aviation merit badge - national capital area council€¦ · types of aircraft in use today here...
TRANSCRIPT
Aviation
Merit Badge
1
Merit Badge Counselor:
Lt Col Larry “Low Level” Lawver
1 minute
The Definition of Aircraft
The term aircraft is broad, covering nearly everything that
enables people to fly through the air. Some aircraft
(balloons, blimps) are lighter than air; others like airplanes
and helicopters, are heavier than air. Missiles, rockets, and
vehicles like the space-shuttle are called spacecraft since
they are designed to fly outside earth’s atmosphere.
2(1a) 1 minute
Types of Aircraft in Use Today
Here are some kinds of aircraft:
Commercial airliners
Cargo airplanes
Military bombers, fighters, and reconnaissance aircraft
Military supply transports
Military and civilian helicopters and gyroplanes
Personal use and training airplanes of various types
Sailplanes, amphibious aircraft, and seaplanes
Blimps used for advertising in the sky and as TV camera platforms
Aerobatic airplanes for exhibitions
Crop sprayers
Firefighting “smoke jumper” transports and “borate bombers”
3(1a)
1 minute 1 minute
Operation of Piston, Turbojet
Engines, and Turboprop EnginesPiston engines are internal-combustion engines with a
series of pistons that compress a mixture of gasoline
and air that explode with a spark to push the pistons
that turn the crankshaft smoothly in a continuous
motion to turn the propeller and produce thrust.
Turbojet engines compress inlet air with rotating fan
blades that is mixed with fuel in a combustion
chamber where a heat source ignites the mixture
producing thrust through the expelling of expanding
gases through the exhaust pipe that also turns an aft
turbine connected to the compressor up front.
Turboprop engines combine the jet propulsion to turn a
propeller in addition to the exhaust gas propulsion.
4(1a) 1 minute
Forces Acting on an
Airplane in Flight
5
LIFTTHRUST
DRAG
WEIGHT
(1b)1 minute 1 minute
Bernouli’s Principle – The Airfoil
• Airfoil – The top is curved &
bottom flat with a slight angle to
produce lift by faster air on top
• Ailerons – on trailing edge of the
wings to effect turn
• Elevator – on trailing edge of
horizontal stabilizer to effect pitch
up or down
• Rudder – on trailing edge of
vertical stabilizer to effect yaw left
or right
• Propeller - similar to the wing, its
shape produces lift as forward
thrust from the engine’s turning of
the crankshaft / propeller
6(1c)
1 minute 1 minute
Control Surfaces During Flight
AILERONS ELEVATORS RUDDER FLAPS
• Takeoff : Level Neutral Centered Down
• Straight Climb: Level Slightly Up Centered Up
• Level Turn: Right – lt down/rt up Slightly Up Slight Right Up
• Climbing Turn: Left–lt up/rt down More Up Slight Left Up
• Descending Turn: Left - “ / “ Slightly Down Slight Left Up
• Straight Descent: Level Slightly Down Centered Down
• Landing: As the plane nears the ground, reduce power and ease
back on the control wheel to slow the airplane. When the wheels
are just above the ground, move the control wheel back further
to decrease the speed and touch down on the two main wheels.
Then ease the control wheel forward to gently set down the nose
gear while reducing the throttle and breaking gently to slow
down.
7
(1d) 1 minute
Pilot Certificates
• Recreational Pilot Certificate: Requires 30 hours of flight
instruction (3 hours solo). May carry one passenger in single-
engine, land-based airplane and share expenses. Can fly in good
visibility up to 50 miles from home airport at 2000’ AGL or 10000’
ASL, whichever is higher
• Sport Pilot Certificate: Similar to the above certificate, but for light-
sport aircraft in daytime clear visibility only with no possibility of
additional ratings.
• Private Pilot Certificate: Requires 40 hours of flight instruction (10
hours solo), including cross-country experience (trips > 50 miles),
night flight, instrument flight, and radio communications. Can fly
above 10000’ ASL, more than 50 miles from home airport, fly at
night an into airspace controlled by air traffic control with one
passenger.
• Instrument Rating: Additional ratings for multi-engine, etc.
8
(1e) 1 minute
Air Navigation
Four standard methods of navigation:
• Pilotage – refer from chart to visible
landmarks.
• Dead Reckoning – Heading and
distance at a set speed for a
calculated amount of time from a
known position to the planned
destination or checkpoint.
• Radio Navigation – ground-based
radio navigation aids (VORTAC).
• Satellite Navigation – global
positioning system (GPS).
9(2c&e)10 minutes
Air Navigation (continued)
Sectional charts have symbols you can
learn from the legend.
• Select a route of flight that includes a
departure airport, an en route airport
for a practice approach, and a
destination airport with a total distance
no more than 150 miles for the trip.
• Measure a true course from a longitude
line for each leg of the trip.
• Apply magnetic variation from an
isogonic line to get a magnetic
heading.
• Measure the distance of each leg.
• Calculate the time for each leg for a 180
knot (3NM/Min) planned ground speed.
10(2c&e)10 minutes
Air Navigation (continued)
11
Wind Triangle:
1. Draw true course and ground
speed line from leg start point A to
way point B.
2. Draw a wind vector pointing to
the way point B with velocity length
from point C.
3. Draw a true heading from leg
start point A to tail of wind vector C.
4. Measure the true heading and true
airspeed required to counter the
wind to arrive at the way point B.
(2c&e) 1 minute
Flight Instruments
12
Attitude Indicator
or Artificial Horizon
gives the pilot the
aircraft’s position
relative to the
horizon for wing
bank angle and nose
pitch in degrees.
Heading Indicator
is a gyroscope that
shows the aircraft’s
heading.
The Altimeter shows
How high the aircraft
is flying based on the
barometric pressure
obtained from air
traffic control or a
weather forecast.
Airspeed Indicator
shows the aircraft’s
speed through the air
in nautical miles per
hour (knots).
(2f&g) 1 minute
Flight Instruments (continued)
13
Turn & Bank Indicator
shows when the plane
is turning and how well
it is coordinated. “Kicking
the Ball” using the
rudder pedal will correct
a “skid” or “slip” by
centering the ball between
the center scribe lines.
Vertical Velocity Indicator
shows the rate of climb or
descent in feet per minute.
The Whiskey Compass
shows the magnetic
heading, which needs
to be adjusted based on
wind and magnetic
variation.
Navigation Display
of either GPS or
VOR / TAC bearing
and distance
measuring devices.
(2f&g) 1 minute
Flight Instruments (continued)
14
The Tachometer has two
purposes: to show whether
the propeller is turning at
the recommended speed
for a maneuver, and
whether the engine is
operating normally.
Oil Pressure should be
in the Green indicating
normal operating pressure.
Dropping pressure in the
Yellow zone or less is a
sure sign of engine trouble.
Oil Temperature is
another indicator
of engine health.
It is usually marked
with a green zone
for normal operations
and a red line for
maximum temperature.
Communications
are usually via
VHF or UHF
radio using ICAO
phonetic alphabet
and common
aviation terms.
(2f&g) 1 minute
How to Build
an FPG-91. Cut out the paper FPG-9 pattern. Do not cut along
the dotted line on the paper pattern. Only cut along the
bolded lines.
2. Place the paper pattern in the center of the foam
plate ensuring that the tail of the pattern stays inside of
the curved portion of the plate bottom. (The tail must
remain on the plate’s flat bottom.) It’s fine if the tab on
the front of the pattern is on the curved portion. The
ends of the wings should spill over the curved edge of
the plate.
3. Trace around the pattern with an ink pen. Don’t
forget to mark where the scissor slits go.
4. Cut the foam template out by following the pen lines
you just drew.
5. Once the instructor has completed the master foam
template, the students may use the template to create
their FPG-9 planes.
6. Have the students place the foam template in the
center of the plate and trace around the template
making sure to mark all of the lines.
7. When tracing slits A and B the students only need to
make one line. These lines will create the elevons and
rudder.
15
8. Have the students cut out the FPG-9 they just traced by
following the pen lines.
Important Note – At this time cut along the dotted line to
separate the tail from the wing of the FPG-9. It works better
if you make all of your cuts from the outside of the plate
towards the center of the plate. Do not try to turn your
scissors to cut sharp corners. When cutting out the slots,
make them only as wide as the thickness of the foam plate.
If the slots are cut too wide the pieces of the plane will not
fit together snuggly.
9. The wing and the tail each have slits drawn on them.
Have the students make a cut along each of these lines as
drawn.
10. To attach the tail to the wing, slide the slots together.
Use two small (2”) pieces of tape to secure the bottom of
the tail to the bottom of the wing. Ensure the tail is
perpendicular to the wing before adding the tape.
11. In order to make the plane fly successfully, the students
must attach a penny on top of the wing right behind the
square tab. Fold the tab back over the penny and tape it
down to secure the coin.
12. Bend the elevons on the wing upward. This will provide
for a flatter glide. If the students want the plane to turn they
can adjust the rudder on the vertical fin.
13. Your FPG-9 is complete and ready to fly. Gently toss the
plane directly in front of you. Once it flies reasonably
straight ahead and glides well, try throwing it hard with the nose of the glider pointed 30° above the horizon. The
FPG-9 should perform a big loop and have enough speed
for a glide of 20 – 25 feet after the loop.
(3b) 20 minutes
Aviation Facilities
Runways are numbered according to the compass heading when
lined up on the centerline, i.e., a runway pointing 030 degrees would
be Runway 03, or 210 degrees would be Runway 21. Parallel runways
are designated Left and Right, i.e., Runway 21L. The runway in use is
determined by the wind direction, and are selected for takeoffs and
landings into the prevailing wind.
The Control Tower provides airport controllers an elevated view of
the runway environment to direct air traffic safely on arrival and
departure, and during ground operations. They relay clearances,
weather updates, and other information to pilots.
Terminal Radar Control Facility or Approach/Departure Control
provides radar approach and departure services to ensure safe
aircraft separation in good and bad weather conditions. They can
provide inflight weather advisories, issue directions to keep aircraft
properly sequenced with other traffic, and can conduct precision
landing approach control.
16
(4a) 1 minute
Careers
1. Airline Pilot – Ken
Lawver flew DC3’s for
United Airlines from
1936-1938 based in
Chicago, IL.
2. Military Pilot Ken
Lawver returned to the
Army Air Corps in 1938
and commanded the
Maintenance depot for
B-29s on Guam during
WWII. He would test fly
repaired aircraft and
certify them ready for
combat. Col Ken Lawver
(5) 1 minute
Careers
3. Aerial Photographer -
Lynn “Doc” Lawver took
Pictures of real-estate
properties to run in
displays at shopping
malls in Tucson, AZ.
18
(5) 1 minute
Careers4. Air Force Navigator /
F4-E Weapon Systems
Officer – Larry Lawver
was commissioned a 2Lt
In 1975 through AFROTC.
He trained as a navigator
and WSO in California.
He flew combat training
missions for nuclear strike,
conventional attack, and
air-to-air combat in Europe.
In Iceland he flew strategic
air defense intercepting 14
pairs of Russian bombers.
He flew 3 years in North
Carolina, then served in
war plans staff positions.
He finished in the EC-130.19
USAF
Air
Medal
(5) 1 minute
Questions?
20
1 minute