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Automated Vehicles

Annual Meeting and Trade Show December 2, 2015

Automated Vehicles?

Technology Adoption Rate

Play ‘button’ hides here

Evolution of the Automobile

1886 2015

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Birth of the “automobile”. The automobile wasn’t conceived overnight, the first commercially available and gas powered vehicle was created by Mercedes Benz in 1886. Not much has changed in the way we utilize the automobile as a tool. We still have to consciously operate it, whether or not it as 3 or 4 wheels. It may be more comfortable, faster, quieter, more fun to drive, but really it serves the same purpose it did nearly 130 years ago. Now, we are looking toward the birth of a truly “auto” “mobile”.

NHTSA’s Impact on Safety

airbags

1909 1958

1933 1966

1973

1989 2008

1998 2014

seatbelts Electronic stability control

V2V (2017) ?

Vehicle Design Standards

Cruise control (efficiency)

Supplemental Restraint System

(SRS)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Automobile technology has been controversial since the first Benz. In the 1940’s, automatic transmissions started to become popular as a convenience feature (not safety driven). In the 1950’s, seat belts were first introduced and were unpopular with car buyers. Questions such as “What if I get trapped inside?” were early indicators of controversial technology designed to save lives. 1966 – Seat belts were required by law in all new vehicles 1973 – Cruise control became popular for fuel efficiency, (oil crisis) (now standard on more than 70% of vehicles) In 1984, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 was passed to require new cars, starting with 1989 model year vehicles (excluding light trucks), to be equipped with a passive restraint for the driver (i.e. – an airbag or seat belt). 1998 - Airbags were required by law for all vehicles (cars and light trucks). 2008 – Electronic stability control began to be phased into all new vehicles mandatory by 2012 in all new vehicles. Nearly all of these safety features were recommended by NHTSA. Most are now standard on all OEM vehicles produced as of 2012

So why Automated Vehicles?

861 people killed in South Carolina in 2015

Transportation Challenges 32,675 highway deaths in 2014 2.3 million people injured in automobile crashes 6.1 million police reported crashes

5.5 BILLION Hours of travel delay $121 BILLION in cost for urban congestion ($186 B in 2030)

SAFETY

MOBILITY

ENVIRONMENT 2.9 BILLION gallons of wasted fuel 56 billion pounds of additional CO2

Distracted Driving

A person texting while driving is 6 times more likely to cause an accident than a drunk driver

Driving has become the distraction…

Potential of Automated Vehicles

Vastly Improve Safety

Greatly Reduce Congestion

No other set of technologies have been able to offer double-percentage point reductions in congestion and/or improvements in safety

Technologies making a car autonomous

• Anti-lock brakes(ABS)

• Electronic stability control (ESC)

• Adaptive Cruise Control

• Lane Departure Warning System

• Self Parking

• Automated Guided Vehicle Systems

Automatic Braking System • Senses an imminent distance with another vehicle or a velocity related

danger.

• Responds by either precharging the brakes or by applying the brakes to slow the vehicle without any driver input.

• Detects by radar, video, infrared, ultrasonic, GPS sensors.

• Introduced by Toyota.

Electronic Stability Control • A computerized technology improves vehicle's stability by detecting and

minimizing skids.

• Automatically applies the brakes.

• Helps to minimize a loss of control.

• ESC compares the driver's intended direction to the vehicle's actual direction

Adaptive Cruise Control

• Uses either a radar setup allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching another vehicle and accelerate again to the preset speed when traffic allows

• Mercedes was the first company to offer ACC to the world wide market in 1999.

• Lexus was the first company to offer ACC to the US market

Automotive Night Vision

• Increases a vehicle driver's perception and seeing distance in darkness or poor weather beyond the reach of the vehicle's headlights.

• Uses a thermographic camera.

• Cadillac first offered this worldwide in 2000.

Lane Departure Warning System

• A mechanism designed to warn a driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane

• Designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error, distraction and drowsiness.

• Mitsubishi offered in Japan only in 1992

• In 2005 Infiniti offered to US market.

Parking Assist • System uses sensors all around the car to guide it into a parallel parking

space

• Lexus LS 460 L with Advance Parking Guidance System

• The driver has to find a parking space,

• Position the car next to it, and use the in-cabin navigation screen to tell the car where it should go.

• The parking space needs to be 6 feet (1.8 meters) longer than the car

Technology • Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) (5.9 Ghz) • Cellular Network • Satellite Communications

Data Gathering/Information Exchange • Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) • Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)

Safety Critical Functions (steering/throttle) Not Affected (Operator is in control at all times)

Connected Vehicles Technology

• Sensors, Lidar, Radar, Cameras, GPS • Advanced computing and algorithms

Various Levels of Automation (defined by NHTSA)

Connected Vehicle technology is not required

Safety Critical Functions (steering/throttle) Affected Without Direct Driver Input

Autonomous Vehicles

Automated Vehicles

Presenter

Presentation Notes

“Automated” is the term FDOT has decided to use as an umbrella term than encompasses both “connected” vehicle technologies as well as “autonomous” vehicle technologies




Connected Vehicles Technology

• Sensors, Lidar, Radar, Cameras, GPS • Advanced computing and algorithms




Autonomous Vehicles

Presenter

Presentation Notes

“Automated” is the term FDOT has decided to use as an umbrella term than encompasses both “connected” vehicle technologies as well as “autonomous” vehicle technologies

Connected Vehicles

Infrastructure Data: Signal phase or timing

Speed Limit Average corridor delay

Vehicle Data: Lat, Long, Speed Brake Status,

Vehicle separation,

Infrastructure Data: Available space count,




Connected Vehicles

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Connected Vehicles Information includes data on vehicle speed, velocity (acceleration/braking), heading, path intent (turn or go straight through an intersection). No need to transmit sensitive information (personally identifiable). V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure) involves communication between the car and the roadway, traffic signals, bridges, and other pieces of additional infrastructure. V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) refers to communication directly between vehicles (“Here I Am” Device). Transmits information to alert vehicles of real-time conditions on the infrastructure

DSRC Technology: How it Works

• Data is transmitted 10 times/sec (300m range)

• Privacy is built-in (vehicle location is NOT intended to be recorded or tracked)

• Wi-Fi radio adapted for vehicle environment • Inexpensive to produce in quantity • Original FCC spectrum allocation in 1999,

revised in 2004 and 2006

Connected Vehicle Communications Technology: Benefits and Challenges

• Benefits of the DSRC communications technology: • Reduced price • Improved reliability fewer false alarms • Increased performance addresses more crash scenarios

• Challenges of the DSRC communications technology: • Both parties (vehicle/vehicle or vehicle/infrastructure) need to be equipped

• to gain benefit • Requires security infrastructure

Connected Vehicle Applications Vehicle 2 Vehicle (V2V) Vehicle 2 Infrastructure (V2I)

Dynamic Mobility Applications

SAFETY

MOBILITY

ENVIRONMENT AERIES (Application for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis) Road Weather Applications

Vehicle 2 Vehicle (V2V) SAFETY

) ) ) ) ) ) )

• Forward Collision Warning

• Emergency Electronic Brake Light

• Blind Spot Land Change Warning

• Do Not Pass Warning

• Intersection Movement Assist

• Left Turn Assist

Vehicle 2 Infrastructure (V2I) SAFETY

• Curve Speed Warning

• Red light Violation Warning

• Spot Weather Information Warning

• Reduced Speed Zone Warning

• Stop Sign Gap Assist

• Smart Roadside

• Pedestrian Warning

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Dynamic Mobility Applications MOBILITY

• Multimodal intelligent Traffic Signal System

• Network Flow Optimization

• Response, Emergency Staging and Communications, Uniform Management, and Evacuation

• Enable Advance Traveler Information Systems

• Freight Advanced Traveler Information Systems

• Integrated Dynamic Transit Operations

AERIES ENVIRONMENT

• ECO- Signal Operations

• ECO- Lanes

• ECO – Traveler Information

• ECO – Integrated Corridor Management

Technology • Sensors, Lidar, Radar, Cameras, GPS • Advanced computing and algorithms




Autonomous Vehicles

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Automated Vehicles Automated vehicle technologies use sensor inputs such as video cameras, radar, lidar (laser-based ranging system), and detailed digital maps, using advanced software, to issue warnings to the driver or actively react to hazards. Automated vehicles are those in which at least 1 aspect of a safety-critical control function (e.g., steering, throttle, or braking) is impacted without direct driver input.

*Abridged from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Levels of Automation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Level 0 – No automation – includes warnings (front collision, rear collision, cross traffic, lane departure, pedestrian/bicycle detection, driver fatigue detection) Level 1 – Function Specific – temporarily cede limited control of either velocity (accel/deccel/brake) or lateral (steering) movements, but not at the same time. (Examples, electronic stability control, dynamic brake support, adaptive cruise control, active lane keep assist) Level 2 – Combined Function – at least 2 safety critical function are designed to work in unison (combination of the level 1 examples) Level 3 – Limited Self-Driving – driver (operator) can cede full control of all safety-critical functions to the vehicle for a limited time in most driving situations Level 4 – Full Self-Driving – driver (operator) can cede full control of all safety-critical functions to the vehicle for the entirety of a trip

GM Announced ‘Super Cruise’ at ITS World Congress (9/8/2014)

Semi-automated driving technology Hands free (not mind free) driving at highway cruising speeds Hands free driving in stop-and-go congestion

“Through technology and innovation, we will make driving safer.” Mary Barra, GM CEO

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Level 0 – No automation – includes warnings (front collision, rear collision, cross traffic, lane departure, pedestrian/bicycle detection, driver fatigue detection) Level 1 – Function Specific – temporarily cede limited control of either velocity (accel/deccel/brake) or lateral (steering) movements, but not at the same time. (Examples, electronic stability control, dynamic brake support, adaptive cruise control, active lane keep assist) Level 2 – Combined Function – at least 2 safety critical function are designed to work in unison (combination of the level 1 examples) Level 3 – Limited Self-Driving – driver (operator) can cede full control of all safety-critical functions to the vehicle for a limited time in most driving situations Level 4 – Full Self-Driving – driver (operator) can cede full control of all safety-critical functions to the vehicle for the entirety of a trip

•The Public •Vehicles •Infrastructure •Governmental/Regulatory

Challenges

• Equipping the fleet – V2V and V2I benefits increase with fleet

penetration

• Is a government mandate needed (and in what form)?

• Timing of regulations, timing of installation in new vehicles

• Implementation Pathways

• Security Issues – protection from malfunctioning and compromised

units

Challenges - Vehicles

• What infrastructure is needed to support V2V applications (e.g.,

for security)?

• What are expectations for a national footprint?

• How will states make decisions on road side unit locations,

applications and investment?

• How will infrastructure installation, operation, and maintenance

be funded?

Challenges - Infrastucture

Legislation for Testing Automated Vehicles

Photo source: Stanford Law Center for Internet and Society

HB 2015 –Defines "autonomous technology," "autonomous vehicle," "operator," and "manufacturer," expressly permits testing of autonomous vehicles under specified conditions by certain parties, requires manufacturers to apply to and receive approval from the state DMV before operating autonomous vehicles on public highways, establishes minimum manufacturer certifications for approval, establishes requirements for data recording and disclosure, and directs the state DMV to adopt regulations.

Questions?

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Thank you for being a part of the Florida Automated Vehicle discussion appreciate your input as we create a framework for implementation.

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