Bacteria & Protists

005

Kingdom Monera

Species number low (~17, 000)

Changing as we learn more

Two Divisions

Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)

Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic

Single-celled

Diverse energy types:

Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteriaPhotoautotrophic- cyanobacteriaHeterotrophic- E. coli

Kingdom Monera

Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).

Asexual reproduction

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera

anthraxanthrax

pneumoniapneumonia cyanobacteriacyanobacteria

Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria

“Blue-green algae”

Only 200 species?

In different conditionsthey grow differently

Lots of colors

Photosynthetic7,500 ? species

Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis and they made the first do modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

3.5 byo

O2 levels increase by 1.5 bya

                                                

Stromatolites

• mainly cyanobacteria

• 2.8 bya in fossil record

• Dominant, no herbivores

                                                                                

Mats of cyanobacteria

Red Sea

Red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surfaceRed-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surface

Red Sea

SaudiArabia

Egypt

Iran

Turkey

Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria are CHEMICALLY DISTINCT from other BACTERIA in several ways:

1. The Cell Walls, Cell Membranes, and Ribosomal RNA are different from those of other BACTERIA. No PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

2. Extremophiles3. The PREFIX "ARCHEA" means ANCIENT.  4. Archaebacteria live in conditions similar to when

life first appeared and began to evolve.

Methanogens

Archaebacteria Types

Extreme Halophiles

ThermoacidophilesHot springs

sewage

Great salt lakes

Archaebacteria

Purple sulfur bacteria

Chemosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O+3H2SC6H12O6+3H2SO4

Black Band disease

Oil Spills

Bioluminescence

Eukaryotic

Generally single-celled; if multicellular, cells not organized into tissues

Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms

Kingdom Protista

~ 45,000 species

3 informal groups

Plant-like (algal) protists

Animal-like protists

Fungus-like protists

Kingdom Protista

Plant-like Protists

• Dinoflagellates• Diatoms• Euglena• Cocolithophore• Green algae• Brown Algae• Red algae

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Radiolarian

Cocolithophore

3 groups of photosynthetic pigments:Actual photosynthetic pigment-

1. chlorophyllsAccessory pigments-

2. caretenoids3. phycoblins

both caretenoids and phycoblins can function as:• accessory pigments• part of light reaction or as donors of light

energy to chlorophyll a 

1. Chlorophylls a, b, c, d, e.

Each molecule functions at specific wavelengths of light. 

2. Carotenes:

carotene B- found in all three divisions

xanthophylls- 20 different types of pigments and two types:

• fucoxanthin- found only in phaeophyta• lutein- common pigment in all large algae

 

3. Phycoblins:

phycocyanin- blue pigment

phycorethrin- pink-red pigment found in rhodophyta and cyanobacteria

Plant-like Protists

Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”)

1,100 species

Cause “red tide”

Some live in corals

Marine and Freshwater

Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

Pyrocystis fusiformis

Bioluminescence

HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)

Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium

The numbers are representative values of the concentration in the tissues of dinoflagellate toxin (ppm)

Primary producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

0.04 ppm

0.23 ppm

2.07 ppm

13.8 ppm

Plant-like ProtistsPhylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms &

golden algae”)

Link to green algae

13,000 species

epithecate

hypothecate

Diatom Reproduction- asexual

auxospore Discards shell and grows new one

Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea

Domoic acid

2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths

Alfred Hitchkock “The Birds”

HAB- diatoms

Division Chlorophyta

“Green algae”

Most freshwater or terrestrial

Some marine

7,000 species

Halimeda opuntia

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Codium edule

Division Phaeophyta

“Brown algae”

Marine habitats

Example: giant kelp forests

1,500 species

Sargassum polyphyllum

Sargassum echinocarpum

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Turbinaria ornata

Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus

Example of complex morphology: Macrocystis

a. holdfast - attaches to substrate

b. stipe

c. blade - main organ of photosynthesis

d. bladder - keeps blades near the surface

Blade

Bladder

Stipe

Holdfast

Division Rhodophyta

“Red algae”

Most in marine habitats

4,000 species

Hypnea chordacea

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Galaxaura fastigiata

Acanthophora spicifera

Ahnfeltia concinna

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Amoeba

Cilliates

Flagellates

Animal-like Protists

13,000 species

Foraminifera

Tropics = beaches

Most have symbiotic algae

Foramenifera:Globigerina ooze

Covers about 36%of the ocean floorCovers about 36%of the ocean floor

Fungus-like Protists

475 species

Downey mildew

Slime molds

Mildew

Water molds

Blights

Thickener and help smooth: • Many foods and milk-products

• Toothpaste

• Beauty creams

• Paints

• Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time-release pills, and dental impression gels

Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream:

Use: sugar, milk, irish moss or euchima, Chondrus, Porphyra and Rhodymenia- blend and boil.

Halimeda opuntia

Acanthophora

Avrainvillae

Eucheuma

Gracilaria Hypnea

Kappaphycus

Super Sucker

Inquiry

1. Identify 2 organisms that have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with an other organism.

2. What threat do alien algae pose?

3. What is PSP?

4. What is biomagnification?

5. Identify 2 autotrophic bacteria.