FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

GURUKULA KANGRI UNIVERSITY, HARIDWAR, UTTARAKHAND.

Presented by:-

AMRENDRA KUMARME 3rd YEARROLL NO.-10

Presented to:-

Mr. JASBIR SINGHASST. PROFF.ME DEPT.

PRESENTATION ON:-AN AUTONOMOUS CAR

CONTENT1.INTRODUCTION2.HISTORY3.TECHNOLOGY USED4.TRANSPORT SYSTEM5.POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES6.POTENTIAL OBSTACLES7.LEGISLATION8.VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM9.PREDICTION10.GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR

INTRODUCTION An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car, selfdriving car and

robotic car, is an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the main transportation capabilities of a traditional car.

As an autonomous vehicle ,it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input.

Autonomous vehicle sense their surroundings with such techniques as RADAR,LIDAR,CAMERA,GPS,PROCESSORS,WHEELSPEED SENSOR,INFRARED CAMERA and COMPUTER VISION.

Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation path.

Autonomous vehicles are capable of updating their maps based on sensory input.

HISTORY Experiments have been conducted on automating cars since at least the 1920s;

promising trials took place in the 1950s and work has proceeded since then. The first selfsufficient and truly autonomous cars appeared in the 1980s, with

Carnegie Mellon University's Navlab and ALV projects in .Since then, numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working prototype autonomous vehicles including MercedesBenz, General Motors, Continental Automotive Systems, IAV, Autoliv Inc., Bosch, Nissan, Renault, Toyota, Audi, Volvo, Peugeot, AKKA Technologies, Vislab from University of Parma, Oxford University and Google.

In July 2013, Vislab demonstrated BRAiVE, a vehicle that moved autonomously on a mixed traffic route open to public traffic.

As of 2013, four U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars: Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan. In 2015 those four states together with Washington, D.C. will by joined by Virginia in allowing the testing of fully autonomous cars on public roads

REQUIRED COMPONENT FOR AN AUTONOMOUS CAR

FUNCTIONING OF AN AUTONOMOUS CAR

TECHNOLOGY USED…

1. RADAR - Traditional RADAR sensors are used to detect dangerous objects in the vehicle’s path that are more than 100 meters away. • AccidentPrevention systems trigger alerts.

2. OPTICS - A camera mounted near the rearview mirror build a realtime 3D images of the road ahead, spotting hazards like pedestrians and animals. • It is also used to identify roadmarkings and traffic signals.

3. LIDAR - The Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) which is mounted on the roof of the vehicle is the most important device in the Autonomous vehicles. • The LIDAR consists of emitter, mirror and receiver. It maps a 3D structure of environment and location on the road in 360’ .

4. GPS - A Global Positioning System keeps the car on its intended route with an accuracy of 30 centimeters. • With GPS covering the macro location of car, smaller ondeck cameras can recognize smaller details like red lights, stop signs and construction zones.

5. Processors - Some 7 dual core 2.13 GHz processors and 2Gb of RAM are needed to make sense of the data collected by the car’s instruments.

6. Wheel Speed Sensors - Wheel Speed Sensors measure the roadwheel speed and direction of rotation.

7. Working - The signal from the sensors are used by the Electronic Control Unit for decision making using a software code. • Based on the information from the sensors, the Electronic Control Unit gives signal to the actuators, which in turn control the vehicle.

TRANSPORT SYSTEM

In Europe, cities in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK are planning to operate transport systems fordriverless cars, and Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain have allowed testing robotic cars intraffic. In 2015, the UK Government launched public trials of the LUTZ Pathfinder driverless pod inMilton Keynes.

POTENTIAL ADVANTAGESo An increase in the use of autonomous cars would make possible such benefits as:- Fewer traffic collisions. Increased roadway capacity and reduced traffic congestion due to reduced need for safety

gaps and the ability to better manage traffic flow. Higher speed limit for autonomous cars. Reduce total number of cars by increased car sharing, since an autonomous car can drop

off a passenger at one location and go to a different location to pick up another. Reduction of physical space required for vehicle parking. Elimination of redundant. Reduction in the need for traffic police and premium on vehicle insurance. Reduction in car theft, due to the vehicle's increased awareness. Removal of the steering wheel.

POTENTIAL OBSTACLEo In spite of the various benefits to increased vehicle automation, some foreseeable challenges

persist: - Liability for damage. Loss of driving related jobs. Loss of privacy. Self driving cars could potentially be loaded with explosives and used as bombs. Susceptibility of the car's navigation system to different types of weather. (As of 2014 Google's

prototype has not driven in snow or heavy rain.) Autonomous cars may require very high quality specialised maps to operate properly, where

these maps may be out of date. Current police and other pedestrian gestures and nonverbal cues are not adapted to autonomous

driving. Current road infrastructure may need changes for autonomous cars to function optimally. Some

examples include traffic and street light upgrades that communicate with autonomous vehicles.

LEGISLATION As of the end of 2013, four U.S. states, (Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan), along with the District

of Columbia, have successfully enacted laws addressing autonomous vehicles. In June 2011, the Nevada Legislature passed a law to authorize the use of autonomous cars. Nevada thus

became the first jurisdiction in the world where autonomous vehicles might be legally operated on public roads.

Google had further lobbied for an exemption from a ban on distracted driving to permit occupants to send text messages while sitting behind the wheel, but this did not become law.

In 2013, the government of the United Kingdom permitted the testing of autonomous cars on public roads. Prior to this, all testing of robotic vehicles in the UK had been conducted on private property.

In 2014 the Government of France announced that testing of autonomous cars on public roads would be allowed in 2015.

VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Individual vehicles may benefit from information obtained from other vehicles in the vicinity, especially information relating to traffic congestion and safety hazards.

Vehicular communication systems use vehicles and roadside units as the communicating nodes in a peertopeer network, providing each other with information.

As a cooperative approach, vehicular communication systems can allow all cooperating vehicles to be more effective.

According to a 2010 study by the NHTSA, vehicular communication systems could help avoid up to 79% of all traffic accidents.

In 2012, computer scientists at the University of Texas in Austin began developing smart intersections designed for autonomous cars. The intersections will have no traffic lights and no stop signs, instead using computer programs that will communicate directly with each car on the road.

PREDICTION Autonomous vehicles are still a developing technology; a large number of

companies and researchers have speculated about future developments and the possible effects of the cars.

By 2016, Mercedes plans to introduce "Autobahn Pilot" aka Highway Pilot, the system allows handsfree highway driving with autonomous overtaking of other vehicles.

By 2016, Mobileye expects to release handsfree driving technology for highways.

By 2020, Google autonomous car project head's goal to have all outstanding problems with the autonomous car be resolved.

By 2024, Jaguar expects to release an autonomous car. By 2025, Daimler and Ford expect autonomous vehicles on the market. Ford

predicts it will have the first massmarket autonomous vehicle, but released no target date.

IN FICTION IN FILM & TELIVISION In the 1982 TV series Knight Rider, was sentient and autonomous. The 1983 film Christine features a sentient, autonomouscar as the title character. In the 1989 film Batman, starring Michael Keaton, the Batmobile is shown to be

able to drive to Batman's current location with some navigation commands from Batman and possibly some autonomy.

The 1990 film Total Recall, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, features taxis called Johnny Cabs controlled by artificial intelligence in the car or the android occupants.

IN LITERATURE In the Geronimo Stilton series, a robotic vehicle called "Solar" is in the fifty fourth

book. In The Number of the Beast, a 1980 novel by Robert A Heinlein, Zeb Carter's

driving and flying car "Gay

Advantages and Disadvantages

The advantages of Autonomous car are numerous and include: The lack of human error whilst driving, will result in a much safer journey. Due to the sensors on the

Autonomous car, they will be able to pack closer together, allowing more cars on the road and therefore shorting traffic times. Disabilities would no longer be a factor in driving, meaning

anyone could drive. You would need less space for parking as well as the car would be able to drop you off and then find a parking space further away. An autonomous car would allow workers to spend the time on other things. There would be no need to pass a driving test or gain a driving license as everyone would be able to drive.

However, there are still some disadvantages of Autonomous cars: There will always be the worry of the computer crashing or malfunctioning, resulting in a major

collision. The lack of need for drivers would be catastrophic for the economy; in 2011 there were 73,000 taxi drivers in England , who would all become unemployed. This would be common for all driving professions, including lorry drivers, bus drivers etc. When they are first released, they are likely to be extremely expensive, and therefore most people won’t be able to afford them.

GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR In May 2014, Google presented a new concept for their driverless

car that had neither a steering wheel nor pedals, and unveiled a fully functioning prototype in December of that year that they planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015. Google plans to make these cars available to the public in 2020.

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