furthermore, introduction of rainbow trout, which are
cold-water fish, for recreational fishing has created competition with native species for resources. The
impact of Bana Dam also includes significant yearly erosion of the banks of the valley as a result of pour
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concrete preventing natural silt deposits. This erosion will also affect the feeding and reproductive
environments of the native species of fish.
Problems with the water:
The water will store behind Bana dam and it often is release from some depth, so the temperature ofthe water below the dam is usually not as high as it would be before the dam is there. The water flow s
temperature often remains unchanged, not affected by the natural seasonal variations that would have
been the case in the free-flowing valley. Similarly, the chemistry of the water may be altered. The free-
flowing water usually has higher oxygen level and lower dissolved salts level than the water in the Lake
turbah.
The water will impound, and the potential of evaporation increases many times. Lake turba will have the
great surface of 640 sp km, thousands of times larger than the Bana valleys surface. Because of such
extensive area, the water lost by evaporation must be considered. The evaporation losses in Lake turbah
in one year can be as great as 350 billion gal (1.3 trillion liters)
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5-Conclusion:
Bana DAM:
The construction of the dam will start in 2011 in Yemen
Purpose to produce electricity and to control floods
Type gravity arch dam
It will be The great Dam but renamed to The Bana Dam due to Banas massive role in its construction as
a engineer, secretary of commerce and president of the Republic of Yemen.
The main reason for building Bana Dam to supply the electrical power necessary to transport 2.4 millionacre-feetover a quarter of the Bana valley's average annual flowto Naderah and Ibb city. the dam
also will supply water to Turbah, whose revenue will be used to finance more water projects. Bana Dam
also will allow waterworks along the lower Bana to be safely construct and maintain as they operate
upstream on a (now) tamely flowing valley.
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6-Reference
http://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructio
n
http://satellite-view.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-site-from-space-hoover-dam.html
http://www.sightseebyspace.com/view_link.php?txt_link_autoid=114
http://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+o
f+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=
0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Construction
http://www.alhandasa.net/forum/showthread.php?p=1930028
BUILDING AMERICA THEN AND NOW
Yemen tourist authority
http://www.alsahwa-yemen.net/arabic/
http://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://satellite-view.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-site-from-space-hoover-dam.htmlhttp://satellite-view.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-site-from-space-hoover-dam.htmlhttp://satellite-view.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-site-from-space-hoover-dam.htmlhttp://www.sightseebyspace.com/view_link.php?txt_link_autoid=114http://www.sightseebyspace.com/view_link.php?txt_link_autoid=114http://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://www.alhandasa.net/forum/showthread.php?p=1930028http://www.alhandasa.net/forum/showthread.php?p=1930028http://www.alhandasa.net/forum/showthread.php?p=1930028http://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.sightseebyspace.com/view_link.php?txt_link_autoid=114http://satellite-view.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-site-from-space-hoover-dam.htmlhttp://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructionhttp://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Construction