bab 2. teknik optimasi
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Ekonomi manajerialTRANSCRIPT
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 1
Managerial Economics in a Global Economy, 5th Edition
byDominick Salvatore
Chapter 2
Optimization Techniquesand New Management Tools
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q
TR
2.1 Metode dlm MenggambarkanHubungan Ekonomi
Persamaan : TR = 100Q - 10Q2
Tabel:
Grafik:
Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6TR 0 90 160 210 240 250 240
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 3
2.2 Total, Average, danMarginal Cost
Q TC AC MC0 20 - -1 140 140 1202 160 80 203 180 60 204 240 60 605 480 96 240
AC = TC/Q
MC = TC/Q
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 4
Total, Average, danMarginal Cost
0
60
120
180
240
0 1 2 3 4Q
TC ($)
0
60
120
0 1 2 3 4 Q
AC, MC ($)AC
MC
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 5
Keterangan Grafik• TC: Biaya Total : TFC + TVC• Kurva AC berbentuk huruf U, mula-mula turun,
kemudian naik
• MC berbentuk huruf U, ditunjukkan oleh kemiringan kurva TC, mencapai titik terendah pd
tkt output yg lebih rendah dr AC.• Bila MC lebih rendah dr AC AC turun• Bila MC lebih besar dr AC AC naik• MC = AC pd titik terendah AC
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 6
2.3 Analisis Optimisasi
a. Dgn Pendekatan TR dan TC
Q TR TC Profit0 0 20 -201 90 140 -502 160 160 03 210 180 304 240 240 05 250 480 -230
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 7
Profit Maximization dg pendekatan TR- TC
0
60
120
180
240
300
0 1 2 3 4 5Q
($)
MC
MR
TC
TR
-60
-30
0
30
60
Profit
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 8
Keterangan Grafik
• Pada saat laba max, kemiringan kurva TR=TC dan MR =MC, sehingga kurva TR dan Tc sejajar dan jarak kurva tersebut terbesar, yang menunjukkan laba max.
• Pada saat laba / rugi mencapai max, kemiringan kurva laba menjadi nol.
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 9
Optimisasi dg analisis Marginal
• Keuntungan max dicapai saat MR = MC
$ MC
MR
Q
Q
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 10
2.4 Kalkulus Diferensial: Turunan dan Aturan Diferensiasi
Apabila TR=Y,dan Q=X, turunan Y thd X (derivative of Y with respect to X) adalah:
Dibaca : Turunan Y terhadap X adalah sama dengan limit dari rasio , utk mendekati nol.
Berhubungan dg kemiringan kurva, pd titik dimana kita ingin menemukan limit tersebut.
0limX
dY Y
dX X
/y X X
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 11
Aturan2 DiferensiasiDiferensiasi : Proses menentukan turunan suatu fungsi,yi menemukan perubahan Y sbg akibat perubahan X
1. Constant Function Rule:
Turunan fungsi konstan, Y = f(X) = a, adalah nol utk semua nilai
( )Y f X a
0dY
dX
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 12
2. Aturan fungsi pangkat / Power-Function Rule
( ) bY f X aX
1bdYb aX
dX
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 13
3. Aturan utk penjumlahan dan pengurangan
( )U g X ( )V h X
dY dU dV
dX dX dX
Y U V
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 14
4. Aturan utk Perkalian/ Product-Rule
( )U g X ( )V h X
dY dV dUU V
dX dX dX
Y U V
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 15
5. Aturan utk Pembagian
( )U g X ( )V h X UY
V
2
dU dVV UdY dX dXdX V
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 16
6.Aturan utk fungsi dr fungsi (aturan rantai – Chain-Rule)
( )U g X( )Y f U
dY dY dU
dX dU dX
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 17
Optimization With Calculus
Find X such that dY/dX = 0
Second derivative rules:
If d2Y/dX2 > 0, then X is a minimum.
If d2Y/dX2 < 0, then X is a maximum.
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 18
New Management Tools
• Benchmarking
• Total Quality Management
• Reengineering
• The Learning Organization
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 19
Benchmarking
• Menemukan dengan cara terbuka dan jujur, bagaimana perusahaan lain dapat mengerjakan sesuatu dengan lebih baik.
• Ada 2 syarat yang menentukan keberhasilan benchmarking:– Memilih satu proses yang spesifik yang akan
diperbaiki dan mengidentifikasi perusahan-perusahaan lain yang dapat mengerjakan proses tersebut dengan lebih baik
– Mengirimkan utusan pembanding yang terdiri dari orang-orang yang dapat membuat perubahan
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 20
Total Quality Management
• Secara konstan memperbaiki kualitas produk dan proses perusahaan sedemikian rupa sehingga secara konsisten memberikan nilai kepuasan yang semakin meningkat kepada pelanggan.
• Ada 5 syarat demi berhasilnya program TQM
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 21
• CEO Perusahan harus secara tegas dan nyata mendukung program tersebut
• Harus secara jelas menunjukkan bagaimana program tsb menguntungkan pelanggan dan perusahaan
• Harus mempunyai beberapa tujuan strategis yang jelas
• Harus memberikan hasil dalam waktu singkat
• Harus dibuat khusus untuk perusahaan tertentu
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 22
Reengineering
• Proses reengineering ini berusaha mereorganisasi perusahaan secara keseluruhan.
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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 23
Other Management Tools
• Broadbanding
• Direct Business Model
• Networking
• Pricing Power
• Small-World Model
• Virtual Integration
• Virtual Management