automated machine tools

8/2/2019 Automated Machine Tools

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I N D U S T R I A L A U T O M A T I O N S Y S T E M

AUTOMATED MACHINE

TOOLS


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DEFINITION

What is automated machine tools?

Automated machine tools are more commonly known asnumerically controlled (NC) machine tools.

Refers to the automation of machine tools that areoperated by abstractly programmed commands encodedon a storage medium, as opposed to manually controlled

via handwheels or levers

Guides, tracks and other devices built into machinery toraise its precision level are a kind of automatic control.


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Initially, machine tools were created to reduce theamount of human skill required in manufacture.

These automatic aids to proficiency, adhering to thedouble principle of accuracy for inter-changeability andspeed for economy.

Applications: laser cutting, welding, flame and plasmacutting, bending, spinning, pinning, gluing, fabriccutting, sewing, routing, picking and placing (PnP)


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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OFPRODUCTION JOB

Automated machine tools are most appropriate if:

Parts are processed frequently and in small lot sizes

The part geometry is complex

Many operations must be performed in the part in itsprocessing

Much metal needs to be removed

Engineering design changes are likely

Close tolerance must be held on the workpart

It is an expensive part where mistakes in processing would becostly


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Advantages Disadvantages

Greater accuracy andrepeatability

Lower scrap rates More complex part

geometries are possible Inspection requirements

are reduced Shorter manufacturing lead

times Operator skill-level

requirements are reduced

Inflexibility

Higher maintenanceeffort

Part programming

Higher utilization ofNC equipment

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES


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EXAMPLES & FUNCTIONS

Automated Lathe Machine

Laser Cutting Machine

Drilling MachineAutomated Welding Machine


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AUTOMATED LATHE MACHINE

is a machine tool which turns cylindrical material,touches a cutting tool to it, and cuts the material

is used for producing cylindrical work. The workpiece is rotated while the cutting tool movement iscontrolled by the machine.


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LATHE FUNDAMENTAL


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Principle parts Descriptions

Headshock In where spindle locked. Can either operate in belt driven mode orself driven mode.

Tailshock adjusted laterally (front to back) to cut a material by loosening theclamping screws at the bottom of the tailstock.

Ways Base foundation part of lathe. Keep the tailshock and carriage,which slide on them, in alignment with headshock.

Spindle Place for working pieces mounted on.

Apron attached to the front of the carriage and controls the movement ofthe carriage and the crossslide

Carriage is the movable support for the crossfeed slide and the compoundrest.

Belt drive Connected to motor, drives spindle in belt driven mode.

Lead screw Used for thread cutting.

Crosslide mounted to the top of the carriage in a dovetail and moves on thecarriage at a right angle to the axis of the lathe.


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AUTOMATIC LATHE VS MANUAL LATHE

Automatic Lathe

Contain single or multiple spindles

Programmable machine memorymakes spindle works simultaneously

Station contain multiple tools that cutsmaterial in sequence

The tools are usually arranged inseveral axes, such as turret (rotary

indexing), horizontal slide (linearindexing), and vertical slide (linearindexing)

The linear groups are called "gangs"

Manual Lathe

Mostly contain only singlespindle

Each station worksindependently

Manually insert working piecesinto spindle and tune cutting

tools position

Outdated machine due toinefficiency and time consume


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Important Elements in Lathe

A beginner of a

lathe must operatewith low rotatingspeed, small cuttingdepth and lowsending speed.


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Cutting tools selection inlathe

Easy and hard processingin lathe

TOOLS & PROCESS


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LASER CUTTING MACHINE

Technology that uses a laser to cut materials.

Made by the Western Electric Engineering Research Centeron 1965.

The first production laser

cutting machine was used todrill holes in diamond dies.


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Typically used for industrial manufacturing applications,but is also starting to be used by schools, small businessesand hobbyists.

Works by directing the output of a high-power laser, bycomputer (computer numerical control), at the material tobe cut.

Industrial laser cutters are mostly used to cut flat-sheetmaterial as well as structural and piping materials.


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TYPES OF LASER CUTTING

Lasing Materials Applications

CO2 (Carbon dioxide) Cutting, Boring & Scribing Engraving

Nd (Neodymium) Boring high energy pulses, and low

repetition speed (1khz)

Nd-TAG (Neodymium yttriumaluminum garnet)

Very high energy pulses and for boring,engraving, trimming


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MACHINE CONFIGURATIONS

Generally three different configurations of industrial laser

cutting machines:-

- Moving material,

- Hybrid,

- Flying Optics systems.

These refer to the way that the laser beam is moved over

the material to be cut or processed.


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Moving material lasers

Moving

material lasershave astationarycutting head andmove the

material underit.

Provides aconstant

distance fromthe lasergenerator to thework piece.


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Hybrid Lasers

Provide a tablewhich moves in one

axis (usually the X-axis) and move thehead along theshorter (Y) axis.

More constant beam

delivery path lengththan a flying opticmachine and maypermit a simplerbeam delivery system.

Reduced power lossin the delivery systemand more capacity perwatt than flying opticsmachines.


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Flying optics lasers

Feature a stationary

table and a cutting head

(with laser beam) that

moves over the work

piece in both of the

horizontal dimensions.

Cutters, keep the work

piece stationary during

processing and do not

require material

clamping.

Fastest type, which is

advantageous when

cutting thinner work

pieces.


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Advantages Disadvantages

Easier work-holding and

reduced contaminationof work-piece compare tomechanical cutting tools.

More precise and using

less energy when cuttingsheet metal compare toplasma cutting.

Main disadvantage is

the high powerconsumption.

Cannot cut through the

greater metal thicknessthat plasma can.

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE


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DRILLING MACHINE(PCB CNC Circuit Board Drilling Machine)


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INTRODUCTION

Used for drilling holes in various materials orfastening various materials together with the use offasteners.

Used in woodworking, metalworking, construction. Specially designed drills are also used in medicine,

space missions and other applications.

Drills are available with a wide variety of

performance characteristics, such as power andcapacity.


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OPERATION

Holes by way of a PCB are frequently drilled withlittle drill bits developed of sound tungsten carbide.

The drilling is accomplished by automated drilling

gadgets with placement managed by a drill tape ordrill file.

These computer system-produced files are alsoregarded as numerically managed drill (NCD) files or

Excellon files. The drill file describes the place and dimensions of

just about every drilled hole.


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These holes are generally stuffed with annular rings(hollow rivets) to produce vias.

Vias permit the electrical and thermal connection ofconductors on opposite sides with the PCB.

High drill speed important for selling price effectivedrilling of many holes per board will cause reallysignificant temperatures at the drill bit suggestion, andsubstantial temperatures (400-700 degrees) soften steeland decompose (oxidize) laminate filler.

Drilling devices could be manually operated,mechanically automated, or digitally automated by wayof pc numerical command (cnc)


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AUTOMATED WELDING MACHINE

Designed for welding PVC, Polyolefine, and linoleum floorcoverings in dry rooms

Automated welding can

provide large gains in

quality, productivity and

profitability


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Semi-automatic Fully automatic

uses a pre-programmedautomatic welding

machine, but the partsare actually loaded ontothe welding bench (or itsequivalent) by anoperator, who arranges

them and then switcheson the welding machineuntil the weld has beencompleted.

a custom machine

loads the workpiece,indexes the part ortorch into position,accomplishes the weld,

monitors the quality ofthe joint and unloadsthe finished product.

CATEGORIES OF WELDING AUTOMATION


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much faster than skillfulhuman welders

produce decentworkmanship despitetheir greater speed

provide a high quality

weld, since they aretotally uniform in theirapplication of the electricarc or other welding tool

cost of setting up is veryhigh

take an extremely longtime to set up

carry out the task in arepetitive manner and

must be completelyreconfigured if adifferent weld needs to

be made

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE


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CONCLUSION

automated machine tools

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