Bahan kajian MK. STELA

LANDUSE ECONOMIC

Malang , smno April 2013

The Market and Land Use

The Market and Land Use

Why is a particular piece of land used in aparticular way ? One piece of land used for agricultural production, Another for an industrial site, and

A third piece of land used for office blocks.

QUALITY & LOCATION of a piece of land

KUALITAS LAHANKualitas lahan merupakan konsep “fungsional”, harus didefinisikan dalam kaitanhnya dengan aktivitas tertentu pemanfaatannya/penggunaannya.

Kualitas lahan untuk memproduksi tanaman tgt pd iklim, topografi, tipe tanah, dan kesuburannya; semua faktor ini berpengaruh pd pertumbuhan tanaman, biaya produksi dan biaya panen.

Setiap aktivitas penggunaan mempunyai persyaratan tertentu.

LOKASI LAHAN

Teori lokasi lahan ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh von-Thunen dari Jerman.Teori ini berdasarkan pada biaya angkut hasil panen pertanian ke pasar.Nilai lokasi = f (biaya transportasi, jarak riil)

QUALITY OF LAND

A : lahan kualitasnya rendah unt memproduksi jagungB : lahan kualitasnya mediumC : lahan kualitasnya tinggi.

(a) Revenue & Cost

Net revenue Total revenue

Cost of production

A B C

(b) ceiling rent

Low Kualitas lahan High

LOCATION OF LAND

Teori Lokasi ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh von Thunen.Nilai lokasi sebidang lahan ditentukan oleh jaraknya dari pusat pasar; Jarak ini akan menentukan biaya transportasi hasil produksi lahan

(a) Revenue , Cost, Ceiling rent (Rp/ha)

Ceiling rent

Cost of transport Total revenue

Cost of production

Pasar Jarak ke pasar

(b) cost of transport Kentang

Daging

Pasar jarak ke pasar

LOCATION OF LAND

Asumsinya: Kualitas lahan sama Petani kentang akan bersedia menyewa lahan di dekat pasar dengan nilai sewa yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan peternak sapi potong

(a) Ceiling rent (Rp/ha)

Daging

Kentang

X O X Jarak ke pasar Pasar Jarak ke pasar

Daging Daging

Kentang

Pasar

Interaksi Lokasi - Kualitas Lahan

Biaya transportasi biasanya dipengaruhi oleh:1. Aksesibilitas lahan thd jalur komunikasi / transport yg baik2. Biaya transportasi meningkat linier dg jarak ke pasar3. Kualitas lahan tidak seragam4. …….

(a) Harga pasir atau batu bahan bangunan (Rp/ton) Revenue & cost (rp/ton)

Harga pasir di pasar P

Revenue per ton pasir dikurangi biaya transpor

ceiling rent

Q Extraction cost

Lokasi A Lokasi B

Pasar Jarak ke pasar

Lokasi B mempunyai kualitas lebih baik untuk penambangan pasir dan batu, shg biaya ekstraksinya lebih murah

Industrial vs Urban Land-

Use

Penetapan lokasi industri: 1. Biaya transportasi bahan mentah2. Biaya distribusi hasil produksi ke pasar3. Lokasi optimum Total Biaya transport minimum

Transport Cost per ton produce (Rp)

(a). Heavy industry

Total transport cost

Transport cost of raw materials

Transport cost of product

Raw Material Jarak Market

Biaya jagung (b). Usahatani Jagung

Total biaya

Biaya distribusi

Biaya produksi

Lahan usaha Jarak Pasar

Ceiling rent for Urban-

sites

Penetapan lokasi industri: 1. Lokasi Toko A dan Toko B identik, hanya Toko A lokasinya

lebih dekat dengan pusat kota 2. QA : Permintaan barang di toko A dg harga P3. QB : Permintaan barang di toko B dg harga P

Harga barang

P Demand at A

Demand at B

QB QA Kuantitas barangRp/ha

ceiling rent

operating cost Total revenue

A BPusat Kota Jarak

Urban Ceiling rent vs

Landuse

Concentric landuse zoning : 1. The central zone is devoted to offices, dept. Store,

commercial uses, etc.2. Industry, residential uses, ets3. Agriculture

Ceiling rent

Offices

Manufacturing, Warehouses, Industry

Residential

agriculture

Town centre Jarak

Industry & Warehouses

Offices Residensial

Industry Pertanian

Land Use Planning

Land use planning -------- Land Suitability Analysis (LSA)Tiga fase dalam LSA :1. Asses the requirements of potential activities2. Determine the capability of the land resources 3. Match land resources capability to the needs of society

Agricultural Land Use Planning (Teladan dari Young & Goldsmith)Enam alternatif penggunaan lahan adalah:1. Annual cropping 4. Natural forest2. Perennial cropping 5. Plantation forest3. Livestock 6. Tourism & Recreation.

(1). Asses requirements of potential activities

Persyaratan Arable Cropping di Malawi (Young & Goldsmith, 1977)

Karakteristik lahan Persyaratan Limitasi Diagnostic measure

Drainage Free Poor Kelas drainase tanahBahaya erosi Nil/Low High Slope; Soil permeability indexZone perakaran Deep soil Shallow soil Kedalaman efektif

Easy root penetration Poor Tekstur / StrukturRetensi hara High Low KTK

Land Use

Planning

(2). Determine the capability of land resources

Aerial photography -------- to identify areas characteristicsGround analysis ------------ to asses the diagnostic features of land unitData management -------------Analysis & interpretasi -------

Suitability of land unit for arable cropping (Young & Goldsmith)

Land unit Drainase Bahaya erosi Zone perakaran Suitability

Lilongwe Mainly free drained Nil to Low Very good (deep Highly suitable (75% free, (Slope < 3%) well structured soil) (S1) 25% imperfect)

Thiwi Mainly free Low to medium Moderate Marginally(Slopes 6o) Soil depth < 100 cm suitable (S3)

Dedza Free Medium to high Poor (Shallow soils) Permanentlymountains (steep slopes) not suitable (N2)

Kesesuaian unit lahan untuk suatu aktifitas dinilai pd kisaran sekala:1. S1 : Highly suitable2. S2 : Moderately suitable3. S3: Marginally suitable4. N1: Currently not suitable 5. N2: Permanently not suitable.

Land Use Planning

(3). Match land resource capability to the needs of activitiesHasil LSA menyatakan “production possibility” untuk setiap land unit, belum mencerminkan “the best allocation”Alokasi penggunaan lahan lazimnya melibatkan kebijakan pembangunan daerah, sehingga seringkqali harus ada trade-off dalam pengambilan keputusan

Suitability of land units

Land unit Annual Perennial Livestock Natural Plantation Tourism and cropping cropping forests forests recreation

Lilongwe S1 N2 S2 n.a. S2 n.a.Thiwi S3 N2 S2 S2 S2 n.aDedza- N2 N1/N2 S2 S3 S1 S2mountains

Kelemahan LSA dari perspektif ekonomi:

1. Existing versus potential capability2. Location, biasanya berkaitan dengan biaya transportasi dan konservasi SDA3. External effects, biasanya berkaitan dengan pencemaran lingkungan

The Market and Land Use

An Introduction to Regional Economics ( Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani)http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Giarratani/chaptersix.htm

The foundations for a systematic understanding of the principles of land use were laid more than a century and a half ago by a scientifically minded North German estate owner named

Johann Heinrich von Thünen.9 He set himself the problem of how to

determine the most efficient spatial layout of the various crops and other

land uses on his estate, and in the process developed a more general

model or theory of how rural land uses should be arranged around a market

town. The basic principle was that each piece of land should be devoted to the use in which it would yield the highest

rent.

The Market and Land Use

The Interaction of the Land Use and Transportation Markets in the MEPLAN Framework

Source: Johnston, Rodier, Choy, and Abraham (2000). http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/toolbox/sacramento_methodology_land.htm

CONCEPTS OF LAND SUITABILITY

LAND PROPERTIES:

(*) Land Quality(*) Land

characteristics

LANDUSE:

(*) Requirement

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS :

(*) Landuse Systems(*) Agroecological

Zoning

What Is Land-Use Planning?

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html

As population and human aspirations increase, land becomes an increasingly

scarce resource, calling for land-use planning.

Land-use planning is important to mitigate the

negative effects of land use and to enhance the efficient

use of resources with minimal impact on future

generations.

Land-use planning is defined as a systematic assessment of

land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and

the economic and social conditions

LAND-USE PLANNING

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html

Land and water resources are essential for farming, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism, urban development, transport infrastructure, and other environmental functions. The

increasing demand for land, coupled with a limitation in its supplies, is a major cause for more conflicts over land use throughout the world.

The Watershed Perspective Each type of land use has a varying effect on the hydrologic cycle , thereby affecting the people and the natural resources on a landscape. A watershed perspective can be used to

scientifically study the effect of land uses on water and downstream ecosystems . A watershed is defined as a topographically delineated area drained by a stream system; that

is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point. A watershed acts as a receiver, collector, and conveyer of precipitation on a landscape. Land uses affect these pathways by altering surface runoff and groundwater infiltration, thereby

changing the quantity and quality of water resources.

Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html#ixzz1f2Ozm3A2

IMPACTS AND BENEFITS OF LAND USES

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html

Natural vegetation, such as forest cover, is usually the most benign of land uses, with higher infiltration and reduced runoff rates. The opposites of forest cover are urbanized areas, where large surface areas are impermeable, and pipes and sewer networks augment the natural channels. The impervious surfaces in urban areas

reduce infiltration and can reduce the recharge of groundwater. In addition, urban runoff contributes to poor water quality.

Agricultural activities are major forms of land use, including row crops, rangelands, animal farms, aquaculture , and other agribusiness activities.

Cropping activities involve soil and water manipulation through tillage and irrigation , thereby affecting runoff water and groundwater resources. If improperly used, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals in agricultural

operations can affect water resources and ecosystems.

Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html#ixzz1f2OpOP9n

LAND-USE PLANNING

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html

A typical planning process involves the following steps:

Establishing goals and a baseline; Inventorying and organizing resources;

Analyzing problems; Establishing priorities and alternatives;

Checking for land suitability; Evaluating alternatives and choosing the best option;

Developing a land-use plan; Consulting and implementing the plan; and

Revising the plan.

Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html#ixzz1f2OMNkXK

LAND USE, TRANSPORTATION, AND GROWTH

http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/Growth-related_IndirectImpactAnalysis/gri_guidance.htm

The complex relationship between transportation, land use, and growth in a REGION context. It describes the causes of growth generally and the link

between transportation and growth specifically. Highway projects can affect the location, rate, type, or amount of growth in an area. Some types of development may be directly induced by a project (e.g., projects serving specific types of land

development). However, most land use changes in a REGION are not direct consequences of a highway project, but rather occur indirectly due to changes in

travel time and increased land accessibility in areas that may be ripe for development.

The result may be a change in spatial distribution of development over time, such as commercial development around a new highway interchange. These types of growth-land use-transportation relationships are more complex and

difficult to analyze than those for a project specifically designed to encourage or facilitate land use change and development.

FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT

http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/Growth-related_IndirectImpactAnalysis/gri_guidance.htm

Source: FHWA May 1999.

An Overview: Land Use and Economic Development in Statewide Transportation Planning

.

GENERALIZED PROFILE OF LAND USE BY ECONOMIC VALUE.

http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v045n03p10&fulltext=yes

EKONOMI GUNA-LAHAN

http://ckmurray.blogspot.com/2009/11/some-empirical-support-for-land.html

Land has some characteristics that make it quite different to other

goods:

1. There is a fixed supply (vertical supply curve),

and

2. It is costless to produce (the producer surplus

starts at a price of zero).

The Supply and Demand of Land

http://aspinallverdi.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/cil-economics-the-supply-and-demand-of-land/

Undeveloped land, or ‘pure’ land, refers solely to the land

mass provided by nature. 

For example, the land mass across the earth’s surface, or more particularly the area of

a Local Authority District, can be considered to be in

fixed supply. 

Remember, your economics supply and demand curves – the land supply curve would

be a vertical line on the graph where the x-axis is quantity

and the y-axis is price. 

..LANDUSE CHANGE..

http://www.wikiprogress.org/index.php/Land

Land use changes can have positive and negative effects on human well-being, and on the

provision of ecosystem services (great increases in the human

population and density, increased productivity, higher

incomes and consumption patterns, and technological,

political and climate change). Indeed, activities such as

agriculture, forestry, transport and housing use land and alter its natural state and functions.

Also, many environmental problems are rooted in the use

of land; it leads to climate change, biodiversity loss and

the pollution of water, soils and air.

Economic Rent = Price of Resource in its Native State

http://thismatter.com/economics/economic-rent.htm

Among the factors of production, land is

fundamentally different from labor and capital, because the

supply of labor and capital depends on its price in the

marketplace while the supply of land does not.

Land rent has no incentive function because the supply of land is not dependent on the

rent paid. Land rent is considered to be a surplus payment, because even if no rent was paid, land would

still be available.

Economic Rent and The Market for Land

http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/NC/B0/B63/067MB63.html

The price of a one-acre parcel of land is determined by

the intersection of a vertical supply

curve and the demand curve for

the parcel.

The sum paid for the parcel, shown

by the shaded area, is economic rent.

Land Use Change: Bio-Physical and Socio-Economic Drivers

http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/chapter1%28introduction%29.htm

The analysis of land use change revolves around two central

and interrelated questions:

"what drives/causes land use change"

and "what are the

(environmental and socio-economic)

impacts of land use change".

Components of land suitability assessment

http://www.regional.org.au/au/gia/26/828baja.htm

The assessment of land quality for a specific type of land use should be based on land use requirements and

constraints. Such requirements and constraints are then used as the basis for establishing what are termed

‘evaluation criteria’ or ‘decision criteria’.

The matching procedure (FAO, 1976) then gives rise to a ranking of the potential of

land for a given purpose, whether categorical or

continuous grades.

LAND SUITABILITY INDEX.

http://www.regional.org.au/au/gia/26/828baja.htm

There are at least two important groups of land

attributes for land suitability analysis:

inherent qualities of soils and external

characteristics.

The former are soil attributes which have the

function for accommodating plant

growth, while the latter are those determining the level

of ‘workability’ (FAO, 1976), runoff,

sedimentation, and erosion in the catchment.

Factor rating of land quality for low land rice

http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=145

The land qualities to be used in this evaluation

thus include a number of land characteristics :

1. Water Availability (W),

2. Nutrient Availability Index (NAI),

3. Water and Nutrient Retentions(R),

4. Salt Hazard (S) and 5. Topography (T)

Selengkapnya lihat:

http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=145#sthash.8WT6KYuv.dp

uf

. Suitability evaluation of rice.

http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=145

The diagnostic factors of each thematic layer were assigned values of factor rating . The evaluation model is defined using the value of factor rating as follows:

Suitability = W x NAI x R x S x T. These five layer are then spatially overlaid to produce a resultant polygon layer. Application

of the model to the resultant layer yields a suitability map with 4 classes according to the resultant values proposed in the following table .

Value Evaluation

0.250-1.0 Highly suitable (S1)

0.100-0.250 Moderately suitable (S2)

0.100-0.25 Marginally suitable (S3)

<0.025 Unsuitable (N)

Land suitability evaluation for watershed pond

http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/nrm/water/overview/ma03166pf.htm

A hierarchical modeling

scheme with multi criteria

land evaluation (MCLE) and

multi objectives land allocation

(MOLA) to evaluate

suitability of location for

watershed pond aquaculture and

to resolve associated conflicts.

ECONOMY OF LAND USE

www.marno.lecture.ub.ac.id 2013