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AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

K.G.MAHESWARAN

Automobile Engineering

Automobile engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with everything about automobiles and practices to propel them

Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and it is used for transportation of passengers and goods on the ground.

Automobile can also be defined as “A vehicle which can move by itself”

Today- seven custom-equipped self-driving GOOGLE cars

200,000 miles on the road without crashing

Toyota--Automated Highway Driving Assist (AHDA) system lets vehicles communicate wirelessly to avoid running into each other

1672-First steam-powered vehicle as a toy presented to Emperor of China

HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE

History of Automobiles The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor.

It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile

The first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo daVinci and Isaac Newton.

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The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile – with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz

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19561771

1885

2015

1876 - Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle”

1769 First self-propelled road vehicle(military tractor)

French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 – 1804)Powered by steam engine

Speed of 2.5 mph on only three wheels

The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power.

The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front .

Cugnot’s Steam Car

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Old Engraving depicting the 1771 crash of Nicolas Joseph Cugnot's steam-powered car into a stone wall

•In 1789, the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land vehicle was granted to Oliver Evans

•In 1801, Richard Trevithick built a road carriage powered by steam - the first in Great Britain

•In Britain, from 1820 to 1840, steam-powered stagecoaches were in regular service

•Steam-driven road tractors (built by Charles Deitz) pulled passenger carriages around Paris and Bordeaux up to 1850

•In the United States, numerous steam coaches were built from 1860 to 1880

•Amedee Bollee Sr. built advanced steam cars from 1873 to 1883. The "La Mancelle" built in 1878, had a front-mounted engine, shaft drive to the differential, chain drive to the rear wheels, steering wheel on a vertical shaft and driver's seat behind the engine. The boiler was carried behind the passenger compartment.

•In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car that won a 200-mile race

•1680 - Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens designed (but never built) an internal combustion engine that was to be fueled with gunpowder.

•1807 - Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented an internal combustion engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen for fuel.

•1824 - English engineer, Samuel Brown adapted an old Newcomensteam engine to burn gas, and he used it to briefly power a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in London.

•1858 - Belgian-born engineer, Jean JosephÉtienne Lenoir invented and patented (1860) a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fueled by coal gas. In 1863, Lenoir attached an improved engine (using petroleum and a primitive carburetor) to a three-wheeled wagon that managed to complete an historic fifty-mile road trip. (See image at top)

A brief outline of the history of the internal combustion engine includes the following highlights:

•1862 - Alphonse Beau de Rochas, a French civil engineer, patented but did not build a four-stroke engine (French patent #52,593, January 16, 1862)

•1864 - Austrian engineer, Siegfried Marcus*, built a one-cylinder engine with a crude carburetor, and attached his engine to a cart for a rocky 500-foot drive. Several years later, Marcus designed a vehicle that briefly ran at 10 mph that a few historians have considered as the forerunner of the modern automobile by being the world's first gasoline-powered vehicle

•1873 - George Brayton, an American engineer, developed an unsuccessful two-stroke kerosene engine (it used two external pumping cylinders). However, it was considered the first safe and practical oil engine•1866 - German engineers, Eugen Langen and Nikolaus August Otto improved on Lenoir's and de Rochas' designs and invented a more efficient gas engine

•1876 - Nikolaus August Otto invented and later patented a successful four-stroke engine, known as the "Otto cycle".

•1876 - The first successful two-stroke engine was invented by Sir Dougald Clerk.

•1883 - French engineer, Edouard Delamare-Debouteville, built a single-cylinder four-stroke engine that ran on stove gas. It is not certain if he did indeed build a car, however, Delamare-Debouteville'sdesigns were very advanced for the time - ahead of both Daimler and Benz in some ways at least on paper.

•1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the "Reitwagen" (Riding Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.

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•1886 - On January 29, Karl Benz received the first patent (DRP No. 37435) for a gas-fueled car.

•1889 - Daimler built an improved four-stroke engine with mushroom-shaped valves and two V-slant cylinders.

•1890 - Wilhelm Maybach built the first four-cylinder, four-stroke engine

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Complementary Technologies for IC Engine-powered Automobiles

• Pneumatic tires (1888, Dunlop)• Cheap liquid fuels (Oil industry born in PA 1859) • Venturi effect carburetor (1892, Willi Maybach)• Variable mechanical transmission (primitive type by Levassor,

1891)• Electric starter (Kettering 1912)

The Importance of Nicolaus Otto

One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from NicolausAugust Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine. Otto built thefirst practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the "Otto CycleEngine," and as soon as he had completed his engine, he built it into a motorcycle.Otto's contributions were very historically significant, it was his four-stoke enginethat was universally adopted for all liquid-fueled automobiles going forward.

The Importance of Karl Benz

In 1885, German mechanical engineer, Karl Benz designed and built the world'sfirst practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine.OnJanuary 29, 1886, Benz received the first patent(DRP No. 37435) for a gas-fueledcar. It was a three-wheeler; Benz built his first four-wheeled car in 1891. Benz &Cie., the company started by the inventor, became the world's largestmanufacturer of automobiles by 1900. Benz was the first inventor to integrate aninternal combustion engine with a chassis - designing both together.

The Importance of Gottlieb Daimler

In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler (together with his design partner Wilhelm Maybach)took Otto's internal combustion engine a step further and patented what isgenerally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine. Daimler'sconnection to Otto was a direct one; Daimler worked as technical director ofDeutz Gasmotorenfabrik, which Nikolaus Otto co-owned in 1872. There is somecontroversy as to who built the first motorcycle Otto or Daimler.

The 1885 Daimler-Maybach engine was small, lightweight, fast, used a gasoline-injected carburetor, and had a vertical cylinder. The size, speed, and efficiency ofthe engine allowed for a revolution in car design. On March 8, 1886, Daimler tooka stagecoach and adapted it to hold his engine, thereby designing the world'sfirst four-wheeled automobile. Daimler is considered the first inventor to haveinvented a practical internal-combustion engine.

In 1889, Daimler invented a V-slanted two cylinder, four-stroke engine withmushroom-shaped valves. Just like Otto's 1876 engine, Daimler's new engine setthe basis for all car engines going forward. Also in 1889, Daimler and Maybachbuilt their first automobile from the ground up, they did not adapt anotherpurpose vehicle as they had always been done previously. The new Daimlerautomobile had a four-speed transmission and obtained speeds of 10 mph.

Daimler founded the Daimler Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1890 to manufacture hisdesigns. Eleven years later, Wilhelm Maybach designed the Mercedesautomobile.

*If Siegfried Marcus built his second car in 1875 and it was as claimed, it wouldhave been the first vehicle powered by a four-cycle engine and the first to usegasoline as a fuel, the first having a carburetor for a gasoline engine and the firsthaving a magneto ignition. However, the only existing evidence indicates thatthe vehicle was built circa 1888/89 - too late to be first.

The importance of Rene Panhard and Emile Levassor

Built their first car in 1890 using a Daimler engine.

Pedal-operated clutch, a chain transmission leading to a change-speed gearbox, and a front radiator.

Quickly became the standard for all cars because it gave a better balance and improved steering

First designer to move the engine to the front of the car and use a rear-wheel drive layout

Invention of the modern transmission - installed in their 1895 Panhard. (They are the first true manufacturers of modern automobile)

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The importance of Charles and Frank Duryea

America's first gasoline-powered commercial car manufacturers (bicycle makers)

Built their first motor vehicle in 1893, in Springfield, Massachusetts.

By 1896, the Duryea Motor Wagon Company had sold thirteen models of theDuryea, an expensive limousine, which remained in production into the 1920s.

The importance of Ransome Eli Olds

1901-The first automobile mass produced in the United States

“Curved Dash Oldsmobile”

Olds invented the basic concept of the assembly line and started the Detroit areaautomobile industry.

He produced 425 "Curved Dash Olds" in 1901, and was America's leading automanufacturer from 1901 to 1904.

Importance of Henry Ford

Invented an improved assembly line and installed the first conveyor belt-basedassembly line 1913-14.

The assembly line reduced production costs for cars by reducing assembly time.

1908 Model T 93 minutes.

Ford made his first car, called the "Quadricycle," in June, 1896.

1903-Ford Motor Company - third car manufacturing company formed toproduce the cars he designed.

Moving assembly lines in his factory in 1913, Ford became the world's biggestcar manufacturer.

By 1927, 15 million Model Ts had been manufactured.

FORD ASSEMBLY LINE

LOTUS ASSEMBLY LINE

Model T, first produced in 1908, kept the same design until the last one -- number 15,000,000

How Ford GOT Conveyer system for his automobile industry?

He was inspired by the meat-packing houses of Chicago and a grain mill conveyor belt he had seen.-

Before him Olds used conveyer in his auto factory Assembly of the Model T into 84 distinct steps

do time and motion studies

1913, the first moving assembly line ever used for large-scale manufacturing

German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888, regarded as the first electric car of the world

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1885-built Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car to go into production with an internal combustion engine

Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, therefore the earliest engines used gas mixtures. Early experimenters used gases

The second Marcus car of 1888 at the Technical Museum in Vienna

Louis Renault in 1903

T-model Ford car parked outside Geelong Library at its launch in 1915

•1966–present Toyota Corolla – a simple small Japanese saloon/sedan that has come to be the best-selling car of all time.

•1970–present Range Rover – the first take on the combination of luxury and four-wheel drive utility, the original ‘SUV’. Such was the popularity of the original Range Rover Classic that a new model was not brought out until 1994.

•1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class – electronic anti-lock braking system, supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt pretensioners, and electronic traction control systems all made their debut on the S-Class. These features would later become standard throughout the car industry.

•1975–present BMW 3 Series – the 3 Series has been on Car and Driver magazine’s annual Ten Best list 17 times, making it the longest running entry in the list.

History of Important Automobile Models •1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — this Japanese sedan became the most popular car in the United States in the 1990s, pushing the Ford Taurus aside, and setting the stage for today’s upscale Asian sedans.

•1981–1989 Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant — the “K-cars” that saved Chrysler as a major manufacturer. These models were some of the first successful American front-wheel drive, fuel-efficient compact cars.

•1983–present Chrysler minivans – the two-box minivan design nearly pushed the station wagon out of the market, and presaged today’s crossover SUVs.

•1984–present Renault Espace — first mass one-volume car of non-commercial MPV class.

•1986–present Ford Taurus — this mid-sized front-wheel drive sedan with modern computer-assisted design dominated the American market in the late 1980s, and created a design revolution in North America

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•1989–1999 Pontiac Trans Sport was one the first of the one-box cars.

•1997–present Toyota Prius, launched in the Japanese market, in September 2010 reached worldwide cumulative sales of two million units, becoming the best known hybrid electric vehicle in the world.

•1998–present Ford Focus — one of the most popular hatchbacks across the globe, also one of Ford’s best selling world cars.

•2008–present Tata Nano — an inexpensive (Rs.100,000), rear-engined, four-passenger city car built by the Indian company Tata Motors and is aimed primarily at the Indian domestic market.

•2008–present Tesla Roadster — the first highway-capable all-electric vehicle in serial production for sale in the United States in the modern era.

•2010–present, Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt — an all-electric car and a plug-in hybrid correspondingly, were launched in the U.S. and Japanese markets in December 2010, becoming the first mass production vehicles of their kind

2015 ?

TECHNOLOGIES IN GOOGLE CAR-Toyota Prius

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FUTURE ?

QUESTIONS ?