Living Organisms

Prokaryotes

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Eukaryotes

Domain Eukarya

Extreme environments

-Protists-Fungus-Plants

-Animals

Most environments

(most abundant)

Domain Bacteria and Archaea(Kingdom Monera) Prokaryotes

Microscopic organisms that do NOT have a nucleus 1 to 10 micrometers (1/1000 of a

millimetre)Single celled organisms

Can form coloniesDo NOT contain complex organelles, but

do have: Genetic material (DNA) Ribosomes Cell wall Plasma membrane

size of bacteria

Methods of Identifying Bacteria1. Cell Shape

Sphere (cocci)Rod (bacilli)Spiral (spirilla)

2. Cell Wall: Provides physical protection Prevents cell from bursting in _______

environments Can plasmolysize in

__________environments (preserving meat)

Gram-positive: Simpler walls will a large amount of peptidoglycanExample: Streptococcus (strep throat or

tooth decay)

Gram-negative: Have less peptidoglycan Structurally more complex:

More proteins, extra plasma membrane and lipopolysaccharide

Example: E.Coli, Salmonella and Gonorrhoea

Gram staining: Detects the peptidoglycanGram positive will absorb the dye in its

peptidogylcan layers and turns violetGram negative will not absorb the dye

and is red

Four Phyla1.Eubacteria:

True bacteria Cell wall composed of complex

carbohydrates for protection Cell membrane (may have two) Most contain flagella Can be photosynthetic (autotrophs) or

heterotrophs

2. Cyanobacteria Blue green bacteria Photosynthetic Contain chlorophyll a (pigment) in the

membrane allows for photosynthesis (i.e no chloroplasts)

3. Archaebacteria: Called methanogens b/c they give off

methane gas (found in digestive tract) Live in extremely harsh conditions and

with little oxygen (arctic, hotsprings, salt)

4. Prochlorobacteria: Photosynthetic Contain chlorophyll a and b Closely related to chloroplasts plants

Cell WallGram staining

using crystal violet purple and safranine red

Cells with one thick layer of carbohydrates and protein take up crystal violet (stain purple) • Gram Positive Bacteria

Cells with a second layer of lipids and carbohydrates take up safranine (stain red)• Gram Negative Bacteria

Bacterial MovementFlagella (one or more)Spiral or wiggle forwardLayer of slime slideSessile (do not move)

Methods of Obtaining EnergyAutotrophs- trap energy from the

sunlight Phototrophic autotroph-produce food

from sunlight Chemotrophic autotroph- produce

food from inorganic molecules (sulphur, iron, nitrides)

Heterotrophs-obtain energy by taking organic molecules and breaking them down Chemotrophic heterotroph –most

bacteria/humans Phototrophic heterotroph-can use

sunlight for energy but also need organic molecules

Methods of RespirationObligate aerobe (must have oxygen)Oligate anaerobe (cannot have oxygen)Facultative Anaerobe (with or without

oxygen)