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Chapter 10 Blood Composition

Formed elements Cells

Plasma Fluid

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Plasma 90% water 10% solutes

Ions, e.g., Na+, Cl-, Ca++ Nutrients, e.g., simple

sugars, amino acids, lipids

Wastes, e.g., urea, ammonia, CO2

Miscellaneous: O2, hormones, vitamins, plasma proteins

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Plasma proteins Albumin

Helps control osmotic pressure Helps control diffusion of water (recall

edema) Globulin

Includes antibodies (Abs) Transport proteins (lipids, iron, copper, etc.)

Fibrinogen Involved in clotting

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Serum Plasma with clotting factors

removed Let blood sit, pour off supernatant

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Formed elements RBCs

(erythrocytes) WBCs

(leukocytes) Granulocytes Agranulocytes

Blood smear Light microscope Stained

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Erythrocytes

7-8 m diameter Biconcave disc shape

surface area efficiency for diffusion

of O2 & CO2

(17.3)

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Erythrocytes

Structure Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

Hemoglobin Binds CO O2 & CO2

No nucleus or organelles

(17.3)

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Erythrocytes Flexible Elastic 100-120 day

life span Originate in

bone marrow

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Leukocytes (WBCs) Part of defense system

Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites Attracted to sites of infection Diapedesis: leave capillary by squeezing

between endothelial cells Ameboid movement

Travel toward infection Originate in bone marrow Granulocytes / agranulocytes

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Diapedesis

http://www.whfreeman.com/immunology/CH01/diapedesis.htm

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Granulocytes WBCs with granules in cytoplasm

Visible with LM, what is a LM? Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Phagocytic Larger than RBCs Lobed nuclei

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Neutrophils 60% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Light staining granules

Digestive enzymes Function

Phagocytize & destroy bacteria First cells to respond to infection Secrete antibacterial chemicals Phagocytize & digest bacteria

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Eosinophils 1-4% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Eosin-staining granules Phagocytize allergen-Ab

complexes Secrete antihistamine Attack parasites

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Basophils 0.5% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Large granules stained dark

purple Granules

Histamine – creates inflammation in allergic reaction

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Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 20-45% of WBCs Spherical, dark-

staining nucleus Thin rim of blue

staining cytoplasm Each lymphocyte

recognizes and acts against a specific antigen

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Lymphocytes

T lymphocytes can attack foreign cells directly

(17.6)

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Lymphocytes B lymphocytes transform into plasma

cells and secrete antibodies

(17.6b)

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Monocytes Agranulocyte 4-8% of WBCs Horseshoe shaped nucleus Grey-blue stained cytoplasm Become wandering macrophages after

diapedesis

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Platelets (thrombocytes) Fragments of

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Attracted to hemorrhage Plugs leaks Promotes constriction of

blood vessel Triggers inflammation Initiates clotting reaction

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Platelets SEM of a clot with platelet, fibrin mesh, rbc’s

~17.7

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Sickle cell disease Genetic condition 1 nucleotide substitution 1 amino acid substitution Hbs With low O2 Hbs

polymerizes Creates “sickle” shape

17.10ab

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Sickle cell disease flexibility fragility blood viscosity O2

sickling “crisis” Painful ischemia

Lack of O2 17.10b