automobile usa

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An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is awheeledmotor vehicleused fortransportingpassengers,

which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are

designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels,

and to be constructed principally for thetransportof people rather than goods.[3]

The term motorcarhas also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which

functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive

cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.[4]

There are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car per eleven

people).[5][6]Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they

burn over a billion cubic meters (260 billion US gallons) of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The

numbers are increasing rapidly, especially inChinaandIndia.[7]

Contents

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1 Etymology

2 History

3 Mass production

4 Weight

5 Fuel and propulsion technologies

6 Safety

7 Costs and benefits

8 Environmental impact

9 Other negative effects

10 Driverless cars

11 Future car technologies

12 Open source development

13 Alternatives to the automobile

14 Industry

15 Market

16 See also

17 References

18 Further reading

19 External links
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powder(driedLycopodiummoss), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de

Rivaz used a mixture ofhydrogenandoxygen.[17]Neither design was very successful, as was the case

with others, such asSamuel Brown,Samuel Morey, andEtienne Lenoirwith hishippomobile, who each

produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by clumsy internal combustion

engines.[18]

In November 1881, French inventorGustave Trouvdemonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile

powered by electricity at theInternational Exposition of Electricity, Paris.[19]

Karl Benz, the inventor of the modern automobile

Although several other German engineers (includingGottlieb Daimler,Wilhelm Maybach, andSiegfried

Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time,Karl Benzgenerally is acknowledged as

theinventorof the modern automobile.[18]

An automobile powered by his ownfour-stroke cycle gasoline enginewas built inMannheim,Germanyby

Karl Benz in 1885, and granted apatentin January of the following year under the auspices of his major

company,Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was anintegraldesign, without the adaptation of

other existing components, and included several new technological elements to create a new concept. He

began to sell his production vehicles in 1888.
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built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up

shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware

of each others' early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies,

Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG.

Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes, that

was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set byEmil Jellinek. This was a production

of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a

new model DMG automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach

engine which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own.

Rights to the Daimlerbrand name were sold to other manufacturers.

Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to

deteriorate in Germany following theFirst World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it

initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions

worsened and, in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both

enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed their

automobile models jointly, although keeping their respective brands. On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and

DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benzcompany, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes Benz, as a

brand honoring the most important model of the DMG automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to

as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of

directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at times, his two sons participated in themanagement of the company as well.

In 1890,mile LevassorandArmand PeugeotofFrancebegan producing vehicles with Daimler engines,

and so laid the foundation of the automobile industry in France.

The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in

1877 byGeorge SeldenofRochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for an automobile in 1879,

but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of sixteen years and

a series of attachments to his application, on November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States

patent (U.S. Patent 549,160) for atwo-strokeautomobile engine, which hindered, more than encouraged,development of automobiles in theUnited States. His patent was challenged byHenry Fordand others,

and overturned in 1911.

In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by theDuryea

brothersofSpringfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of theDuryea Motor Wagontook place on

September 21, 1893, on Taylor Street inMetro CenterSpringfield.[20][21]To construct the Duryea Motor
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Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 HP, single

cylinder gasoline engine.[20]The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition.

It was road-tested again on November 10, when theThe Springfield Republicannewspaper made the

announcement.[20]This particular car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it

was rescued by Inglis M. Uppercu and presented to theUnited States National Museum.[20]

InBritain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success,

withThomas Ricketteven attempting a production run in 1860.[22]Santlerfrom Malvern is recognized by

the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-powered car in the country in

1894[23]followed byFrederick William Lanchesterin 1895, but these were both one-offs.[23]The first

production vehicles in Great Britain came from theDaimler Motor Company, a company founded byHarry

J. Lawsonin 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its

first automobiles in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[23]

In 1892, German engineerRudolf Dieselwas granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine".

In 1897, he built the firstDiesel Engine.[18]Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for

decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.

Although variouspistonless rotary enginedesigns have attempted to compete with the

conventionalpistonandcrankshaftdesign, onlyMazda's version of theWankel enginehas had more than

very limited success.

Mass production

Ransom E. Olds

The large-scale,production-linemanufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted byRansom

Oldsat hisOldsmobilefactory in 1902 based on theassembly linetechniques pioneered byMarc

Isambard Brunelat thePortsmouth Block Mills, England in 1802. The assembly line style of mass

production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the U.S. byThomas Blanchardin 1821, at
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ipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_E._Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-stein-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-Beaulieu-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J._Lawsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J._Lawsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-Beaulieu-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Lanchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-Beaulieu-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santler_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-V.26VCars-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickett_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-ausbcomp.com-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-ausbcomp.com-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Springfield_Republicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-ausbcomp.com-19


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theSpringfield ArmoryinSpringfield, Massachusetts.[24]This concept was greatly expanded byHenry

Ford, beginning in 1914.

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in fifteen minute intervals, much faster than previous methods,

increasing productivity eightfold (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using

less manpower.[25]It was so successful,paintbecame a bottleneck. OnlyJapan blackwould dry fast

enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-

dryingDucolacquerwas developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford'sapocryphalremark, "any color as

long as it's black".[25]In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.[25]

Portrait ofHenry Ford(ca. 1919)

Ford's complex safety proceduresespecially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of

allowing them to roam aboutdramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and

high efficiency is called "Fordism," and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the

assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the United States. The assembly line forced

workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while

other countries were using less productive methods.

In theautomotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing the foundingof Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921,Citroenwas

the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon, companies had to have

assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had disappeared.[25]

Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers

competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electricignitionand the electric self-
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starter (both byCharles Kettering, for theCadillacMotor Company in 19101911),

independentsuspension, and four-wheel brakes.

Ford Model T, 1927, regarded as the first affordable American automobile

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans

often have heavily influenced automobile design. It wasAlfred P. Sloanwho established the idea of

different makes of cars produced by one company, so buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved.

Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume

resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s,LaSalles, sold byCadillac, used

cheaper mechanical parts made byOldsmobile; in the 1950s,Chevroletshared hood, doors, roof, and

windows withPontiac; by the 1990s, corporatepowertrainsand sharedplatforms(with

interchangeablebrakes, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers couldafford high costs, and even companies with decades of production, such

asApperson,Cole,Dorris,Haynes, orPremier, could not manage: of some two hundred American car

makers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with theGreat Depression, by 1940, only 17

of those were left.[25]

In Europe much the same would happen.Morrisset up its production line atCowleyin 1924, and soon

outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practise ofvertical integration,

buyingHotchkiss(engines),Wrigley(gearboxes), andOsberton(radiators), for instance, as well as

competitors, such asWolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41% of total British car production. Most British small-

car assemblers, fromAbbeytoXtrahad gone under. Citroen did the same in France, coming to cars in

1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such asRenault's10CVandPeugeot's5CV, they

produced 550,000 cars in 1925, andMors,Hurtu, and others could not compete.[25]Germany's first mass-

manufactured car, theOpel4PS Laubfrosch(Tree Frog), came off the line atRusselsheimin 1924, soon

making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5% of the market.[25]

See also:Automotive industry
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Weight

Weight is a very important aspect of a car, influencing fuel consumption and performance. General weight

estimates are as follows:

compact car: 1500 kg to 2250 kg

mid-size car: 2250 to 2700

minivans, SUV's: 2500 to 3500 kg[26]

According to a research conducted byJulian Allwoodof theUniversity of Cambridge, global energy use

could be heavily reduced by using lighter cars, and an average weight of 500 kg has been said to be well

achievable.[27]

In some competitions such as theShell Eco Marathon, average car weights of 45 kg have also been

achieved.

[28][29]

These cars are only single-seaters (still falling within the definition of a car, although 4-seater cars are more common), but it nevertheless demonstrates the huge degree in which car weights

can still be reduced, and the forthfluing lower fuel use (i.e. up to a fuel use of 2560 km/l.[30]

Fuel and propulsion technologies

TheNissan Leafis an all-electric carlaunched in December 2010

See also:Alternative fuel vehicle

Most automobiles in use today are propelled by ainternal combustion engine, fueled

bydeflagrationofgasoline(also known as petrol) ordiesel. Both fuels are known to causeair

pollutionand are also blamed for contributing toclimate changeandglobal warming.[31]Rapidly

increasingoil prices, concerns aboutoil dependence, tightening environmentallawsand restrictions

ongreenhouse gasemissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for automobiles. Effortsto improve or replace existing technologies include the development ofhybrid vehicles,plug-in electric

vehiclesandhydrogen vehicles. Vehicles usingalternative fuelssuch asethanolflexible-fuel

vehiclesandnatural gas vehiclesare also gaining popularity in some countries.

Safety

Main articles:Car safetyandAutomobile accident
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Result of a serious automobile accident

While road traffic injuries represent the leading cause in worldwide injury-related deaths,[32]their

popularity undermines this statistic.

Mary Wardbecame one of the first documented automobile fatalities in 1869 inParsonstown,

Ireland[33]andHenry Blissone of theUnited States' firstpedestrianautomobile casualties in 1899 inNew

York.[34]There are now standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like theEuroNCAPand the US

NCAP tests,[35]and insurance industry-backed tests by theInsurance Institute for Highway

Safety(IIHS).[36]

Costs and benefits

Further information:Automotive industry

Main article:Economics of automobile usage

The costs of automobile usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring thevehicle,repairs,maintenance,fuel,depreciation, injury, driving time,parking fees,tirereplacement,taxes,

andinsurance,[37]are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits

perceived and real of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility,

independence and convenience.[12]

Main article:Effects of the automobile on societies

Similarly the costs to society of encompassing automobile use, which may include those of:maintaining

roads,land use,pollution,public health,health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life,

can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that automobile use generates. The societalbenefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of automobile production and

maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and

revenue generation from thetaxopportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place

has far reaching implications for the nature of societies.[38]

Environmental impact
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11/18

See also:automobile emissions

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent aworldwide

viewof the subject. Pleaseimprove this articleand discuss the issue on thetalk

page.(June 2010)

Transportation is a major contributor toair pollutionin most industrialised nations. According to theAmerican Surface Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Americans are breathing unhealthy air.

Their study showed air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has worsened over the last decade.[39]In

the United States the average passenger car emits 11,450 pounds (5,190 kg) of thegreenhouse

gas,carbon dioxideannually, along with smaller amounts ofcarbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,

andnitrogen.[40]

Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by automobiles viahabitat destructionand pollution.

Over the lifetime of the average automobile the "loss of habitat potential" may be over 50,000 square

meters (540,000 sq ft) based onprimary productioncorrelations.[41]

Fuel taxesmay act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less polluting, car designs

(e.g.hybrid vehicles) and the development ofalternative fuels. High fuel taxes may provide a strong

incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive. On average,

today's automobiles are about 75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use

and pollution.[42]In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been

debated regularly, passenger car standards have not risen above the 27.5 miles per US gallon

(8.55 L/100 km; 33.0 mpg-imp) standard set in 1985. Lighttruckstandards have changed more frequently,

and were set at 22.2 miles per US gallon (10.6 L/100 km; 26.7 mpg-imp) in 2007.

[43]

Alternative fuelvehiclesare another option that is lesspollutingthan conventionalpetroleumpowered vehicles.

Other negative effects

Residents of low-density, residential-only sprawling communities are also more likely to die incar

collisions[original research?] which kill 1.2 million people worldwide each year, and injure about forty times this

number.[32]Sprawl is more broadly a factor in inactivity andobesity, which in turn can lead to increased

risk of a variety of diseases.[44]

Millions of animals are also killed every year on roads by automobilesso-calledRoadkill.

Driverless cars

Main article:Driverless car
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12/18

A roboticVolkswagen Passatshown atStanford Universityis adriverless car

Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as robotic cars, or driverless cars, already exist in prototype, and

are expected to be commercially available around 2020. According to urban designer and futuristMichael

E. Arth, driverless electric vehiclesin conjunction with the increased use ofvirtual realityfor work, travel,

and pleasurecould reduce the world's 800 million vehicles to a fraction of that number within a fewdecades.[45]This would be possible if almost all private cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and

parked 90% of the time, would be traded for public self-driving taxis that would be in near constant use.

This would also allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular needa bus could come for a

group of people, a limousine could come for a special night out, and a Segway could come for a short trip

down the street for one person. Children could be chauffeured in supervised safety,DUIswould no longer

exist, and 41,000 lives could be saved each year in the US alone.[46][47]

Future car technologies

Main article:Future car technologies

This section needs additionalcitationsforverification. Please helpimprove this

articleby addingreliable references. Unsourced material may

bechallengedandremoved.(June 2010)

Automobile propulsiontechnology under development includegasoline/electricandplug-in

hybrids,battery electric vehicles,hydrogen cars,biofuels, and variousalternative fuels.

Research into future alternative forms of power include the development offuel cells,Homogeneous

Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI),stirling engines,[48]and even using the stored energy of

compressed air orliquid nitrogen.New materials which may replace steel car bodies includeduraluminum,fiberglass,carbon fiber,

andcarbon nanotubes.

Telematicstechnology is allowing more and more people to share cars, on apay-as-you-gobasis,

through such schemes asCity Car Clubin theUK,Mobilityinmainland Europe, andZipcarin the US.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_car_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_car_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_car_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_CarSharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_CarSharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_CarSharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hands-free_Driving.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hands-free_Driving.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_CarSharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_car_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat


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Communication is also evolving due toconnected carsystems.

Open source development

There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the principles ofopen design. The projects

includeOScar,Riversimple(through 40fires.org)[49]and c,mm,n.[50]None of the projects have reachedsignificant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both from hardware and software perspective

and no mass production ready open-source based design have been introduced as of late 2009. Some

carhackingthroughon-board diagnostics(OBD) has been done so far.[51]

Alternatives to the automobile

Main article:Alternatives to the automobile

Established alternatives for some aspects of automobile use includepublic

transit(buses,trolleybuses,trains,subways,monorails,tramways),cycling,walking,rollerblading,skateb

oarding,horseback ridingand using avelomobile.Car-sharearrangements andcarpoolingare also

increasingly popularthe US market leader in car-sharing has experienced double-digit growth in revenue

and membership growth between 2006 and 2007, offering a service that enables urban residents to

"share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods.[52]Bike-sharesystems have

been tried in some European cities, includingCopenhagenandAmsterdam. Similar programs have been

experimented with in a number of US Cities.[53]Additional individual modes of transport, such aspersonal

rapid transitcould serve as an alternative to automobiles if they prove to be socially accepted.[54]

Industry

Main article:Automotive industry

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world'smotor vehicles.

In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, includingcarsandcommercial vehicleswere produced

worldwide.[55]

In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9 million inEurope, 21.4 million

inAsia-Pacific, 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million inLatin America, 2.4 million in theMiddle

Eastand 1.4 million inAfrica.[56]The markets inNorth AmericaandJapanwere stagnant, while those

inSouth Americaand other parts ofAsiagrew strongly. Of the majormarkets,China,Russia,BrazilandIndiasaw the most rapid growth.

About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million

cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel

yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.[7]In the opinion of some, urban

transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy,
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ki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-plunkettresearch.com-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-plunkettresearch.com-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-plunkettresearch.com-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile#cite_note-plunkettresearch.com-6http://en.wiki

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