automatic rain

8/19/2019 automatic Rain

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AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER AND HEAD

LIGHT DIM & BRIGHT CONTROLLER

PROJECT REPORT 2012-2013

Submitted by:

SANALRAGHU.E NITHIN JOSEPH

SARATHU!AR ".! RENISH !.S

NIHIL .S

RO#IN. RO$

Guided by:

Submitted i% &'(ti') *u)*i))me%t +* t,e (eui(eme%t *+( t,eA'(d +* /i&)+m' i% AUTO!O#ILE ENINEERIG

#y t,e St'te #+'(d +* Te,%i') Edu'ti+% G+e(%me%t +*

T'mi)%'du C,e%%'i.

/e&'(tme%t :

College name:

Place:

COLLEGE LOGO


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NAN/HA POL$TECNIC COLLEGE

ERO/E

/EPART!ENT O AUTO!O#ILE ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

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DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED

PAREANTS


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED

WIPER AND HEAD LIGHT DIM

& BRIGHT CONTROLLER


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CONTENTS


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SNOPSIS

LIST O! !IGURES

NOMENCLATURE

1 I%t(+duti+%

2 Lite('tu(e (eie

3 /e4(i&ti+% +* eui&me%t4

3.1 #'tte(y3.2 L/R

3.? C+m&'('t+(

3.@ !+t+(

3. C+%t(+) u%it

> /('i%7?


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LIST OF FIGURES


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LIST O! !IGURES

!"#$r%

N$m%r T"'%

1 !+t+( 2 Oe(')) /i'7('m


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SYNOSPSIS


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SNOPSIS

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'( b'5 '%d *+(t,. T+d'y m+4t +* u4 t'5e +u( e)et(i i%d4,ie)d i&e(4 *+( 7('%ted. T,e

i&e(4 *'it,*u))y 5ee& t,e i%d+ )e'( m+i%7 b'5 '%d *+(t, '(+44 t,e i%d4,ie)d

+u%t)e44 time4 '4 t,ey 4ee& t,e 'te( ''y. O% t,ei( ,i7,e4t 4&eed t,ey m+e

im&(e44ie)y *'4t. T,i4 &(+;et de')4 it, 'ut+m'ti ('i% +&e('ted i&e( .

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION


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CHAPTER *

INTRODUCTION

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b)'de 'tt',ed t+ t,e +t,e(. T,e b)'de i4 4u%7 b'5 '%d *+(t, +e( t,e 7)'44 &u4,i%7

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*'))4 t,e d(ie( ,'4 t+ 4e%4e it '%d 4it, +% t,e butt+% t,'t 'tu'te4 t,e i&e(.

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+&e('ted i&e(4 (u% by b)eedi%7 ' 4m')) 'm+u%t +* 'i( &(e44u(e *(+m t,e b('5e 4y4tem t+

' 4m')) 'i( +&e('ted m+t+( m+u%ted ;u4t 'b+e t,e i%d4(ee%. T,e4e i&e(4 '(e 'ti'ted

by +&e%i%7 ' ')e ,i, '))+4 &(e44u(ied 'i( t+ e%te( t,e m+t+(.

S+ i% +%e%ti+%') i&e( 4y4tem ,e% t,e ('i% i% +u( &(+;et e ,'e i%4t'))ed

' 4e%4+( t+ detet t,e ('i%*')) '%d 'tu'te t,e i&e( 'ut+m'ti'))y.


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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY


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CHAPTER+II

LITERATURE SURVE

WIPER

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)ee( i%4ide t,e '( b'5 '%d *+(t,. T+d'y m+4t +* u4 t'5e +u( e)et(i

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m+i%7 b'5 '%d *+(t, '(+44 t,e i%d4,ie)d +u%t)e44 time4 '4 t,ey 4ee&

t,e 'te( ''y. O% t,ei( ,i7,e4t 4&eed t,ey m+e im&(e44ie)y *'4t

4+metime4 4,'5i%7 t,e '( *(+m 4ide t+ 4ide.


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In the past, automakers have tried to either eliminate the wipers

or to control their speed automatically. Some of the schemes involved

detecting the vibrations caused by individual raindrops hitting the

windshield, applying special coatings that did not allow drops to form,

or even ultrasonically vibrating the windshield to break up the droplets

so they don't need to be wiped at all. But these systems were

plagued by problems and either never made it to production or was

quickly axed because they annoyed more drivers than they pleased.

owever, a new type of wiper system is starting to appear on a

car that actually does a good !ob of detecting the amount of water on

the windshield and controlling the wipers.

But we thought of a better idea of detecting the rain, which is

less costly and simple in construction. "e used a pair of copper

plates, to one of the plates the current is passed while the other is

connected to microcontroller.

←


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CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT


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CHAPTER-III

DESCRIPTION OFEQUIPMENT

3.1 BATTERY

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar

power. #he battery used is a lead$acid type and has a capacity of

%&v &.().the most inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell

and is widely used for commercial purposes. ) lead acid cell when

ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid

*&S+- of specific gravity about %.&.the positive plate *anode- is of

/ead 0peroxide *1b+&- which has chocolate brown colour and the

negative plate *cathode- is lead *1b- which is of grey colour.

"hen the cell supplies current to a load *discharging-, the chemical

action that takes place forms lead sulphate *1bS+- on both the

plates with water being formed in the electrolyte. )fter a certain

amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell,both plates are

#ransformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the

electrolyte *&so- is lowerd.the cell is then said to be

discharged.there are several methods to ascertain whether the cell is

discharged or not.


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#o charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in

the reverse direction to that in which the cell provided current. #his

reverses the chemical process and again forms a lead peroxide

*1b+&- positive plate and a pure lead *1b- negative plate. )t the same

time,*&so- is formed at the expense of water,restoring the

electrolyte *&so - to its original condition. #he chemical changes that

+ccur during discharging and recharging of a lead$acid cell

3.1.1 BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:

In our pro!ect we are using secondary type battery. It is

rechargeable #ype. ) battery is one or more electrochemical cells,

which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current.

#here are two types of batteries, primary *disposable- and secondary

*rechargeable-, both of which convert chemical energy to electrical

energy. 1rimary batteries can only be used once because they use

up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can

be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible

they are recharged by running a charging current through the battery,

but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also

called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many


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times before wearing out. )fter wearing out some batteries can be

recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and

useful for many purposes. #he use of batteries has created many

environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. ) battery is a

device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy it

consists of one or more voltaic cells. 2ach voltaic cell consists of two

half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

+ne half$cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the

negative electrode. #he electrodes do not touch each other but are

electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or

liquid. ) battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source

which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load

depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the

resistance of the load.

"hen the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the

voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal

voltage source. )s the battery runs down and its internal resistance

increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance increases,


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so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to

deliver power to the load decreases.

DC MOTOR:

#he d.c generators and d.c motors have the same general

construction. "hen the machine is being assembled, the workmen

usually do not know whether it is a d.c generator or motor.any

d.c.generator can be run as a d.c.motor and vice versa. )ll

d.c.machines have five principal components vi3*i-4ield system *II-

armature core *iii- armature winding *iv-5ommutator *v- brushes

*i- 4I2/6 S7S#289

the function of the field system is to produce :niform field within

which the armature rotates.it consists of a number of salient poles*of

course, even number- bolted to the inside of circular frame *generally

called yoke-.the yoke is usually made of solid cast steel whereas the

pole piece are composed of stacked laminations. 4ield coils are

mounted on the poles and carry the d.c exciting current. #he field

coils are connected in such a way that ad!acent poles have opposite

polarity.#he m.m.f. developed by the coils produces a magnetic flux

that passes through the pole pieces,the air gap,the armature and the


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frame.practical d.c machines have air gaps ranging from ;.(mm to

%.(mm.since armature and field systems are composed of materials

that have permeability,most of the m.m.f.of field coils is required to

set up flux in the air gap.by reducing the length of air gap,we can

reduce the si3e of field coils*number of turns-.

*ii- )


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#he armature conductors are connected inseries$parallel9 the

conductors being connected in series so as to increase the voltage

and in parallel paths so as to increase the current. #he armature

winding of a d.c.machine is a closed 0circuit winding9 the

conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a

closed loop or series of closed loops.

*iv- 5+88:#)#+


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*v- B


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)nother key to streak$free operation is even pressure over the

length of the rubber blades. "iper blades are designed to attach in a

single point in the middle, but a series of arms branch out from the

middle like a tree, so the blade is actually connected in six to eight

places. If ice or snow forms on these arms, it can make the

distribution of pressure uneven, causing streaks under part of the

blade. Some wiper manufacturers make a special winter blade with a

rubber boot covering the arm assembly to keep snow and ice out.

3.3.SENSOR

#he sensor incorporated in our pro!ect detects the rainfall and

triggers the wiper motor to activate the wiper. #he sensor consists of

a pair of copper plates of % mm thick, separated by a distance of %

mm. +ne of the copper plates is connected to a ( battery, while the

other copper plate is connected to a micro controller which in turn is

connected to the wiper motor.

3.4.LDR

/6< means light dependent resistor. It is a component that

changes with the light Intensity that falls upon it. #hey have a


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resistance that falls with an increase in the light Intensity falling upon

the device. #here are many applications for /ight 6ependent


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3.6.MOTOR

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple

electromagnetism. ) current$carrying conductor generates a magnetic

field when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will

experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to

the strength of the external magnetic field. )s you are well aware of

from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite *@orth and South-

polarities attract, while like polarities *@orth and @orth, South and

South- repel. #he internal configuration of a 65 motor is designed to

harness the magnetic interaction between a current$carrying


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conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational

motion.

/et's start by looking at a simple &$pole 65 electric motor *here

red represents a magnet or winding with a C@orthC polari3ation, while

green represents a magnet or winding with a CSouthC polari3ation-.

2very 65 motor has six basic parts $$ axle, rotor *armature-,

stator, commutator, field magnet*s-, and brushes. In most common

65 motors, the external magnetic field is produced by high$strength

permanent magnets. #he stator is the stationary part of the motor $$

this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent

magnet pole pieces. #he rotor *together with the axle and attached

commutator- rotate with respect to the stator. #he rotor consists of

windings *generally on a core-, the windings being electrically


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connected to the commutator. #he above diagram shows a common

motor layout $$ with the rotor inside the stator *field- magnets.

#he geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor

windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the

energi3ed winding and the stator magnet*s- are misaligned, and the

rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field

magnets. )s the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the

next commutator contacts, and energi3e the next winding. Aiven our

example two$pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current

through the rotor winding, leading to a CflipC of the rotor's magnetic

field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, 65 motors will always have more than two

poles *three is a very common number-. In particular, this avoids

Cdead spotsC in the commutator. 7ou can imagine how with our

example two$pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its

rotation *perfectly aligned with the field magnets-, it will get CstuckC

there. 8eanwhile, with a two$pole motor, there is a moment where the

commutator shorts out the power supply. #his would be bad for the

power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well.

http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/current.htmlhttp://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/current.html


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7et another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would

exhibit a high amount of torque CrippleC *the amount of torque it could

produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor-.

So since most small 65 motors are of a three$pole design, let's

tinker with the workings of one via an interactive animation

*DavaScript required-9


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) few things from this $$ namely, one pole is fully energi3ed at a

time *but two others are CpartiallyC energi3ed-. )s each brush

transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field

will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up *this

occurs within a few microsecond-. "e'll see more about the effects of

this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result

of the coil windings' series wiring9

#here's probably no better way to see how an average 65

motor is put together, than by !ust opening one up. :nfortunately this

http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/dc.htmlhttp://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/dc.html


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is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly

good motor.

#he guts of a disassembled 8abuchi 44$;E;$1@ motor *the

same model that Solarbotics sells- are available for *on %; lines F cm

graph paper-. #his is a basic E$pole 65 motor, with & brushes and

three commutator contacts.

#he use of an iron core armature *as in the 8abuchi, above- is

quite common, and has a number of advantages. 4irst off, the iron

core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings $$ a particularly

important consideration for high$torque motors. #he core also

conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be

driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core

construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other

construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. #he

iron armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor

acceleration. #his construction also results in high winding

inductances which limit brush and commutator life.


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In small motors, an alternative design is often used which

features a 'coreless' armature winding. #his design depends upon the

coil wire itself for structural integrity. )s a result, the armature is

hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted !"#$ the rotor

coil. 5oreless 65 motors have much lower armature inductance than

iron$core motors of comparable si3e, extending brush and

commutator life.

#he coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller

motors meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their rotors, coreless

motors are somewhat prone to overheating. )s a result, this design is

generally used !ust in small, low$power motors. Beamers will most

often see coreless 65 motors in the form of pager motors.


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)gain, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive $$ in

this case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. #he

guts of this disassembled motor are available *on %; lines F cm graph

paper-. #his is *or more accurately, was- a E$pole coreless 65 motor.

3.%.CONTROL UNIT

8icrocontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important

role in revolutioni3ing various industries and influencing our day to

day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since its emergence in

the early %G;'s the microcontroller has been recogni3ed as a

general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is

finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to

highly complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many

advantages, the application domain has spread in all conceivable

directions, making it ubiquitous. )s a consequence, it has generate a

great deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and

practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for imparting

the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and

development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their


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tremendous impact, the acute educational need created by them and

provides a glimpse of the ma!or application area.

) microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on

a single I5. 8icrocontrollers were developed to meet a need for

microprocessors to be put into low cost products. Building a complete

microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the

cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's

power to implement their function, because the microprocessor is a

natural way to implement many products. #his means the idea of

using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up often. But the

typical $bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a H;

and ;( is expensive. Both ;( and H; system need some

additional circuits to make a microprocessor system. 2ach part

carries costs of money. 2ven though a product design may requires

only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a

low cost product.

#o solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented

with a single chip microcontroller. #his could be called


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microcomputer, as all the ma!or parts are in the I5. 8ost frequently

they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used

to perform control functions.

#he microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

8I5


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CHAPTER-4

DRAWING


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5I


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B)##2


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DRAWING FOR AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER


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DRAWING FOR DIMMER AND DIPPER


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CHAPTER-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE


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CHAPTER-&I

WOR'ING PRINCIPLE

#he wipers combine three technologies to perform their task9

• ) sensor on the windscreen to sense the rain

• ) combination electric motor and worm gear reduction

provides power to the wipers.

•

) neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor

into the back$and$forth motion of the wipers.

Sensor is fixed in the wind screen. #his sensor is used to pass the

rain fall signal to the electrical circuits.

8+#+< )@6 A2)<


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their down position. #he circuit maintains power to the wipers until

they are parked at the bottom of the windshield, and then cuts the

power to the motor. #his circuit also parks the wipers between wipes

when they are on their intermittent setting.

) short cam is attached to the output shaft of the gear

reduction. #his cam spins around as the wiper motor turns. #he cam

is connected to a long rod as the cam spins, it moves the rod back

and forth. #he long rod is connected to a short rod that actuates the

wiper blade on the driver's side. )nother long rod transmits the force

from the driver$side to the passenger$side wiper blade. #he system

consists power supply unit, lighting system, /6< *light dependent

resistor-, comparator, and a relay. #he /6< is a light detecting

resistor, which output voltage varies depends on the environmental

light, it is connected with comparator for compare the reference

voltage and input voltage, when the sun light is dark, the /6< sends

low voltage to the comparator, so the reference voltage and /6<

output voltage are not matched with each other, then the comparator

triggers a high pulse from its output pin, this is given to the relay

driver circuit for control light brightness. If the environmental light is in

normal power the /6< output voltage will be equal to the reference

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/camshaft.htmhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/camshaft.htm


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voltage then the comparator triggers a low pulse to the relay driver

circuit, so the head light will glow normally. )lso there is one switch is

there to control the power to headlight, that is operated manually. If

that switch is in the +@ position then with respect to /6< input the

brightness will be control.


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CHAPTER -

MERITS


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CHAPTER-&II

MERITS

Simple in construction

/ow cost

2asy to maintain


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CHAPTER-!

APPLICATIONS


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CHAPTER-&III

APPLICATIONS

It is applicable for all type of four and heavy vehicle


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CHAPTER-"

LIST OF MATERIALS


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CHAPTER-I(

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

#he various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. P)*+$),$":

#he material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. #he various requirements to be satisfied

5an be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

#he following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. 1hysical

b. 8echanical

c. 4rom manufacturing point of view

d. 5hemical

#he various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

5onductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.


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#he various 8echanical properties 5oncerned are strength in tensile,

5ompressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

#he various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

5ast ability

"eld ability

Surface properties

Shrinkage

6eep drawing etc.

2. M!/,!0 "$:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.


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3. Q, R$)$#:

#his generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. 4or example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4.A, */ M,$):

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed.the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. S+$ *!"#$),*!:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. C*",:

)s in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utili3ation,appearance,and non$

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.


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CHAPTER-1#

COST ESTIMATION


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CHAPTER-(

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST

/athe, drilling, welding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost J


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CHAPTER-11

CONCLUSION


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CHAPTER-(I

CONCLUSION

#he pro!ect carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of automobile. It is very usefully for all four and heavy vehicles.

#his pro!ect has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.

1ro!ect has been designed to perform the entire requirement task

which has also been provided.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

%. 6esign data book $1.S.A.#ech.


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&. 8achine tool design handbook 05entral machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

E. Strength of 8aterials $


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