background empiricismmentalism parole & langue the theories development...
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Historical Perspectives: Interacting Theories
Indiana Ayu
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Background
Empiricism Mentalism
Parole & Langue
Vs
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The Theories Development
Structuralism Behaviourist Mentalism
Universal GrammarConnectionismThe Utterance
Schema
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STRUCTURALISM (1933)
• Proposed by Leonard Bloomfield
• Language should be scientific
• Only an analysis based on ‘real data’ could be considered scientific.
• This kind of analysis is labelled ‘empiricism’
Emphasized the importance of
the basic structures &
relationships of that particular
object.
Semantic Triangle or Triad
Theory of Meaning (1923):
referent – mental image -
words
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BEHAVIOURISM (1957)
• Proposed by B. F. Skinner
• It assumes that human mind should be based on people’s actions & behavior
• No consideration of internal mental states.
• Learner is essentially passive & their behaviors are shaped through positive & negative reinforcement.
• Learning is seen as product of teaching: conditioning and habit formation
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MENTALISM (1959)
• Proposed by Chomsky• Language can not only
be explained by just looking at observable facts
• The observable data are inadequate and incomplete
• Children never learn their first language purely by habit formation
• Language Acquisition Device (LAD): deep structure & surface structure
Look at these sentences:1) John is easy to please2) John is eager to please
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UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR (1980)
access
activate
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
DEVICE
NATURAL LANGUE
Children innate knowledge of
language
Language Faculty
(Chomsky, 2002)
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CONNECTIONISM (1996)
• Proposed by Freeman• Rejecting the
hypothesis of innate endowment
• Elman et al (1996) agree that there are universal behaviors, but that does not mean that they are directly contained in our genes.
• Language learning is understood as the processing of experience and the repetition of experiences causing the strengthening of the connections. (Menezes, ___)
It’s SLA results from increasing strengths of associations between stimuli & responses
It seeks to explain human intelectual abilities by using
computer simulations of
neural networks.
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UTTERANCE SCHEMA (2000)
• Proposed by Tomasello• Children learn the rules
of language from the input they get.
• The creativity & emerging complexity occurs slowly as they begin to recognize patterns.
• Usage-based syntactic operations
• It assumes that child has a general learning mechanism that enables him/her to recognize patterns in utterances & build rules for his/her own language
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References• Alwasilah, Chaedar. (1993). Linguistik Suatu
Pengantar. Bandung: Angkasa.• Bot, Kees de., Lowie, Wander., Verspoor, Marjolijn.
(2005). Second Language Acquisition: An Advanced Resource Book. New York: Routledge
• Fromkin, Victoria., Rodman, Robert., Collins, Peter., Blair, David. (1984). An Introduction to Language. New South Wales: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
• http://www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism
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Thank you