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Page 1: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA

Page 2: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Bacteria are the most primitive, simple, unicellular,

prokaryotic and microscopic organisms. Bacteria can

survive in every possible habitat and they occurs almost

everywhere in air, water, soil in warm areas and cold areas.

oAntonic von leevenhock (known as the father of

microbiology)

oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom –

Monera

oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg

Page 3: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

जीवाणु सफसे ऩहरा, सयर, एककोशिकीम, प्रोकैरयमोटिक औय सूक्ष्भ

जीव हैं। जीवाण ुहय सॊबव जगह भें जीववत यह सकते हैं औय वे गभम औय ठॊड,े हवा, ऩानी, शभट्िी भें रगबग हय जगह होते हैं।oएॊिोननक वॉन रेवेनहॉक (भाइक्रोफामोरॉजी के वऩता के रूऩ भें जाने

जाते है)

oजीवाणु की खोज की औय इसे जॊतु जगत के तहत वगीकृत ककमा - भोनेयाoकक्रस्टिमन एयेनफगम के द्वाया जीवाणु िब्द यखा गमा था

Page 4: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

General characteristics / साभान्म वविषेताएॉ •unicellular ,prokaryotic

•the most primitive organism on earth

•found in every possible habitate

eg :methanogens, halophiles,

thermoacidophiles

•survive both in presence of oxygen and

absense of oxygen

Page 5: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

•एककोशिकीम, प्रोकैरयमोटिक •ऩथृ्वी ऩय सफसे ऩहरा जीव •हय सॊबव जगह भें ऩामा जाता है •उदाहयण के शरए: शभथेनोजेन्स, हेरोकपल्स, थभोइकाइडोकपर •ऑक्सीजन की उऩस्टथनत औय ऑक्सीजन की अनुऩस्टथनत दोनों ही हारातो भें जीववत यहत ेहै

Page 6: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Aerobic- in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic – in the absence of oxygen

•Obligative – when exposed to oxygen, they

die

•facultative – when exposed to oxygen , they

can survive

Smallest- Mycoplasm (0.1micro meter)

Largest – Epulopicium feshelsoni (600 micro

meters)

Page 7: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

वामुजीवी - ऑक्सीजन की उऩस्टथनत भें अवामवीम - ऑक्सीजन की अनुऩस्टथनत भें •ववऺोब - जफ ऑक्सीजन के सॊऩकम भें आते हैं, तो वे भय जाते हैं •सॊकाम - जफ ऑक्सीजन के सॊऩकम भें आते हैं, तो वे जीववत यह सकते हैं सफसे छोिा- भाइकोप्राज्भ (0.1 सुक्ष्भभाऩी) सफसे फडा - एऩुरोऩीशसमभ पेिले्सोनी (600 सुक्ष्भभाऩी)

Page 8: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Classification of bacteria: (according to the nutrition

requirement)

Autotrophic

Phototrophic –depending on light energy to synthesize

there organic food.

Chemotropic – which oxidize inorganic chemicals to

synthesize organic there food

Symbiotic

Saprophytic

Pathogenic

Page 9: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

जीवाणुओॊ का वगीकयण: (ऩोषण की आवश्मकता के अनुसाय)

टवऩोषीपोिोट्रॉकपक - प्रकाि ऊजाम ऩय ननबमय कयता है ताकक वहाॊ काफमननक

बोजन को सॊश्रेवषत ककमा जा सके।यसोऩोषी - जो अकाफमननक यसामनों को ऑक्सीकयण कयता है

ताकक वहाॊ काफमननक बोजन को सॊश्रेवषत ककमा जा सकेसहजीवीभतृोऩजीवीयोगजनक

Page 10: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Classification of bacteria:

(according to shape, size and number )

Spherical- cocci eg:-monococus,

diplococos,streptococcus,staphylococus

Rod shaped –bacilli eg:-Bacillus cereus

Comma shaped –vibrio eg:-cholerae

Spiral – spirillum eg:-spirillum volutans

Page 11: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

जीवाणु का वगीकयण:

(आकाय, आकृनत औय सॊख्मा के अनुसाय)

गोराकाय- कोकस उदाहयण: - भोनोकोकस,

डडप्रोकोकस, टटे्रप्िोकोकस, टिेकपरोकोकसछडाकाय - फेशसरस जैसे: -बफशसरस सेयेसकोभाकय -ववबिमो जैसे: -कोरेयासवऩमराकाय - सवऩमराकाय ववरेन्स

Page 12: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Shape of bacteria:

Page 13: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Prokaryotic cell have a cell wall (except

mycoplasma).

In addition to chromosomal DNA a circular DNA

present known as plasmid.

Cell envelope of prokaryotic ( 3 layer structure )

Outermost structure glycocalyx,

Middle layer , cell wall

Innermost , cell membrane

Page 14: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

प्रोकैरयमोटिक कोशिका भें एक कोशिका शबवि होती है

(भाइकोप्राज्भा को छोडकय)।क्रोभोसोभर डीएनए के अरावा एक गोराकाय डीएनए होता है, जो प्रास्टभड के रूऩ भें जाना जाता है।प्रोकैरयमोटिक का कौशिका शरपापा (3 ऩयत सॊयचना)फाहयी सॊयचना ग्राइकोकैशरक,

भध्म ऩयत, कोशिका शबविअॊतयतभ, कोशिका झझल्री

Page 15: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Gram positive and gram negative

Gram positive – stain gaining

Gram negative – do not gain stain

Page 16: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Mesosomes (भेसोसोभेस):-

Extensions of plasma membrane

Help in –cell wall formation

-DNA replication

- Increase the surface areas of plasma

membrane

Page 17: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Mesosomes (भेसोसोभेस):-

प्राज्भा झझल्री के ववटतायकौशिका शबवि गठन कयने भें भदद

-डीएनए की प्रनतकृनत- प्राज्भा झझल्री की सतह ऺेत्रों भें वदृ्धध

Page 18: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,
Page 19: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Bacterial Disease

1.Pulmonary

Tuberculosis

2. Diphtheria

3. Cholera

4.Leprosy(Hansen’s

Disease)

5.Pertussis(Whooping

Cough)

6. Tetanus (Lock Jaw)

7. Plague:

8. Gonorrhoea:

9. Syphilis:

10. Salmonellosis

Page 20: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

जीवाणु रोग 1. पल्मोनरी ट्यूबरकुऱोससस (ऺय रोग) 2. डिप्थीररया 3. हैजा 4. कुष्ठ रोग (हैन्सन रोग) 5. परुु्ससस(काऱी खाांसी) 6. रे्र्नस (ऱॉक जॉ) 7. प्ऱेग: 8. गोनोररया: 9. ससफसऱस: 10. साल्मोनेऱोससस

Page 21: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

VIRUS

Page 22: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

The word virus which means poisonous fluid was

given by Pasteur.

Ivanowsky (1892) discovered tobacco mosaic

virus and W.M. Stanley showed that viruses could

be crystallized.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

Viruses are nucleoproteins containing a nucleic

acid (RNA/DNA) surrounded by a protein coat

called capsid; DNA/RNA may be single-stranded or

double-stranded.

Page 23: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

ववषाण ुिब्द ऩाश्चय द्वाया टदमा गमा था, स्जसका अथम है जहयीरा तयर ऩदाथम है ।

इवानोवटकी (1892) ने तॊफाकू के भोजेक ववषाण ुकी खोज की औय डब्ल्मू.एभ.

टिैनरी ने फतामा कक वामयस सघन हो सकते हैं।

वामयस आॊतयकोशिक ऩयजीववमों को ववचशरत कयते हैं।

वामयस न्मूस्क्रमोप्रोिीन होते हैं स्जसभें एक न्मूस्क्रक एशसड (आयएनए /

डीएनए) होता है जो कैस्प्सड नाभक प्रोिीन आवयण से नघया होता है; डीएनए /

आयएनए एकर कुण्डशरमे- मा द्ववकुण्डशरमे हो सकत ेहैं।

Page 24: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

They cause diseases like mumps,

chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis, AIDS, etc.

in man.

In plants, the symptoms of viral

diseases include:

(i) mosaic, (ii) leaf rolling and curling

(iii) yellowing and vein-clearing and (iv)

dwarfing and stunted growth

Page 25: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

वे भनुष्म भें कण्ठभारा, चेचक, दाद,

हेऩेिाइटिस, एड्स आटद जैसी फीभारयमों का कायण फनत ेहैं।ऩौधों भें, ववषाणु योगों के रऺणों भें िाशभर

हैं:(i) भोजेक, (ii) ऩिी वेल्रनी औय भुडावदाय

(iii) ऩीराऩन औय शिया-सभािोधन औय (iv)

छोिा औय ववकशसत ववकास

Page 26: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Tobacco mosaic virus/ तॊफाकू

भोजेक ववषाणु is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus,

genus tobamovirus that infects a wide range

of plants, especially tobacco and other

members of the family Solanaceae.

Page 27: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

तॊफाकू भोजेक ववषाण ुएक सकायात्भक-

बावना वारा एकर कुॊ डशरमे आएनए ववषाण ु

है , जीन िोफाभोववषाण ुहै जो ऩौधों की एक

ववटततृ श्ृॊखरा, वविषे रूऩ से तॊफाकू औय

ऩरयवाय के अन्म सदटमों को सॊक्रशभत कयता है।

Page 28: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,
Page 29: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

VIROIDS •Viroids are the smallest known infectious agents,

that consist of a short, single-stranded RNA, which

has a low molecular weight and lack a capsid.

• They were discovered by T.O. Diener (1971).

They cause Potato spindle tuber disease (PST

viroid).

Page 30: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

•ववयोइड्स सफसे छोिे ऻात सॊक्राभक एजेंि हैं, स्जसभें एक छोिा, एकर-कुॊ डशरमे

आयएनए होता है, स्जसभें आणववक बाय कभ होता है औय कैस्प्सड की कभी होती है।•इसकी खोज िी.ओ. डामनय (1971) ने की। वे आर ूकी धुयी कॊ द योग (ऩीएसिी ववयोइड) का कायण फनते हैं।

Page 31: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Important viral

1. Chickenpox

2. Smallpox

3. (HIV/AIDS)

4. Measles

5. Mumps

6. Rabies

7. Trachoma

8. Influenza

9. Hepatitis

Page 32: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

भुख्म ववषाणु योग

1. छोर्ी माता 2. चेचक 3. (एचआईवी /

एड्स) 4. खसरा

5. कण्ठमाऱा 6. रेबीज 7. टे्रकोमा 8. इन््ऱुएांजा 9. हेपेर्ाइटर्स

Page 33: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

LICHENS/ राइकेनLichens are composite organisms, composed of algae and

certain fungi that live in close symbiotic association.

The algal partner is called phycobiont and the fungal

partner is called mycobiont.

The alga prepares food, while the fungus provides

protection and helps in absorption of nutrients and water.

Lichens are very good indicators of pollution, as they do

not grow in polluted area.

Page 34: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

•ऱाइकेन समग्र जीव हैं, जो शैवाऱ और कुछ कवक से बने होते हैं जो सहजीवी सांघ में रहते हैं।

•शैवाऱ पारु्नर को शैवाऱाांश कहा जाता है और कवक पारु्नर को माइकोबबयोन्र् कहा जाता है।

•शैवाऱ भोजन तैयार करता है, जबकक कवक सरुऺा प्रदान करता है और पोषक तत्वों और पानी के अवशोषण में मदद करता है।

•ऱाइकेन प्रदषूण के बहुत अच्छे सांकेतक हैं, क्योंकक वे प्रदषूषत ऺेत्र में नहीां बढ़ते हैं।

Page 35: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Amoeboid Protozains

Page 36: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Flagellated Protozoans

Page 37: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

Ciliated Protozoans

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Page 39: BACTERIA,VIRUS &PROTOZOA · oDiscovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera oWord bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg. जीवाणुफॐ ऩरा,

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