automotive technology trends and lubricants …klc.kstle.or.kr/upload/board/(general -1)...

KSTLE 2012 @ Jeju, KOREA

Automotive Technology TrendsAutomotive Technology Trends

andand

Lubricants TrendsLubricants Trends

October 18th 2012

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION

MINORU YAMASHITA


Contents

1. Issues of Vehicle

2. Power Train Trend

3. Automotive Manufacturer's Requirement

Lubricant Specification

Expectations to Lubricant Technologies

4. Summary


Issues of Vehicle

<Vehicle related issues＞<Vehicle related issues＞

Surge in fossil energy

consumption

Surge in fossil energy

consumption

-Population growth-Population growth

-Increase in vehicle-Increase in vehicle

Global growth of industry and technology

in the 20th century

Global growth of industry and technology

in the 20th century

Increase in traffic accidentIncrease in traffic accident

Increase in CO2 (Global warming)Increase in CO2 (Global warming)

Concern over future oilConcern over future oil

Air pollution (NOX/PM/Ozone)Air pollution (NOX/PM/Ozone)


Fuel economy Regulations in Asia• Many countries in Asia are investigating to revise or introduce FE/CO2

standard from the viewpoint of economy, energy security and CO2 reduction

Australia

China

India

Indonesia

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Singapore

Taiwan

Thailand

Viet Nam

Japan

2014 2015 2016～2010 2011 2012 2013

Top Runner Program (Target fiscal year : 2015)

Average Fuel Economy Standards

FCAI target (to reduce average CO 2 emissions), Fuel Consumption Label

Fuel Consumption Label and standards (Plan)

Fuel Economy Standards

Next stage?

Next stage?

Mandatory Fuel Economy Labelling

Eco-car tax reduction, Voluntary Laveling Program

Limit of fuel consumption(Phase II), Fuel Consumption Label

Eco-car tax reduction program

Source：JAMA Engine Oil Seminar 2011


Emission Regulations in Asia (Light-duty vehicles)• Generally Asian countries are moving to Euro 4/5 or equivalent by 2013.

However, some countries still remain on Euro 2 even after 2015.

Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles (as of April 2009), Available : http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles-58969_resource_1.pdfWorldwide Emission Standards Guide for 2010/2011, DELPHI, Available : http://delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi-Passenger-Car-Light-Duty-Truck-Emissions-Brochure-2010-2011.pdf

Australia Euro 4

China CN 4India Nationwide Euro 3 (Bharat stage III)

Euro 4 (Bharat stage IV)

Indonesia Euro 2

Korea Euro 5

Malaysia Euro 2 Euro 4 (Plan)

Philippines Euro 2

Singapore Euro 2

Taiwan US Tier 2 (Equivalent to Euro 4)

Thailand Euro 3 Euro 4 (Plan)

Vietnam Euro 2

Japan Post new long-term

2012 2013

Delhi and 11 cities

Euro 4 (Plan)

2016～2014 20152010 2011



Contents


2. Automotive Trend


Lubricant Specification


4. Summary


Power Train Trends

Catalytic converter

EFI

DOHC 4-valve

VVT-i

Dual VVT-i

Dual VVT-iEValvematic

O2 sensor

A/F sensor

Lean-burn

Low-friction

D-4

D-4S

Stop and Start System

Environmental performance (high fuel efficiency and clean exhaust emissions)

Petrol engine

New engine series

Impr

essiv

e driv

ing

(Dyn

amic

perfo

rman

ce)

Engines and transmissions revamped through ongoing incorporationof new technologies



Piston

CrankShaft

Valve System

Oil Pump

Water Pump Belt

Friction Loss（７～１０％）

Engine

Drive-train

Vehicle weight

Tire

Aerodynamics

Friction Loss in Power Train

Breakdown of Energy Consumptionin Entire Vehicle

（2.0L×4AT@EC Mode)

EC ModeCO2 Emission[g/km]

Running

Idling

Exhaust

Cooling

FrictionPumping

Alternator

Air Drag. etc.

Vehicle Inertia

Tire Rolling

Idle

Lossesin Engine

EffectiveWork

Wasted Energy

Drive-train loss

16.5

Deceleration


Power Train TrendsTransmission

Environmental performance (fuel efficiency performance)

New transmission seriesFlex Lock-up

CVT

Flex start

ECT

ECT-i

Lock-up

6AT

8AT

4AT

5AT

NAVI-AI

Integrated vehicle control

Low-viscocity ATF

Impr

essiv

e driv

ing

(Dyn

amic

perfo

rman

ce)




Environmental Superiority of HV

Vehicle Weight (ton)

CO2

Emiss

ion

(g/km

)

PriusPriusCamry HVCamry HV

GS450hGS450hRX400hRX400h

LS600hLS600h

GasolineGasoline

DieselDiesel

Gasoline HVGasoline HV

Heavy

Large

EC mode

HVs contribute to reduced CO2 emissionsHVs contribute to reduced COHVs contribute to reduced CO22 emissionsemissions


Fuel Economy Improvement of Toyota Passenger Cars in Japan

・Average fuel economy of Toyota passenger cars increased 28% over the last 10 years・・Average fuel economy of Toyota passenger cars increased 28% overAverage fuel economy of Toyota passenger cars increased 28% over the the last 10 yearslast 10 years

Ave

rage

Fue

l Eco

nom

y R

atio

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07

Passenger CarPassenger Car

Average Fuel Economy

Improvement of conventional powertrains

Hybrid Technology


Co2 Reduction Effect from HV Vehicle

・About 14 million tons of Reduced CO2 Emissions.(Cumulative Total from 1997 to April 2010)・・About 14 million tons of Reduced CO2 Emissions.About 14 million tons of Reduced CO2 Emissions.

(Cumulative Total from 1997 to April 2010)(Cumulative Total from 1997 to April 2010)


Gasoline/Diesel/Bio-fuel/CNG/GTL/CTL etc.Electricity

ICE ・ HV ・PHV Area FCHV Area

EV Area

Fuel Hydrogen

HV

TOYOTA PHV

TOYOTAFCHV-adv

FCHV-BUS

Rote bus

Passenger car

Motor cycle

Short commuter

EV

Express train

Railway

LRT

ｉ series

Winglet

Cruising Speed

Driving distance

Powertrain map in future mobility

Delivery truck

Heavy duty

Small delivery

Conduct R&D activity under the expectation of suitable mobility for any vehicle area


Contents




Lubricant Specifications


4. Summary


Engine Oil Specifications

Industrial Specifications

OEM In-house Specifications

Engine Oil Specifications

National/Military Specifications

ACEA (Europe)

JASO (Japan)

ILSAC (International)

API (U.S)



ILSAC

AOAP

ILSACMembers

ASTM - Tests SAE Viscosity Grade

American Society forTesting & Materials

Oil API Starburst

API

ILSAC New

Specification

GM Chrysler

FordJAMA

Society of Automotive Engineers

EMA

International Lubricant Specification Advisory

Committee

Auto Oil Advisory Panel

AOAP

ILSAC – Industry Structure

ACCJapanese Automobile Manufacturer’s Association

Engine Manufacturer’s

AssociationAmerican Petroleum

InstituteOil Blenders / Marketers

American Chemistry Council

Additive Suppliers

U.S. OEM’s


API vs ILSACAPI SN with Resource Conserving is equivalent to ILSAC GF-5

API SN Resource Conserving ILSAC GF-5

=+Fuel Efficiency

Emission System Protection

Turbocharger Protection

Ethanol-containing Fuels up to E85

Engine Robustness

APIDonut

ILSACStarburst

0W-200W-20

DetergencyOxidation StabilityWear ProtectionRust ProtectionCorrosion Protection

::

Note: All viscosity grades Note: Viscosity grades are limited to SAE 0W, 5W, and 10W multigrade oils.



0

1

2

3

4

5

Fuel Economy

Emission Control System

Detergency

Rust & CorrosionProtection

OxidationStability

WearProtection

E85 EmulsionRetention

Seal Compatibility

GF‐5

GF‐4

GF‐3

GF‐2

GF‐1

GF-5 Performance Relative to the past GF-X

No PerformanceChange

NewRequirement Improved

Performance



ILSAC GF-6 Direction• Improved fuel economy and fuel economy retention

• Higher FEI in Sequence VID (or equivalent test)• Longer oil aging, equivalent to 8,000 to 10,000 miles

• Improved engine oil robustness and wear protection required to protect engines in all global markets

• Improved IIIG, IVA and VG (or equivalent tests) performance

• Not cause low speed pre-ignition• Viscosity requirements will reflect changes to SAE

J300 viscosity grades• Timing: First License Date January 2015

• Will coincide with introduction of replacement Sequence Tests presently under development


ILSAC GF-6 Timeline


GF-6 Engine Test Availability Issues

• Four engine tests are being replaced or updated for GF-6

Test Description SponsorSequence IIIH – Oxidation Stability & Piston GM

Deposit Test

Sequence IVB – Valve Train Wear Test ToyotaSequence VH – Sludge & Deposit Test FordSequence VID – Fuel Economy Test GM


New Tests For GF-6 Is there a need for additional tests?

1. LSPI2. Turbocharger Deposit 3. Used Oil Aeration test

Will new low viscosity oils need different engine tests?


Turbocharged DI-SI

Natural Aspiration SI

Conventional Turbo SI

0 2000 4000 6000Engine Speed (rpm)

BM

EP

Intercept Point

Fig.1 Turbocharged DISI Engine Torque Curve Fig.2 Possible Mechanism of LSPI

Pre-Ignition due to Oil Droplet Auto-ignition

About Pre-Ignition

・Downsized SI engines equipped with turbocharger and direct-injection system have been increased for better fuel economy performance

・LSPI (Low-speed Pre-ignition) restricts low-speed torque improvement significantly

・LSPI is considered to begin at oil droplet auto-ignition


Engine Oil Impact - Base Oil -

Less Volatile More Volatile

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30NOACK [%]

LSP

I fre

quen

cy [-

]

Same Additives (A to E) The Others (F, X, Y)

Less Volatile More Volatile

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30NOACK [%]

LSP

I fre

quen

cy [-

]

Same Additives (A to E) The Others (F, X, Y) Same Additives (A to E) The Others (F, X, Y)

A(GrⅠ)

B(GrⅡ)

C(GrⅢ)

D(PAO)

E(PAO

High-Vis)

0

1

2

3

4

5

LSP

I fre

quen

cy [-

] LSPI decrease

Fig.4 Base Oils Effects on LSPI Fig.5 Volatility Effects on LSPI

・Base oil types affect significantly on LSPI frequency (Fig.4)・Base oil volatility is not effective property on LSPI frequency (Fig.5)

→ LSPI frequency depends on base oil oxidation reactivity, not on base oil volatility


Engine Oil Impact - Additive -

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

No.1 BaselineNo.2 0.2CaNo.3 0.3Ca

Baseline OilCa = 0.1mass% as Ca Sulfonate AP = 0.06 mass% as ZnDTPPhenolic AO = 1 as relative scale

Ca, mass%

LSP

I fre

quen

cy

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

No.1 BaselineNo.2 0.2CaNo.3 0.3Ca


Ca, mass%

LSP

I fre

quen

cy

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.05 0.1

No.1 BaselineNo.4 0.03MoNo.5 0.07Mo


Mo, mass%

LSPI

freq

uenc

y

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.05 0.1

No.1 BaselineNo.4 0.03MoNo.5 0.07Mo


Mo, mass%

LSPI

freq

uenc

y

LSPI

freq

uenc

y

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 0.1 0.2

No.1 BaselineNo.10 0.10P

No.11 0.15P


P, mass%

Fig.3 Additive Effects (Ca, Mo, P) on LSPI

Additives have a significant effects on LSPI frequencyCa-detergents promote LSPI, whereas ZnDTP and MoDTC inhibit LSPI


JAMA / ILSAC Proposal

New SAE J300 Low Viscosity Grade Proposal



0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Korea*

Japan

Australi

aThail

and

Malays

ia*Ta

iwan

Singap

oreChina

Indonesia

India*

Vietnam

Philippines

API SM

API SL

API SJ

API SH

API SG

Below SG

*2009 Data

PCMO Quality in Asia (2008)



0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Japa

nKorea

*Taiw

anChina

Malays

ia*Thail

and

Austra

liaIndon

esia

Philippines

India*Singap

oreViet

nam

XW-20XW-30XW-40XW-50MonoOthers

*2009 Data

PCMO Viscosity in Asia (2008)


Contents




Lubricant Specifications


4. Summary


Development of lubricants for the environmental protection

Requirement to Lubricants

COCO2 2 ReductionReduction

New power sourceNew power source (HV, EV, FCHV)

COCO22 reduction at a production and a disposalreduction at a production and a disposal

Friction reductionFriction reductionFuel economyFuel economytechnologytechnology Transmission efficiencyTransmission efficiency

Combustion improvementCombustion improvementLight weight, Moving resistance reductionLight weight, Moving resistance reduction

Clean AirClean Air

After treatmentAfter treatmenttechnologiestechnologies

Combustion efficiency Combustion efficiency 、、Direct injection, Variable Valve Timing,Direct injection, Variable Valve Timing,Super charge etc.Super charge etc.

Poisoning , Clogging Poisoning , Clogging reductionreduction

Three way catalyst, NOThree way catalyst, NOｘｘ storagestorage--reduction catalyst, DPR, DPNR etcreduction catalyst, DPR, DPNR etc

Engine improvementEngine improvement Keep the durabilityKeep the durability such assuch asantianti--wear performancewear performance


SteeringSteering Fuel PumpFuel Pump DifferentialDifferential

Gear, Bearing, OilLSDViscous Coupling Plate

AuxiliaryAuxiliary

BrakeBrakePad/Disc, Piston/CylinderSeal/Cylinder

EngineEngine

PistonPiston Ring/Cilinder BoreBearing, SealCam/Cam FollowerValve/Valve GuideValve/Valve SheetOil

TransmissionTransmission（AT）Wet Clutch, Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil（MT）Dry Clutch, SNR,Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil

Tribological Parts in Automobile

Belt/PulleyWater PumpAlternaterCompresserElectromagne-tic ClutchSeal/Bearing

SeatSeat

Pump BodyCommutator,Bearing

Joint, Gear, Bearing,Power Steering Pump

Fabric

DifferentialDifferentialEngineEngine

TransmissionTransmission

Gear, Bearing, OilLSDViscous Coupling Plate

PistonPiston Ring/Cilinder BoreBearing, SealCam/Cam FollowerValve/Valve GuideValve/Valve SheetOil

（AT, CVT, HV）Wet Clutch, Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil(CVT)Belt, Pulley（MT）Dry Clutch, SNR,Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil

EngineEngine DifferentialDifferential

TransmissionTransmission

KSTLE 2012 @ Jeju, KOREAFu

el E

ffici

ency

Impr

ovem

ent (

%)

1990 20000

10

5

15

DesignDesign&&

Material Material

LubricantLubricant

Engine Oil SJ 5W-20

Engine Oil DL-1/C2 0W-30

Engine Oil SM 0W - 20, Low viscosity MTF and DGO

Low viscosity ATF

Engine Oil SG 5W-30

Engine Oil SL 5W-20 and CVTF

ATF for Flex Lock-up

Low μpiston-skirt coating

Aluminum valve-lifterNitriding piston- ring and Aluminum sliding-bearing

AT friction material for Flex Lock-up

TiN shim and Sintered synchronizer-ring

Resin overlays on sliding bearingsD-4 pump Ti-N lifter

High μ AT frictionmaterials


Concept of Friction Reduction on the Streibeck CurveFr

ictio

n C

oeffi

cien

t

Boundary Mixed Hydrodynamic

FM

Viscosity Reduction

ｈ＞10－５cmｈ＝０

Hi-Load, Hi- Temp., Low-Vis.

Valve trainPiston / Cylinder

Bearing

Fric

tion

Coe

ffici

ent

Boundary Mixed Hydrodynamic

FM

Viscosity Reduction

ｈ＞10－５cmｈ＝０

Hi-Load, Hi- Temp., Low-Vis.

Valve trainPiston / Cylinder

Bearing

Striveck CurveFriction reduction technology must be applied that pertain specifically to each lubrication condition


Impact of the engine oil viscosity on fuel economyHTHS Viscosity@150C

(Valve-train;Bucket Type ) (Roller-follower Type)

HTHS Vis. (mPaHTHS Vis. (mPa・・s)s)

Ref. Ref. ：： HRHR--7755

44

33

22

11

002.22.2 2.62.6 3.03.0 3.43.4

95%95%Confidence RangeConfidence Range

Fuel

Eco

nom

y Im

prov

emen

t (%

)Fu

el E

cono

my

Impr

ovem

ent

(%)

SAE30SAE30SAE20SAE20

(LA(LA--4 Mode)4 Mode)

Fuel

eco

nom

y im

prov

emen

t Fu

el e

cono

my

impr

ovem

ent

EngineEngine：：1.0 liter OHC1.0 liter OHC

1.5%1.5%

2.5%2.5%

HTHS Vis.HTHS Vis.（（mPamPa･･ss））

（（2.92.9）（（2.62.6）（（2.42.4））））

(Toyota(Toyota；；SAE982506)SAE982506) (Honda;SAE1999(Honda;SAE1999--0101--34683468））


High Viscosity Index (=Lowering Viscosity at actual Temperature)can improve Fuel Economy

Impact of the engine oil viscosity on fuel economyKinematic Viscosity @ actual temperature

2-2. Research of Fuel Economy -Hydrodynamic condition -

Low friction is possible in Hydrodynamic condition by low viscosity oil at low temperature, because oil temperature start from 25 C at EC cold mode*4

10-15 mode

90℃ 25℃

EC Cold mode

℃ ℃

Time (s) Time (s)

V V

*4 European fuel economy test mode

0.8% Fuel Economy Improvement by High VI*5 oil (low viscosity at low temperature)0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

20℃ ４０℃ ６０℃ ８０℃ １００℃

Kinematicv Viscosity

B1 5W-30

0W-20

0W-30-1

0W-30-2

0W-30-1 →　0W-30-2High VI (Viscosity Index)

*5 Viscosity Index

EC Cold mode simulation resultOil Fuel Economy

0W-30-1 0.2%0W-30-2 0.8%

Compare w/ B1 5W-30

Fuel Economy Mode

Viscosity - Temperature

Source：Kaneko et al,SAE2009-01-1845


Source：B.Dohner et.al,SAE 2011-01-5063

New Friction Modifier Technologyfor Fuel Economy

This novel friction modifier technology contains only nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen (NOCH).

Evaluation of this oil produced strong passing results of Fuel Economy Test.

Sample:0W-20 Prototype Engine Oil


SummarySummary

Environmental Issues (CO2 reduction and Clean emission) are the most important.

We are developing new automotive technologiesvery aggressively for the environment

To introduce environmental friendly vehicle technology,lubricant quality is essential.

Expectations: High performance lubricants for environment friendly vehicle


Thank you for kindly attentionThank you for kindly attention

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