Kingdom MoneraBACTERIA

What are Monerans?Monerans are believed to have existed

longer than any other life form on EarthMost monerans are types of BACTERIA

What Do We Know About Bacteria?Unicellular organisms:

One celled organismsDo not have a true, membrane bound nucleus

Can be found almost everywhereSome bacterial are bad for youSome bacterial are good for youSome bacterial will not affect your health at

all

What Do Bacterial Look Like?Bacterial are usually one of three shapes: Rods Spheres

Spirals

How Do Bacterial Reproduce?Bacterial reproduce asexually

Reproduce by dividing in half

Binary FissionBacterial split into two cellsEach cell gets an exact copy of the DNA

Some bacteria can actually reproduce every 20 minutes

Anything Else about BacteriaSome contain Chlorophyll and make their own food,

we call themAutotrophs

Others can’t make their own food, we call themHeterotrpohs

Some can get their energy from chemicals such as:Ammonia and Sulfur

Others live in odd place like:Deep sea ventsAntarcticaHot Springs

What is Their Function?Help decompose dead thingsLive in animals’ digestive system to digest

foodThey may cause diseases and they are called

germsSome can be killed off with antibiotics which

stop their reproduction process.Others can be prevented by vaccination, a

way of killing bacteria to help the body protect itself against the live bacteria

Name Something Else that Causes Diseases and Sickness, besides Bacteria or “Germs.”VIRUS!

Properties of viruses• no membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, or other cellular components• they cannot move or grow• they can only reproduce inside a host cell• they consist of 2 major parts - a protein coat, and hereditary material (DNA or RNA)• they are extremely tiny, much smaller than a cell and only

Review of DNA• Shape of a double helix•Base pairs held together by hydrogen bonds (weak)•Repeating units of nucleotides

Adenine <-> ThymineGuanine <-> Cytosine

Parasitic Nature•Obligate intracellular parasites•Specific to their hosts (human, dog, some can cross species)•They can only attack specific cells , the common cold is a virus that specifically attacks cells of the respiratory track (hence the coughing and sneezing and sniffling). •HIV specifically attacks white blood cells

Bacteriophage - a virus that infects bacteria

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Viral Reproduction

Lytic cycle = reproduction occurs, cells burst

Lysogenic cycle = reproduction does not immediately occur (dormancy)

Virulent = viruses that undergo both cycles

Viruses multiply, or replicate using their own genetic material and the host cell's machinery to create more viruses. Viruses cannot reproduce outside of the host.

1. Attachment2. Penetration - the virus is

engulfed by the cell (Cell can enter Lysogenic or Lytic Cycle)

3. Biosynthesis - viral components are made(protein coat, capsid, DNA/RNA)

4. Maturation - assembly of viral components

5. Release - viruses leave host cell to infect new cells(often destroys host)

Retroviruses -- RNA viruses that have a DNA stageHuman Immunodeficiency Virus - causes

AIDSRetrovirus (RNA inside a protein coat)Reverse Transcriptase makes DNA from the

virus RNADNA inserts into host DNAProteins are assembled from the DNA codeViruses assembled from the proteinsViruses released from the cell

Emerging Viruses

Emerging Virusesillnesses not previously known: AIDS, West

Nile Virus, SARS, Ebola, Bird FluCould be mutations of known virusesCould be viruses exposed when new areas

were developedCould have jumped species

How Do Vaccines Work?1. Once you have gotten a virus, such as

chicken pox, your body develops the immunity to that virus.  

2. Vaccines are made by growing a weakened or killed form of the virus (often grown in eggs)

3. This form of the virus is injected into a person's body, which causes an immune response, and immunity to the virus.