Autonomous VehiclesComputer ArchitecturePresented to: Dr. Assad Ali SafiPresented By: Rabiya Khalid

Autonomous vehicles Definition

Vehicle that get from one point to another point without human interaction.

Autonomous vehicles are also called driverless cars, robotic cars or self-driving cars.[1]

Autonomous Vehicles are capable of fulfilling main transportation capabilities of a traditional car.

Driverless cars move from one place to another place without drivers.

These cars plays an important role in reduction of car accidents[2].

These cars eliminate the human errors[2].

Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:

Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]

Google Intel General Motors Mercedes Benz Audi

Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:

Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]

Google Intel General Motors Mercedes Benz Audi

Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:

Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]

Google Intel General Motors Mercedes Benz Audi

Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

Companies Working on Autonomous Vehicles:

Top 5 Companies working on autonomous cars are [3]

Google Intel General Motors Mercedes Benz Audi

Toyota, Nissan and Honda (big three of Japan) will join together to work on autonomous vehicles[4]

The Technology of the Car

• Anti-Lock Brakes(ABS)• Electronic Stability control• Adaptive cruise control• Lane-departure warning system• Self parking• Automated guided vehicle

systems• Lidar-Systems(with google

cars) or Cruise Automated Systems(Audi)

• Infrared cameras.

The Lidar System Lidar is used to detect obstacles Detects obstacles through light and

determines where the vehicle is in relation to those obstacles

Singapore's Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) is actively developing technologies for autonomous Lidar vehicles[5].

companies that produce lidar sensors commonly used in robotics or vehicle automation are Sick[5]and Hokuyo[7].

Example of Lidar in vehicles

Adoptive Cruise Control Systems

 It is optional for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the vehicle speed.

It makes no use of satellite or roadside infrastructure nor of any cooperative support from other vehicles

 control is imposed based on sensor information from on-board sensors only

 Cooperative Cruise Control (CACC) further extends the automation by gathering information from fixed infrastructure such satellites and roadside beacons, or mobile infrastructure.

It can be LASER based or RADAR based

Types of Algorithms

The combination of: 3-D imaging with multiple 1064

nm lasers. Edge-Detection Algorithm Motion-Detection algorithm Tracking algorithm

Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications for Safety is the wireless exchange of critical safety and operational data between vehicles and roadway infrastructure.

The vision for V2I research is to enable safety applications designed to avoid or mitigate vehicle crashes, particularly for crash scenarios not addressed by V2V communications alone

It is based on widespread deployment of a dedicated short-range communications link, incorporating IEEE 802.11

Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication

Vehicle to vehicle Communication

V2V is an automobile technology designed to allow automobiles to "talk" to each other. V2V is also known as VANETs. It is a variation of MANETs . In V2V vehicles share information related to their speed, direction maneuvers. It helps to reduce the road crashes by getting the information of the surrounding. The information can be exchanged using DSRC and GPS.

Vehicle to Vehicle Communication

Current Adoption of the Technology

Google, as mentioned previously Cruise Automation Tesla Model D announced in 2014

Car will be able to autonomously pick owners up (on private property) Cadillac Super Cruise announced in 2014 for 2017 models

Hands-free driving in certain conditions Vehicle to vehicle communication

Ford Traffic Jam Assist announced in 2012 gives similar features

Components

Lane departure warning Lazy or inattentive drivers can automatically be moved

Blind spot monitoring Warn if cars are in blind spots Sonic blind support assisting system(SONAR)

Pedestrian detection Automatic brake or warning

Adaptive cruise control + forward collision warning Car stays a safe distance behind cars ahead of it Warns or takes action in case of danger

Companies working on Autonomous cars

Statistical and Professional Support

32,719 people were killed in car accidents in the US alone in 2013 The Institute for Highway Safety reported the following in 2014

7% reduction in crashes for vehicles with forward collision warning systems. 14-15% reduction for vehicles with automatic braking.

In 2012 pedestrian deaths were 14% of all crash fatalities Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found 72% of people who try the

technology want them in their own vehicle. Automatic braking lowers severity of unavoidable crashes according to

an IIHS official.

Drawbacks

Although there are people who want the technology in their cars, it can cost: $2,000 on average for safety-related tech (not automation) $10,000 for Cruise in Audi S4s, as mentioned.

Poor performance in adverse weather conditions Who is to blame?

The car manufacturer? The programmer? The driver?

Reference

1. https://www.google.com.pk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=what%20is%20autonomous%20cars

2. Vehicle Crashes and Pre-Crash Scenarios Based on the 2000 General Estimates System. (Report No. DOT HS 809 573). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

3. Najm, W. G., Smith, J. D., & Yanagisawa, M. (2007, April). Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research. (Report No. DOT HS 810 767). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

4. DaSilva, M. P., Smith, J. D., & Najm, W. G. (2009, February). Heavy Vehicle Pre-Crash Scenario Typology For Crash Avoidance Research. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

5. http://motioncars.inquirer.net/36858/filipino-turns-ordinary-car-into-autonomous-vehicle6. "Sick Senor Intelligence product portfolio". 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2014-11-127. "Hokuyo scanning range finder". 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2014-11-12.