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The treatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenous communitiesof the Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India
Jyotsana Sharma a,n, Sumeet Gairola b, R.D. Gaur a, R.M. Painuli a
a Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, Indiab Department of Botany, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi 110 007, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 9 March 2012
Received in revised form
12 June 2012
Accepted 12 June 2012Available online 1 July 2012
Keywords:
Tharu
Bhoxa
Nomadic Gujjar
Jaundice
Medicinal plants
India
a b s t r a c t
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Inspite of tremendous advances made in allopathic medical practices,
herbs still play an important role in the management of various liver diseases. A large number of plants
and formulations have been claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. Jaundice is a symptom,
indicative of the malfunctioning of the liver. This paper provides ethnomedicinal information on the
plants used to treat jaundice by three important indigenous communities, i.e., nomadic Gujjars, Tharu
and Bhoxa of Sub-Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India.
Aims of the study: To record herbal preparations used by the studied indigenous communities in
treatment of jaundice and discuss hepatoprotective properties of the recorded plants.
Research strategy and methods: The traditional knowledge of the studied indigenous communities on
herbal preparations used for treating jaundice was collected through structured questionnaire and
personal interviews. The interviews were conducted with 91 traditional healers (29 Bhoxa, 35 Tharu
and 27 nomadic Gujjars) in Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. More than 250 research
papers reporting ethnomedicinal information on the hepatoprotective plants used by various commu-
nities from different parts of India were extensively reviewed.
Results: A total of 40 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 38 genera were recorded to be used
by the studied communities in 45 formulations as a remedy of jaundice. Bhoxa, nomadic Gujjars and
Tharu communities used 15, 23 and 9 plants, respectively. To our knowledge eight plants reported in
the present survey viz., Amaranthus spinosus L., Cissampelos pareira L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena
pubescens Wall., Ocimum americanum L., Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes
cucumerina L. have not been reported earlier as remedy of jaundice in India. Literature review revealed
that a total of 214 (belonging to 181 genus and 78 families), 19 (belonging to 18 genus and 12 families)
and 14 (belonging to 14 genus and 11 families) plant species are used as internal, external and magico-
religious remedies for jaundice, respectively by various communities in different parts of India. Most
widely used hepatoprotective plant species for treatment of jaundice in India is Boerhavia diffusa L.
followed by Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Saccharum officinarum L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach.
& Thonn., Ricinus communis L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz,
Lawsonia inermis L. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Conclusions: The plants recorded in the present survey have also been discussed in relation to
pharmacological studies and hepatoprotective phytoconstituents present in them. Most of the recorded
plants have shown hepatoprotective effects on experimental animals in earlier studies but more studies
are needed to assess hepatoprotective properties of some recorded medicinal plants viz., Averrhoa
carambola L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Mangifera indica L., Ocimum americanum
L., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L., Sphaeranthus senegalensis
DC. and Tribulus terrestris L.. The plants enumerated in this study with high number of citations and
wider distributions have given some useful leads for further biomedical research. Nevertheless more
phytochemical, pharmaceutical and clinical studies are needed to evaluate hepatoprotective properties,
efficacy and safety of all the claimed medicinal plants.
& 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Liver diseases are some of the major causes of morbidity andmortality across the world. According to WHO estimates (WHO,2008), about 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A occur annually and
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
0378-8741/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.034
Abbreviations: H, Herb; S, Shrub; Tr, Tree; Cl, Climber; Gr, Grass; P, Parasite; FL,
Fidelity level; UV, Use value. CCl4¼ Carbon tetrachloride; NA, Information not
availablen Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 8506013991.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Sharma).
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291
Author's personal copy
2 billion people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus.About 350 million live with chronic infection and 600,000 persons dieeach year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B.About 130–170 million people are chronically infected with hepatitisC virus, and more than 350,000 people die from hepatitis C-relatedliver diseases each year. Thus, the impact of liver disorders on theoverall population in world is considerable and they remain one ofthe serious health problems. Jaundice is the most common of all liverdisorders. Jaundice is a symptom and not a disease. It is indicative ofthe malfunctioning of the liver. It is a condition in which yellowdiscoloration of the skin and mucous membranes occurs due to anincrease in the bile pigments, bilirubin, in the blood. There are manydifferent causes of jaundice viz., hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C,hepatitis D, hepatitis E, liver cirrhosis, obstruction of bile ducts,gallstones, pancreatic cancer, alcoholic liver disease, inflammation ofthe liver, haemolytic anaemia, typhoid, malaria, yellow fever, tuber-culosis, certain medication and pregnancy.
The herbal medicines are considered to be of great importanceamong different rural or indigenous communities in many develop-ing countries (Gosh, 2003). The people whole over the world prefersherbal medicines rather than conventional medicines. According toWorld Health Organisation as many as 80% of the world’s populationdepends on traditional medicine and in India 60% of the people inrural areas use herbal medicines (WHO, 2002). During the last fewyears, the use of herbal supplements increased from 2.5% to 12%(Stickel and Schuppan, 2007). The Indian traditional medicine isbased on various systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, etc.,which are still in use to provide primary healthcare, particularly tothe rural folk. Throughout the globe, the traditional knowledgesystem has gained prime importance in context with conservation,sustainable development, and search for new utilization patterns of
plant resources. Traditional medicine system includes the knowl-edge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experi-ences of folk communities to maintain their health problems. Theindigenous communities have their own traditional medicine sys-tem with different medicinal plants and many traditional therapiesfor incurable diseases. A large number of wild and cultivated plantsare being used by them for the treatment of various ailments, thus aconsiderable amount of information on medicinal plants is availablewith these communities. Inspite of the tremendous advances made,no significant and safe hepatoprotective agents is available inmodern therapeutics. In the absence of reliable liver protectivedrugs in allopathic medical practices, herbs play an important rolein the management of various liver disorders. A large number ofplants and formulations have been claimed to have hepatoprotectiveactivity. Nearly 160 phytoconstituents from 101 plants have beenclaimed to possess liver protecting activity (Handa et al., 1986).
Keeping the aforesaid facts in view the present study wasundertaken to record herbal preparations used by three importantindigenous communities, i.e., nomadic Gujjars, Tharu and Bhoxa ofSub-Himalayan region, Uttarkhand, India in treatment of jaundiceand discuss hepatoprotective properties of the recorded plants.
2. Research strategy and methods
Many extensive and intensive field trips were undertakenbetween 2008 and 2010 in different seasons for the collection ofplants and associated ethnomedicinal information from Bhoxa,Tharu and nomadic Gujjars communities. The study area coversthese indigenous communities distributed in the Sub-Himalayanregion of Uttarakhand in parts of district Dehradun, Haridwar,
Fig. 1. Map of the study area.
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 263
Author's personal copy
Ta
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e
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ase
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cult
ure
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ts,
etc
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ina
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ura
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eld
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tc.
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no
my
isb
ase
do
nse
llin
gm
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dm
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pro
du
cts.
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ey
de
pe
nd
en
tire
lyo
nth
efo
rest
pro
du
cts
for
the
ird
ail
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ds
of
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de
r,fu
el,
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stru
ctio
no
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s.
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ino
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pa
tio
nis
ag
ricu
ltu
re,i
nv
olv
ed
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hth
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rod
uct
ion
of
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ma
ize
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ust
ard
,
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od
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sN
on
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ge
tari
an
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ain
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dis
fish
an
dri
ce.
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ey
als
oe
at
oth
er
no
n-v
eg
eta
ria
nfo
od
,ch
ap
att
i,v
eg
eta
ble
s,p
uls
es,
etc
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he
ya
re
fon
do
fd
rin
kin
ga
lco
ho
lic
be
ve
rag
es.
Th
ed
rin
ks
an
dn
arc
oti
cs
form
an
inte
gra
lp
art
of
the
irso
cie
tie
s.T
he
yp
rep
are
alc
oh
oli
c
an
dn
on
alc
oh
oli
cb
ev
era
ge
sb
ym
ixin
gv
ari
ou
sh
erb
s.
Ve
ge
tari
an
.T
he
yta
ke
cha
pa
tti
ma
de
fro
mw
he
at
or
ma
ize
flo
ur
wit
hp
ota
too
ro
nio
ncu
rry
an
dm
ilk
pro
du
cts.
Th
ey
av
oid
use
of
an
yso
rto
fa
lco
ho
lic
be
ve
rag
es.
Th
ey
pre
fer
chh
an
ch
(bu
tte
rm
ilk
)in
ste
ad
of
wa
ter
du
rin
gth
eir
me
als
.
No
n-v
eg
eta
ria
n.
Ma
info
od
isfi
sha
nd
rice
.P
refe
rri
ceo
ve
r
cha
pa
tti.
Oth
er
no
n-v
eg
eta
ria
nfo
od
sa
rea
lso
con
sum
ed
.
Fon
do
fd
rin
kin
ga
lco
ho
lic
be
ve
rag
es,
pre
pa
rea
lco
ho
lic
an
d
no
na
lco
ho
lic
be
ve
rag
es.
Th
ed
rin
ks
are
an
imp
ort
an
tp
art
of
the
irso
cio
-cu
ltu
ral
life
,a
nd
use
din
all
the
fest
iva
lso
r
cere
mo
nie
s.
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291264
Author's personal copy
Pauri and Udham Singh Nagar (Fig. 1). Information on the studiedcommunities and sampling size is given in Table 1. TheSub-Himalayan region is varied reservoir of biodiversity includingenormous species of plants and wildlife; it is an intermediateregion in between the Gangetic plains and the mountainousHimalaya. It supports a great variety of forests, varied in speciescomposition from east to west (latitudinal) and from lowerto higher elevations (vertical). It occupies a fairly large regionin Uttarakhand running along the southern periphery. The zonehas a long chain of narrow and low mountain ranges of about 300to 1000 m asl. Sub-Himalayan region has a width of about30–40 km standing with scattered mountains in UttarakhandHimalaya.
Ethnomedicinal information was obtained through a series ofinterviews with traditional healers, who still practiced theirindigenous system of medicine. A questionnaire was preparedwhich included the vernacular names, methods of preparation,route of administration, part(s) used, dosage, duration andrestriction on consumption of food. Interviews and discussionswere carried out using a local language for easy communicationwith the participants. Ethical clearance was not obtained and nowritten prior consent was taken from the participants, as it wasnot the requirement at the University where research wasconducted (HNB Garhwal University). However participants wereclearly informed about the objective of the study and their rightto withdraw from the study at any time. The medicinemen wererequested to accompany the authors to collect the plant speci-mens from adjoining forest areas. In some cases when theexperienced and knowledgeable persons were unable to visitthe forest area, the fresh specimens were collected from theforest with details of their habit, habitat, height of the plant,fragrance and taste, flower and fruit nature, etc., and conse-quently shown to them to obtain accurate information. The oldmen and women maintained their secrecy about the medicinaluses of plants, as in some cases they believed that if theinformation is given to any other outer person, the healing powerof medicine will diminish. Hence, special efforts were made todevelop intimacy with the people by acquiring their confidence,respecting their customs and rituals, taking part in their religiousceremonies with the help of head of the village and other personsof the area including the staff and personnel of the forestdepartment who have good relations with the people inhabitingthe forest area. Interestingly the experienced traditional healerswere capable of identifying specimens even by the vegetativeparts. The traditional healers collected different medicinallyimportant plants in different seasons of the year and they hadprecise knowledge of the flowering and fruiting period of eachplant. It has been noticed that in many cases they never take offcomplete plant for their use. They collected the required quantityof the plant and its important parts for preparation of themedicine.
Jaundice is not a disease. It is a symptom originating from liverdisorders and there may be many different causes for jaundice.But all the interviewed traditional healers identified jaundiceaccording to the symptoms regardless of the cause of the disease.The symptoms used to identify jaundice were extreme weakness,headache, fever, loss of appetite, severe constipation, nausea,yellow discoloration of the eyes, tongue, skin, and urine, dullpain in the liver region and intense itching. Only on the basis ofthese symptoms traditional healers suggested herbal remedies forthe jaundice.
The plant specimens were identified with the help of relevantfloras (Babu, 1977; Gaur, 1999). For the confirmation of identifi-cation the specimens were compared with the authentic speci-mens lodged at Herbaria of Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun(BSD), Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (DD) and HNB Garhwal
University Srinagar (GUH). The specimens were properly labelledwith detailed botanical name, vernacular name(s), family, locality,field number, date of collection and other necessary remarks anddeposited in the internationally indexed Herbarium of Depart-ment of Botany, HNB Garhwal University Srinagar Garhwal(GUH).
For each species the use value (UV), as adapted by Ferreiraet al. (2009) from the proposal of Phillips et al. (2002) wascalculated. This quantitative method evaluates the relative impor-tance of each medicinal species based on its relative use amonginformants. Use value was calculated using the following formula:
UV ¼SU=n
where, U is the number of times a species is cited and n is thenumber of informants. The use value of each species is thereforebased objectively on the importance attributed by the informantsand does not depend on the opinion of the researcher (Ferreiraet al., 2009). Fidelity level (FL) was calculated using the followingformula:
FLð%Þ ¼ ðIp=IuÞ � 100
where, Ip is the number of informants who independentlyindicated the use of a species for the same major ailment and Iu
the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for anymajor ailment (Friedman et al., 1986).
To collect, analyze, evaluate and compare the ethnomedicinalknowledge about hepatoprotective plants used as remedy ofjaundice in India, more than 250 research papers reportingethnomedicinal information on the medicinal plants used byvarious indigenous communities from different parts of Indiawere extensively reviewed. In all the reviewed papers jaundicewas assessed on the basis of the symptoms only and root causeswere not considered. The collected information was furthercompared with each other to mark most widely used anddistributed plant species. Results of literature review have beengiven in Tables 4–6 and Appendix I. Literature survey was alsoconducted to gather information on the pharmacological studiesshowing hepatoprotective properties and hepatoprotective phy-toconstituents in the plants recorded for herbal remedy ofjaundice in the present survey (Table 3).
3. Results and discussion
The plant species recorded in the present study are arranged inalphabetical order (Table 2). Botanical name of each plant isfollowed by family, voucher specimen number, local name, habit,parts used, mode of preparation, fidelity level (FL) and use value(UV). Literature on the ethnomedicinal plants used to curejaundice by various communities in India was extensivelysearched and reviewed. Literature review revealed that a totalof 214 (belonging to 181 genus and 78 families), 19 (belonging to18 genus and 12 families) and 14 (belonging to 14 genus and 11families) plant species are used as internal remedy (Table 4),external remedy (Table 5) and magico-religious (Table 6) remedyfor jaundice, respectively by various communities in differentparts of India.
A total of 40 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 38genera were recorded to be used by the studied communities inthe 45 formulations as remedy for jaundice. These medicinalplants are used as hepatoprotective agents and do not directlycure the disease. 15, 23 and 9 plant species were used by Bhoxa(Table 2a), nomadic Gujjar (Table 2b) and Tharu (Table 2c)communities, respectively. Out of the 40 recorded plants, only7 plants viz. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale, Glycosmis
pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., Boerhavia diffusa L., Oxalis corniculata L.,
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 265
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Table 2Plants and herbal preparations used as remedy of jaundice by the indigenous communities of Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, (a) Bhoxa community, (b) Gujjar
community and (c) Tharu community.
Species (Family), voucher specimennumber
Local name Habit Parts used and mode of preparation FLvalue(%)
UV
(a). Bhoxa communityAloe vera (L.) Burm f. (Liliaceae), GUH-
JS-20311
Banskyuda H The infusion of leaves is orally given twice a day for 10–12 days. 22.73 0.76
Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae),
GUH-JS-18838
Pili Katili H The yellowish latex of the plant along with sugar is administered internally twice a day
for 2 weeks.
28.57 0.24
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae),
GUH-JS-18845
Santi ghass/
Puraniama
H The finely crushed roots are placed in water for whole night; this water is taken orally in
early morning, for a week.
38.89 0.62
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae),
GUH-JS-19721
Birmi H The leaf powder (3 g) along with goat milk is given orally once a day for about 8–10
days.
25.00 0.55
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae),
GUH-JS-18862
Bhangra H The leaves are crushed finely and soaked in vessel for a night; this water is taken in the
morning or twice a day for 3–4 weeks (B).
27.27 0.38
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
(Flacourtiaceae), GUH-JS-20285
Kakai/
Bhilangra
Tr The leaves are boiled in water and decoction is given orally twice a day for 15–20 days. 50.00 0.28
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.
(Rutaceae), GUH-JS-20172
Pillu S The juice of leaves is given, ½ teaspoonfuls thrice a day for 15 days. 55.56 0.31
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale
(Rubiaceae), GUH-JS-18865
Haldu Tr The decoction of bark is given orally. 100.00 0.21
Holarrhena pubescens Wall.
(Apocynaceae), GUH-JS-18830
Kuda Tr The seeds are crushed, soaked in water for a night; dried in shade made into powder,
about 2–3 g of this is taken with lukewarm water twice a for 16 days.
20.00 0.34
Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae), GUH-
JS-18843
Mehndi S The decoction of roots, ½ teaspoonfuls is taken orally, twice a day for 10–15 days. 33.33 0.41
Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae),
GUH-JS-20350
Karela Cl The juice of fruits is administered internally twice a day for 2 weeks. 40.00 0.52
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz
(Bignoniaceae), GUH-JS-20273
Arula Tr The crushed bark is soaked within water in an earthen pot for a night, given orally in
early morning or 1–2 times a day for 1 week.
55.56 0.31
Physalis divaricata D. Don (Solanaceae),
GUH-JS-19756
Bhambholan H The root juice, two teaspoonfuls two times a day for 4 weeks. 33.33 0.10
Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae), GUH-JS-
18836
Sambhalu S The two teaspoonfuls infusion of leaves is taken internally, twice a day for 3 weeks. 26.92 0.90
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
(Lythraceae), GUH-JS-20161
Dhaudi S The decoction of fruits (two teaspoonfuls) is recommended orally twice a day for 2 week. 29.17 0.83
(b). Gujjar communityAmaranthus spinosus L.
(Amaranthaceae), GUH-JS-18832
Chaleri H The ash of fruits is administered orally 2–3 times a day for 2–3 weeks. 33.33 0.22
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.
(Acanthaceae), GUH-JS-20326
Mamegh H The paste of leaves is mixed with sugar, made into pills of 4 g each and given internally
two times a day for 10–15 days.
40.00 0.74
Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae),
GUH-JS-18838
Pauns H After peeling the spines the whole plant is dried in shade, made into powder with sugar
and 2 g of this powder is given orally with curd twice a day for 2–3 weeks.
31.82 0.81
Averrhoa carambola L. (Averrhoaceae),
GUH-JS-20114
Kamrakt Tr The decoction of fruits is prescribed orally 2–3 times a day for 3 weeks. 66.67 0.22
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.
(Cucurbitaceae), GUH-JS-20341
Kumara Cl The juice of fruits (2–3 teaspoonfuls) is given orally twice a day for 2 weeks. 100.00 0.15
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae),
GUH-JS-18845
Peelia H The finely crushed roots are placed in water for whole night; this water is taken orally in
early morning, for a week.
40.00 0.56
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae),
GUH-JS-20309
Rahar S The juice of leaves with honey is administered internally, twice a day for 15 days. 100.00 0.11
Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae), GUH-
JS-18842
Karangal Tr Infusion of fruit is given orally, 2–3 times a day, for 15–20 days. 46.67 0.56
Cissampelos pareira L.
(Menispermaceae), GUH-JS-18827
Paadha/
Simrubel
Cl The 1/2 teaspoonfuls juice of fresh leaves is used internally twice a day for 12–15 days. 45.45 0.41
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Cuscutaceae),
GUH-JS-19749
Andarbel P The decoction of whole plant (2 teaspoonfuls) is recommended internally, 2–3 times a
day for 16 days.
23.08 0.48
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae),
GUH-JS-20293
Dhoob Gr The juice of leaves 1–2 teaspoonfuls are orally given, twice a day for a week. 50.00 0.44
Ehretia laevis Roxb. (Ehretiaceae), GUH-
JS-20101
Chamror/
Chamrod
Tr Soaked seeds are made into paste, mixed with powder of badi elaichi (Amomum
subulatum) and given orally with milk, thrice a day.
42.86 0.26
Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae), GUH-JS-
20366
Badh Tr The decoction of stem bark is recommended orally twice a day for a week. 18.52 1.00
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
(Flacourtiaceae), GUH-JS-20285
Kaith Tr The decoction of fruits is given orally, twice a day for 2–3 weeks. 46.67 0.56
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.
(Rutaceae), GUH-JS-20172
Pillu S The juice of leaves is given, ½ teaspoonfuls thrice a day for 15 days. 75.00 0.30
Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae),
GUH-JS-20163
Amm Tr The decoction of bark is administered orally, thrice a day for 15–20 days. 29.17 0.89
Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae),
GUH-JS-20304
Tulsa H The decoction of whole plant is taken internally, thrice a day for 3–4 weeks. 25.00 0.30
Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae), GUH-
JS-20375
Khati amli H The juice of leaves is given orally, twice a day for 1–2 weeks. 55.56 0.33
Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae),
GUH-JS-20222
Ambli Tr The decoction of fruits along with sugar is taken in early morning or thrice a day for 10–
15 days.
14.81 1.00
Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae), GUH-
JS-20329
Badi
kandyalu
S The fruits are crushed and soaked in water for whole night; this water is taken in early
morning.
33.33 0.11
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Argemone mexicana L., Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. andCuscuta reflexa Roxb. were used by more than one community.During the treatment of the disease, various forms of preparationswere used. Leaves were used in maximum number of prepara-tions (27.91) followed by fruits (23.26), whole plant (13.95), bark(11.63), roots (11.63), stem (9.30), and latex (2.33). Herbs (15species) were found to be the most used plants followed by trees(11 species), shrubs (7 species), climbers (5 species), parasite (1species) and grass (1 species). Two species each of Phyllanthus andSolanum were reported to be used in the present study. To ourknowledge eight plants reported in the present study viz.,Amaranthus spinosus L., Cissampelos pareira L., Ehretia laevis Roxb.,Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Ocimum americanum L., Physalis
divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes cucumer-
ina L. have not been reported earlier to be used as ethnomedicinefor treatment of jaundice in India. It was observed that duringtreatment period all the practitioners recommended patients toavoid alcohol, butter, non-vegetarian, salty, spicy and sour foods.The patients were advised to rest until the acute symptoms of thedisease subside.
Pharmacological studies on laboratory animals have shownthat most of the recorded plant species in the present survey havehepatoprotective properties (Table 3). Aqueous and powderedextracts of roots of Boerhavia diffusa L. have shown hepatopro-tective property against Thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity inWister albino rats (Rawat et al. 1997). Ursolic acids is a commontriterpenic acid found in Boerhavia diffusa L. and Solanum incanum
L.. Ursolic acids have been reported to have hepatoprotectiveactivity against carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, thiacetamide andgalactosamine damaged liver in rats (Negi et al., 2007). Aqueousleaf extract of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. has shownhepatoprotective activity against hexachlorocyclohexane inducedhepatotoxicity in Swiss albino rats (Trivedi and Rawal, 2000).Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. has andrographolide andneoandrographolide (Choudhury et al., 1987), which are wellknown hepatoprotective agents (Negi et al., 2007).
Naaz et al. (2007) recorded hepatoprotective property ofwhole plant ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach.& Thonn. on aflatoxin induced hepatotoxicity in swiss albinomice, whereas Pramyothin et al. (2006) showed hepatoprotectiveproperty of ethanol extracted dry powder of fruit of Phyllanthus
emblica L. against hepatotoxicity of ethanol in Wister albino rats.Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are potent hepatoprotectivelignans found in Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. andPhyllanthus emblica L. (Negi et al., 2007). Literature survey alsorevealed that seven species of genus Phyllanthus are usedthroughout the India in different herbal preparation as remedyof jaundice (Table 4). These hepatoprotective ligans found inspecies of genus Phyllanthus may be responsible for this hepato-protective activity and their wide use.
In the present survey it was recorded that yellow latex ofArgemone mexicana L. was used by Bhoxa community and driedwhole plant of Argemone mexicana L. was used by Gujjar com-munity as remedy of jaundice. Whereas, the alkaloid sanguinarineextracted from seeds of Argemone mexicana L. has been docu-mented to be toxic for liver (Dalvi, 1985; Ansari et al., 2005) andtoxicity from its oil causes the disease called epidemic dropsy. Butthere are reports of use of Argemone mexicana L. as an ethnome-dicinal remedy of jaundice from Uttar Pradesh (Singh et al., 2002)and Tamil Nadu (Alagesaboopathii, 2009) states of India. RecentlyDas et al. (2009) have recorded low hepatoprotective activity ofaqueous extract of whole plant of Argemone mexicana L. againstCCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wister albino rats. The possiblereason may be that dried whole plant and latex of Argemone
mexicana L. is not toxic as seeds of Argemone mexicana L. However,more studies are needed to validate any of these claims.
Lupeol is a significant lupane-type triterpene found in Averrhoa
carambola L., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., Cassia fistula L., Costus
speciosus (Koenig.) Sm., Ehretia laevis Roxb. and Ficus religiosa L.(Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994), which has shown hepatopro-tective activity (Prasad et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009).Saponin is present in Amaranthus spinosus L. (Zeashan et al., 2008)
Table 2 (continued )
Species (Family), voucher specimennumber
Local name Habit Parts used and mode of preparation FLvalue(%)
UV
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers
(Menispermaceae), GUH-JS-20354
Giloe Cl The pieces of stem are soaked in water in an earthen pot; this water is used internally, 2–
3 times a day for 15 days.
47.06 0.63
Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae),
GUH-JS-19728
Gokhru H The juice of leaves (1/2 teaspoonful) is used, twice a day for 1–2 weeks. 100.00 0.15
Trichosanthes cucumerina L.
(Cucurbitaceae), GUH-JS-20131
Jangli-
chachinda
Cl The infusion of fruits (1–2 teaspoonfuls) is taken orally twice a day for two weeks. 100.00 0.15
(c). Tharu communityAzadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae),
GUH-JS-18826
Nimba Tr The decoction of bark is prescribed orally, two teaspoonfuls, twice a day for 2 weeks. 20.00 1.00
Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.)
Suresh (Euphorbiaceae), GUH-JS-
19732
Danti/
Vanchura
S Powder of roots (2–3 g) is taken with curd and sugar twice a day for 12–16 days. 30.00 0.57
Costus speciosus (Koenig.) Sm.
(Zingiberaceae), GUH-JS-18871
Kewa H The roots are soaked in water for few hours, boiled and decoction 1/2 teaspoonfuls is
recommended, once a day for two weeks.
60.00 0.29
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Cuscutaceae),
GUH-JS-19749
Sarai–
Babiya
P The paste of seeds, about 3–4 g is recommended internally twice a day for 2 weeks. 28.57 0.60
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale
(Rubiaceae), GUH-JS-18865
Haldu Tr The decoction of bark is given orally. 66.67 0.17
Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae), GUH-
JS-20375
Amlolo H The juice of leaves is given orally, twice a day for 1–2 weeks. 33.33 0.51
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.
(Euphorbiaceae), GUH-JS-19748
Jarmala H The infusion of whole plant is taken twice a day for 4 weeks. 50.00 0.51
Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanaceae),
GUH-JS-19716
Futkaiya H The decoction of whole plant is used internally, thrice a day for 3 weeks. 34.78 0.66
Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC.
(Asteraceae), GUH-JS-20344
Ghundi H The whole plant is dried in shade, made into powder with sugar; 2–3 g of this
preparation is taken with lukewarm water, twice a day for two weeks.
33.33 0.26
Abbreviations: H¼Herb; S¼Shrub; Tr¼ Tree; Cl¼Climber; Gr¼Grass; P¼Parasite; FL¼Fidelity level; UV¼Use value.
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 267
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Table 3Pharmacological studies showing hepatoprotective properties and hepatoprotective phytoconstituents in the plants recorded in the present survey.
Species Plant part (s) used; extractused (dose)
Toxicant/s (dose) Experimentalanimal
Source Phytoconstituent with hepatoprotective properties
Aloe vera (L.)
Burm f.
Aerial part; aqueous
(500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Chandan et al.
(2007)
NA
Amaranthus
spinosus L.
Whole plant, ethanolic
(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg
bw)
CCl4 (1 ml/kg bw) Sprague–
Dawley rats
Zeashan et al.
(2008)
Flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenes, steroids and
saponins (Zeashan et al., 2008)
Andrographis
paniculata
(Burm. f.)
Nees.
Leaf; aqueous (12 mg/kg
bw)
Hexachlorocyclohexane
(500 ppm/kg bw)
Swiss albino
rats
Trivedi and
Rawal (2000)
Andrographolide and neoandrographolide (Choudhury
et al., 1987)
Argemone
mexicana L.
Whole plant; aqueous (250
and 150 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (2 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Das et al.
(2009)
NA
Averrhoa
carambola L.
NA NA NA NA Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad
et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)
Azadirachta
indica A.
Juss
Tender leaf; fresh juice
(200 mg/kg bw)
Acetaminophen (2 g/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Yanpallewar
et al. (2002)
NA
Baliospermum
solanifolium
(Burm.)
Suresh
Root; alcoholic, chloroform
and aqueous (200 mg/kg
bw)
Paracetamol (2 g/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Wadekar et al.
(2008)
NA
Benincasa
hispida
(Thunb.)
Cogn.
Fruit; aqueous (NA) Nimesulide (10mg /ml/kg bw) Holtzman
albino rats
Das and Roy
(2011)
Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad
et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)
Boerhavia
diffusa L.
Root; aqueous and
powdered form (2 ml/kg
and 150 mg/kg bw)
Thioacetamide (100 mg/kg
bw)
Wistar albino
rats
Rawat et al.
(1997)
Ursolic acids (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Lin
et al., 1988)
Root; ethanolic (100 mg/
l00 g bw)
Country made liquor Wistar albino
rats
Rajkumari
et al. (1991)
Cajanus cajan
(L.) Millsp.
Leaf; methanolic (100 mg/
kg bw)
D-galactosamine (500 mg/kg
bw)
Wistar albino
rats
Akinloye and
Olaniyi (2011)
Cajaninstilbene acid, pinostrobin,vitexin and orientin
(Akinloye and Olaniyi, 2011), lupeol (Rastogi and
Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)Whole plant; methanolic
(250 and 500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (3 mg/kg bw) Swiss albino
rats
Ahsan et al.
(2009)
Cassia fistula L. Fruit pulp; aqueous
(2000 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Das et al.
(2008)
Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad
et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)
Leaf; n-heptane (400 mg/kg
bw)
CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Bhakta et al.
(1999)
Centella
asiatica (L.)
Urb.
Whole plant; powder
aqueous slurry (0.7 g/kg
bw)
CCl4 (0.7 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Pingale (2008) NA
Cissampelos
pareira L.
Root; hydroalcoholic (100,
200 and 400 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg bw) Sprague–
Dawley rats
Surendran et al.
(2011)
NA
Costus
speciosus
(Koenig.)
Sm.
Rhizome; ethanolic
(500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (10 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Verma and
Khosa (2009)
Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad
et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)
Cuscuta reflexa
Roxb.
Whole plant;
hydroalcoholic (400 mg/kg
bw)
Paracetamol (200 mg/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Urmilesh and
Shelke (2011)
Phenolic compounds (Rastogi and Mehrotra,
1960–1994; Valan et al., 2010)
Aerial part; methanolic
(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg
bw)
Isoniazid (100 mg/kg/day bw)
and Rifambicin (100 mg/kg/
day bw)
Wistar albino
rats
Balakrishnan
et al. (2010)
Cynodon
dactylon (L.)
Pers.
Whole plant; aqueous
(500 mg/kg bw)
Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Singh et al.
(2008)
Flavonoids (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994)
Eclipta
prostrata
(L.) L.
Whole plant; ethanolic (100
and 250 mg/100 g bw)
Paracetamol (500 mg/ kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Tabassum and
Agrawal (2004)
NA
Ehretia laevis
Roxb.
NA NA NA NA Lupeol (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Prasad
et al., 2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)
Ficus religiosa
L.
Stem bark; aqueous and
methanolic (200 mg/kg bw)
Paracetamol (2 g/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Suryawanshi
et al. (2011)
Lupeol (triterpenoids), flavonoids, phenolic
compounds (Suryawanshi et al., 2011; Prasad et al.,
2007; Gallo and Sarachine, 2009)
Flacourtia
indica
(Burm. f.)
Merr.
Leaf; aqueous (250 and
500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1.5 ml/kgbw) Wistar albino
rats
Gnanaprakash
et al. (2010)
Phenolic compounds (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–
1994)
Glycosmis
pentaphylla
(Retz.) DC.
Leaf and bark; methanolic
(250 and 500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (3 mg/kg bw) Swiss albino
rats
Ahsan et al.
(2009)
NA
Haldina
cordifolia
(Roxb.)
Ridsdale
Bark; ethanolic (250 and
500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1.0 ml/kgbw) Wistar albino
rats
Rakesh (2011) NA
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291268
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and Tribulus terrestris L. (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994),which is also good hepatoprotective agent (Valan et al., 2010).Further pharmacological studies on some species in the presentsurvey viz., Averrhoa carambola L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena
pubescens Wall., Mangifera indica L., Ocimum americanum L.,Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanum
incanum L., Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. and Tribulus terrestris L.are needed to prove their hepatoprotective properties.
Literature review revealed that a total of 214 hepatoprotectiveplant species belonging to 181 genus and 78 families are usedinternally as remedy for jaundice by various communities indifferent parts of India (Table 4). Maximum number of speciesused for treatment of jaundice in India belonged to genusPhyllanthus (7) followed by Solanum (5), Acacia (3) and Ocimum
(3). Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating jaundice in differentstates of India are given in Appendix I. Out of 214 recordedhepatoprotective plant species most of the species were citedonly once in the reviewed literature. These plant species are notvery widely used but have been used by different communities indifferent regions of India. Pharmacological investigations have
been conducted on many of the recorded plant species. Butpharmacological studies on these lesser known plant species willcertainly result in extraction of some important active constitu-ents, which may be useful for developing effective hepatoprotec-tive medicine. Most widely used hepatoprotective plant species inIndia was Boerhavia diffusa L., which was cited in eleven studiesand noted to be used in nine states of India viz., Andhra Pradesh,Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand. Although Phyllanthus
amarus Schumach. & Thonn. was cited in fifteen studies but it wasused in seven states only viz., Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala,Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand. Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers was cited in nine studies but was used ineight states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra,Mizoram, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.Saccharum officinarum L. was also used in eight states viz., AndhraPradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan,Sikkim and Uttarakhand. Ricinus communis L., Andrographis
paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. and Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz eachwere used in six states. Lawsonia inermis L. and Eclipta prostrata
Table 3 (continued )
Holarrhena
pubescens
Wall.
NA NA NA NA NA
Lawsonia
inermis L.
Leaf; aqueous (100 and
150 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (4 mg/kg bw) Swiss albino
rats
Sanni et al.
(2010)
NA
Mangifera
indica L.
NA NA NA NA Mangiferin (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Valan
et al., 2010)
Momordica
charantia L.
Leaf; hydroalcoholic (100
and 200 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1.0 ml/kgbw) Wistar albino
rats
Chaudhari et al.
(2009)
NA
Ocimum
americanum
L.
NA NA NA NA Oleanolic acid (Negi et al., 2007)
Oroxylum
indicum (L.)
Kurz
NA NA NA NA NA
Oxalis
corniculata
L.
Whole plant; aqueous and
ethanolic (200 and 400 mg/
kg/day bw)
Thioacetamide (100 mg/kg
bw)
Wistar albino
rats
Das et al.
(2012)
NA
Phyllanthus
amarus
Schumach.
& Thonn.
Whole plant; ethanolic
(0.3 g/ kg bw)
Aflatoxin (66.6 g /kg bw) Swiss albino
rats
Naaz et al.
(2007)
Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin (Negi et al., 2007)
Phyllanthus
emblica L.
Fruit; ethanol extracted dry
powder (75 mg/kg/day bw)
Ethanol (4 g/kg/day bw) Wistar albino
rats
Pramyothin
et al. (2006)
Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin (Negi et al., 2007)
Physalis
divaricata D.
Don
NA NA NA NA NA
Solanum
incanum L.
NA NA NA NA Ursolic acids (Lin et al., 1988).
Solanum
americanum
Mill.
Whole plant; powder (0.2,
0.5, and 1.0 g/kg bw)
CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg bw) Sprague–
Dawley rats
Lin et al. (2008) Flavonoids, terpenoids (Subash et al., 2011)
Fruit; hydroalcoholic
(250 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1.5 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Subash et al.
(2011)
Sphaeranthus
senegalensis
DC.
NA NA NA NA NA
Tinospora
cordifolia
(Willd.)
Miers
Root; ethanolic (200 mg/kg
bw)
Isoniazid (50 mg/kg bw),
Rifampicin (100 mg/kg bw),
Pyrazinamide (300 mg/kg bw)
Guinea pigs Adhvaryu et al.
(2007)
NA
Tribulus
terrestris L.
NA NA NA NA Saponin (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1960–1994; Valan
et al., 2010)
Trichosanthes
cucumerina
L.
Whole plant; methanolic
(250 and 500 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (0.3 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats and Swiss
albino rats
Kumar et al.
(2009)
NA
Vitex negundo
L.
Leaf; methanolic (200 and
250 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1.0 ml/kg bw) Wistar albino
rats
Raj et al. (2008) Negundoside, 20-p-hydroxy benzoylmussaenosidic
acid (Tasduq et al., 2008)
Woodfordia
fruticosa (L.)
Kurz
Flower; petroleum ether,
chloroform, ethanolic and
aqueous (250 mg/kg bw)
CCl4 (1%) Wistar albino
rats
Chandan et al.
(2008)
NA
CCl4¼Carbon tetrachloride; NA¼ Information not available.
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 269
Author's personal copy
Table 4Ethnomedicinal hepatoprotective plants used internally in remedy of jaundice in India.
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
AcanthaceaeAdhatoda vasica Nees Lotha–Naga Wokha district
(Nagaland)
Leaf Leaf paste taken orally. Jamir et al., (2010)
Andrographis paniculata
(Burm. f.) Nees.
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Leaf, young
twig
Leaves and young twigs are crushed and made
in to paste, 20–30 g paste taken three times
daily after meal for 2–3 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Bhumij, Birhore, Kheria,
Lodha, Munda, Oraon,
Paharia and Santal
Purulia district (West
Bengal)
Leaf Leaf paste together with paste of black pepper
is given in early morning for 7 days.
Chakraborty and
Bhattacharjee
(2006)
Local traditional healers Bastar district (Madhya
Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant of Andrographis paniculata and
stem barks of Azadirachta indica and
Holarrhena antidysenterica are taken in equal
quantities, pounded well and mixed in water
about 6 times by volume. A red hot brick is
then dropped in to it and filtered. The extract
thus obtained is given internally (25 ml extract
3–4 times a day for 3 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Paste of leaves is mixed with sugar, made into
pills of 4 g each and given internally two times
a day for 10–15 days.
Present study
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Whole plant Whole plant is used as a tonic and fresh juice
used.
Rout et al. (2009)
Malamalasar Parambikulam Wildlife
Sanctuary (Kerala)
Leaf Leaf juice is used. Yesodharan and
Sujana (2007)
Eranthemum roseum
(Vahl) R.Br.
Local community Satpuda hills,
Nandurbar district
(Maharashtra)
Root, leaf One cupful of infusion of dried roots and leaves
is given twice a day for one month.
Patil and Yadav
(2003)
Hygrophila schulli
(Buch.-Ham.)
M.R.Almeida & S.M.
Almeida
Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Root, leaf Root and leaf decoction is used internally. Silja et al. (2008)
AizoaceaeTrianthema
portulacastrum L.
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant extract is taken orally. Singh et al. (2002)
AmaranthaceaeAchyranthes aspera L. Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)
Local community Chandauli district (Uttar
Pradesh)
Root Root of Achyranthes aspera is given with butter
and Prosopis spicigera Linn. root.
Singh and Singh
(2009)
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Local community Shekhawati region
(Rajasthan)
Root Root extract is given orally. Katewa and Galav
(2005)
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Root Root is crushed, squeezed and juice is given. Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Amaranthus spinosus L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Ash of fruits is administered orally 2–3 times a
day for 2–3 weeks.
Present study
Celosia argentea L. Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf extract in combination of leaves of
Achyranthes mixed with sugar and curd and
administered once in the morning for 3 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
AnacardiaceaeMangifera indica L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Bark Decoction of bark is administered orally, thrice
a day for 15–20 days.
Present study
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Bark Bark juice (4–5 spoons) mixed with one cup
milk is given in the morning on empty
stomach.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
ApiaceaeCentella asiatica (L.) Urb. Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Leaf powder (3 g) along with goat milk is given
orally once a day for about 8–10 days.
Present study
Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Whole plant Plant extract is mixed with rhizome paste of
turmeric and given internally.
Silja et al. (2008)
Daucus carota L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Root Root juice (5–10 ml) is taken thrice daily for 2–
3 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
ApocynaceaeAlstonia scholaris (L.) R.
Br.
Adi Lower Dibang Valley
district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Bark Water decoction mixed with Carica papaya
flower.
Tangjang et al.
(2011)
Holarrhena pubescens
Wall.
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Seed Seeds are crushed, soaked in water for a night;
dried in shade made into powder, about 2–3 g
of this is taken with lukewarm water twice a
for 16 days.
Present study
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291270
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Tabernaemontana
divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex
Roem. & Schult
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Root Root powder (100–200 g) is boiled in water
and the extract is taken thrice a day for
2 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
AsclepiadaceaeCalotropis procera
(Aiton) Dryand.
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Root bark,
leaf
One pinch of root bark powder mixed with one
teaspoon of honey taken orally twice a day for
3–5 days. Leaf of this plant which has turned
yellow due to maturity is eaten with betal leaf
(Piper betel L.) for 3–5 days.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Cryptolepis dubia
(Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida
[nCryptolepis buchananii
Roem. & Schult.]
nLocal community Nasik district
(Maharasthra)
Root Half glass of root extract is taken orally in early
morning for 7 days before breakfast.
Patil and Patil
(2005)
Hemidesmus indicus (L.)
R. Br. ex Schult.
Local community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Root Root is powdered and given with honey. Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
(Forssk.) Decne.
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Whole plant Warmed up plant juice is taken orally. Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Oxystelma secamone (L.)
Karst.
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Root Juice of root (10–15 ml) is mixed with a glass
of lukewarm water and given twice daily for
10 days.
Rout et al. (2009)
Tylophora asthmatica (L.
f.) Wight & Arn.
Local community Shimoga district
(Karnataka)
Root Roots with black pepper (Piper nigrum L.),
garlic and fruits of Syzygium cumini is made
into paste and taken orally for 2–3 days.
Mahishi et al.
(2005)
AsteraceaeAjania tibetica (Hook.f. &
Thomson) Tzvelev
[nTanacetum tibeticum
Hook. f. & Thomson]
nAmchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower NA Kala (2006)
Artemisia sieversiana
Ehrh.
Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Shoot NA Kala (2006)
Crepis flexuosa (Ledeb.)
Benth. Ex C.B. Clarke
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Fresh juice mixed in equal proportion of water
is taken once a day.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
Cyanthillium cinereum
(L.) H.Rob. [nVernonia
cinerea (L.) Less.]
nMullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Whole plant Plant extract is mixed with rhizome paste of
turmeric and given internally.
Silja et al. (2008)
Echinops echinatus Roxb. Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Root, seed Filtered juice of roots and seeds is used. Gupta et al. (2010)
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
[nEclipta alba (L.)
Hassk.]
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Leaves are crushed finelly and soaked in vessel
for a night; this water is taken in the morning
or twice a day for 3–4 weeks.
Present study
Valaiyan Piranmalai hills,
Madurai and Siva Ganga
districts (Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaf juice is taken internally. Sandhya et al.
(2006)
nLocal community Kumaragiri hills, Salem
district (Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Decoction of leaves used. Alagesaboopathii
(2009)nBhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Whole plant Paste of whole plant (20–30 g) is mixed with
salt and taken once a day for 15–20 days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
nLocal community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
NA Juice is admiistered in teaspoonful doses. Parveen et al.
(2007)nChakma Namdapha National
Park, Changlang district
(Arunachal Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf extract is given. Sarmah et al.
(2008)
nLocal community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaves of Eclipta alba, Phyllanthus amarus and
Leucas aspera are grounded and extracted. The
extract is given.
Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham.
ex D. Don) DC.
Local community Mizoram Leaf Leaves are crushed with those of Plantago
asiatica and Lobelia angulata and the juice is
taken orally.
Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
Lactuca serriola L.
(nLactuca scariola L.)
nLambani Gulbarga district
(Karnataka)
Leaf Leaf juice is used. Rajasab and Isaq
(2004)
Picris angustifolia subsp.
angustifolia DC. [nPicris
hieracioides L.]
nLocal community Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Plant extract mixed with salted curd is given in
the early morning and late night for 20–30
days.
Chandra Sekhar
and Srivastava
(2005)
Scorzonera divaricata
Turcz.
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, shoot Decoction prepared at low temperature is
consumed orally.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
Sphaeranthus
senegalensis DC.
[nSphaeranthus indicus
L.]
Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Whole plant Whole plant is dried in shade, made into
powder with sugar, 2–3 g of this preparation is
taken with lukewarm water, twice a day for
two weeks.
Present study
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 271
Author's personal copy
Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
nLocal community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Whole plant The expressed juice of plant is given. Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Meitei East Imphal and West
Imphal districts
(Manipur)
Flower, leaf,
seed
Oral Khumbongmayum
et al. (2005)
Tanacetum himachalensis
Aswal & Mehrotra
Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf NA Kala (2006)
Taraxacum officinale
Webb
Local traditional healers Nanda Devi Biosphere
Reserve, Chamoli
district (Uttarakhand)
Root, leaf Root and leaves dried in shade and its powder
is given (2.5–5 g) twice a day.
Dangwal et al.
(2011)
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower One gram powder with half glass of water is
taken.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
Youngia tenuifolia
(Willd.) Babc. &
Stebbins
Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower NA Kala (2006)
AverrhoaceaeAverrhoa carambola L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Fruit Ripened fruits (2–3) are eaten daily for 15–20
days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Fruit Ripe fruit juice. Nath and
Choudhury (2010)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Decoction of fruits is prescribed orally 2–3
times a day for 3 weeks.
Present study
Khampti Lohit district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Leaf, root,
bark, twig
Decoction of leaf, root, bark and twig is given. Sen et al. (2008)
Nocte and Wancho Tirap district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Fruit Raw. Tangjang et al.
(2011)
BerberidaceaeBerberis aristata DC.
[nBerberis chitria Ker
Gawl.]
Raji Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Root bark Semisolid of root bark is used. Negi et al. (2002)
Malani Kullu district
(Himanchal Pradesh)
Root Root extract is used. Sharma et al.
(2005)nJaunsari Dehradun district
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit, bark,
root
NA Bhatt and Negi
(2006)
Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex
DC.
Local community Almora, Bageshwar,
Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Root NA Gangwar et al.
(2010)
BignoniaceaeOroxylum indicum (L.)
Kurz
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark powder (500 g) is extracted in boiled
water and 100 ml of extract is taken thrice a
day for 2–3 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Local traditional healers West Godavari district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Stem bark Stem bark is ground well into a paste together
with turmeric, made into pills and given
internally (5 g twice a day for 5 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Lotha–Naga Wokha district
(Nagaland)
Root bark Root bark paste taken orally. Jamir et al. (2010)
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Bark Crushed bark is soaked in water in an earthen
pot for a night, given orally in early morning or
1–2 times a day for 1 week.
Present study
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Stem bark Two tablespoons juice of stem bark, one hen’s
egg and common salt are blended and fried;
divided into three equal pieces, given orally
thrice daily for 3 days.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
Adi Lower Dibang Valley
district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Bark Water decoction. Tangjang et al.
(2011)
BoraginaceaeCordia dichotoma G.
Forst.
Local traditional healers Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf juice is given internally (20 ml. once a day
for 3 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
BrassicaceaeRaphanus sativus L. Local traditional healers Ukhimath block,
Rudraprayag district
(Uttarakhand)
Rhizome Rhizome extract is taken orally. Semwal et al.
(2010)
Local community Mornaula reserve forest
(Uttarakhand)
Root, leaf NA Pant et al. (2009)
Local community Nawanshahar district
(Punjab)
Root NA Sidhu (2011)
Caesalpiniaceae
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291272
Author's personal copy
Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Bauhinia purpurea L. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Leaf Decoction of leaves is taken internally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Bark, leaf,
root
Water extracts of bark, leaves and root taken
two times daily after meal for 2–4 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.)
Roxb.
Savara, Khond, Santal and
other local communities
Ganjam, Puri,
Jagatsingpur,
Kendrapara, Bhadrak
and Balasore districts
(Odisha)
Leaf NA Pattanaik et al.
(2008)
Cassia fistula L. Local traditional healers Narendra Nagar block,
Tehri district
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf One teaspoonful of leaves extract is
administrated orally thrice a day after meals.
Dangwal and
Sharma (2011)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Infusion of fruit is given orally, 2–3 times a
day, for 15–20 days.
Present study
Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Fruit Infusion of fruits is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Leaf Extract of leaves is administered orally. Rout et al. (2009)
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Fruit Fruit pulp is taken orally once a day. Singh et al. (2002)
Senna auriculata (L.)
Roxb. [nCassia
auriculata L.]
nLocal community Jalgaon district
(Maharashtra)
Flower bud Buds of Cassia auriculata and Cicer arietinum
are eaten 3–4 times a day.
Pawar and Patil
(2004)
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.
[nCassia tora L.]
nLocal traditional healers Godavari district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf along with five peppers is grounded well
into a paste, mixed in water and given
internally (25 g of paste in 100 ml of water,
once a day for 5 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Tamarindus indica L. Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Fruit Extract of fruits is internally taken. Jain et al. (2005)
CapparaceaeCapparis spinosa L. Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Shoot Green shoots are cut and dried in shade and
powdered. The powder is taken orally twice a
day.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
CaricaceaeCarica papaya L. Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Leaf Leaf juice is used. Nath and
Choudhury (2010)
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium album L. Local community Nawanshahar district
(Punjab)
Leaf, stem NA Sidhu (2011)
CombretaceaeTerminalia arjuna (Roxb.
ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Stem bark Aqueous extract of the bark is given for 3 days
in the morning on empty stomach.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.
ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Madugga Siruvani forest,
Coimbatore district
(Tamil Nadu)
Bark, leaf Decoction of the bark and leaves are used. Soudahmini et al.
(2005)
CommelinaceaeCommelina benghalensis
L.
Kurichya Kannur district, Western
Ghats (Kerala)
Whole plant Crushed juice of plant is given orally twice a
day.
Rajith and
Ramachandran
(2010)
ConvolvulaceaeArgyreia roxburghii
(Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Leaf Pills prepared from paste of 10–15 g tuber of
Stephania glabra and five leaves of Argyreia
roxburghii are dried and taken three times
daily.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.)
L.
Savara, Khond, Santal and
other local communities
Ganjam, Puri,
Jagatsingpur,
Kendrapara, Bhadrak
and Balasore districts
(Odisha)
Whole plant NA Pattanaik et al.
(2008)
Poranopsis paniculata
(Roxb.) Roberty
[nPorana paniculata
Roxb.]
nMeena Rajasthan Leaf, bark NA Meena and Rao
(2010)
CrasssulaceaeBryophyllum pinnatum
(Lam.) Oken
nTagin Subansiri district
(Arunachal Pradesh)
Leaf NA Goswami et al.
(2009)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 273
Author's personal copy
Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
[nBryophyllum
calycinum Salisb.]
CucurbitaceaeBenincasa hispida
(Thunb.) Cogn.
Local traditional healers Phulbani district
(Odisha)
Fruit Fruit juice is given internally (50 ml once a day
for 3 days: Sugar is added for taste).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Bhoxa and Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Juice of fruits (2–3 teaspoonfuls) is given orally
twice a day for 2 weeks.
Present study
Citrullus collocynthis (L.)
Schrad.
Garasia Sirohi district
(Rajasthan)
Fruit NA Meena and Yadav
(2010)
Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded
districts (Maharashtra)
Root Root extract is given. Kachare et al.
(2010)
Local traditional healers Chhindwara and Betul
districts (Madhya
Pradesh)
Seed Powder is given. Nath and Khatri
(2010)
Local community District Garhwal
(Uttarakhand)
Root NA Gaur (1999)
Local community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Root NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
Coccinia grandis (L.)
Voigt
Local community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Fruit NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Leaf, fruit NA Silja et al. (2008)
Cucumis melo L.
[nCucumis melo var.
agrestis Naudin]
nLocal traditional healers Koraput district
(Odisha)
Root Roasted meat and feathers of a bird locally
known as ‘Kaamalodi’ ‘Kangalodi’ or ‘Kangudi’
and root of the plant are ground into a paste
and given internally (20 g once a day for
3 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Cucumis sativus L. Local community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Fruit NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
Cucurbita pepo L. Lepcha Dzongu valley, North
Sikkim district (Sikkim)
Fruit Ripen fruits are used. Pradhan and
Badola (2008)
Local community Nawanshahar district
(Punjab)
Fruit NA Sidhu (2011)
Lagenaria siceraria
(Molina) Standl.
[nLagenaria
leucantha Rusby]
Local traditional healers Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Root Juice of root (bitter variety) is given internally
in the morning on empty stomach (10 ml. once
a day for 2 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Local community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
Leaf A decoction of leaves mixed with sugar is
given.
Parveen et al.
(2007)nLocal community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Fruit NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
Luffa acutangula (L.)
Roxb.
Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Fruit Extract of fruits is internally taken. Jain et al. (2005)
Luffa echinata Roxb. Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded
districts (Maharashtra)
Fruit Fruit boiled in water and prepared decoction is
taken once a day for 7–14 days.
Kachare et al.
(2010)
Momordica charantia L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Fruit, leaf Fruit and leaf juice is taken once daily for 10–
15 days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Juice of fruits is administered internally twice
a day for 2 weeks.
Present study
Local community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Fruit Dried fruit pieces are fried and given with
normal diet.
Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
Local community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Fruit NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
Mukia maderaspatana
(L.) M.Roem.
[nMelothria
maderaspatana (L.)
Cogn.]
nMeitei East Imphal and West
Imphal districts
(Manipur)
Shoot, leaf,
seed
Oral Khumbongmayum
et al. (2005)
Trichosanthes
cucumerina L.
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Infusion of fruits (1–2 teaspoonfuls) is taken
orally twice a day for two weeks.
Present study
CuscutaceaeCuscuta reflexa Roxb. Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is taken internally. Jain et al. (2005)
Local community Tripura Whole plant Whole plant juice with coconut water is taken
early morning for 2 weeks.
Majumdar et al
(2006)
Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Seed Paste of seeds, about 3–4 g is recommended
internally twice a day for 2 weeks.
Present study
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Whole plant Decoction of whole plant (2 teaspoonfuls) is
recommended internally, 2–3 times a day for
16 days.
Present study
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291274
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Local community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Whole plant NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
CyperaceaeCyperus rotundus L. Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Tuber Tubers ground with triphal (fruits of Terminalia
chebula, Terminalia bellirica and Emblica
officinalis) and the extract administered in
2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 5 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
DilleniaceaeDillenia indica L. Local community Mizoram Fruit, bark Fruit is boiled and the water is taken. Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
EbenaceaeDiospyros montana Roxb. Local traditional healers Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Stem bark Dried stem bark is kept overnight in water,
pounded and boiled. 25 ml of the decoction
thus obtained is heat—treated by dropping a
red hot piece of earthen pot, filtered and given
internally (20 ml once a day for 5 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Local traditional healers Sagar Talukk, Shimoga
district (Karnataka)
Bark, leaf Bark paste is mixed with cow’s milk and taken
orally in morning, for a week. Likely leaves
ground wiith jaggery and boiled in water into
decoction. Daily two teaspoonfuls of decoction
is taken orally daily, for 4–5 days.
Rajakumar and
Shivanna (2010)
EhretiaceaeEhretia laevis Roxb. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Seed Soaked seeds are made into paste, mixed with
powder of badi elaichi (Amomum subulatum)
and given orally with milk, thrice a day.
Present study
ElaeagnaceaeElaeagnus rhamnoides
(L.) A. Nelson
[nHippophae
rhamnoides L.]
nLahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Fruit The juice extracted from 5 kg of fruit pulp is
boiled at low temperature with half litre of
water till it gets solidified. Tablets are made
and two tablets are given.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
Hippophae tibetana
Schltdl.
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Fruit Dried fruits are crushed and boiled in water to
prepare a decoction. The decoction obtained is
taken.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha indica L. Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaves crushed with sugar candy and curd
taken orally early in the morning for 3 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Baliospermum
solanifolium (Burm.)
Suresh [nBaliospermum
montanum (Willd.)
Mull.Arg.]
Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Root Powder of roots (2–3 g) is taken with curd and
sugar twice a day for 12–16 days.
Present study
nLocal community District Garhwal
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf, root Leaf and root decoction is given. Gaur (1999)
Croton persimilis Mull.
Arg. [nCroton
oblongifolius Roxb.]
nBhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Stem bark Stem bark of C. oblongifolius, Curcuma longa
and ripen fruits of Averrhoa carambola
(2:1:2 g) are crushed together and boiled in
water, extract is taken thrice a day for 2–3
weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Euphorbia hirta L. Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta in combination
with leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus, sugar
and curd is administered in two spoonfuls
thrice a day for 2–3 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Euphorbia neriifolia L. Local community Shekhawati region
(Rajasthan)
Latex Luke warm latex with common salt. Katewa and Galav
(2005)
Jatropha curcus L. Local traditional healers Shahjahanpur district
(Uttar Pradesh)
Leaf Tender leaf paste mixed with curd is given. Sharma et al.
(2010)
Mallotus philippensis
(Lam.) Mull-Arg.
Local community Kunihar forest division,
Solan district (Himachal
Pradesh)
Seed Dried seed powder is made into tablets and
given orally with cold water.
Verma and
Chauhan (2007)
Mallotus roxburghianus
Mull.Arg.
Mizo Aizwal and Kolasib
forest division,
Ngengpui and Palak
Wildlife Sanctuaries
(Mizoram)
Twig Twigs are boiled and the soup is taken daily/
drunk one cup (100 ml) twice daily.
Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a, 2010b)
Local community Mizoram Twig Twigs are boiled and the soup is taken daily/
drunk one cup (100 ml) twice daily.
Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a, 2010b)
Phyllanthus amarus
Schumach. & Thonn.
Local community Bhuldhana district
(Maharashtra)
Whole plant Extract, one spoonful per day for 3 days. Ahirrao and Patil
(2010)
Local traditional healers Ranchi district
(Jharkhand)
Whole plant Whole plant infusion is taken orally with cold
water.
Chandra et al.
(2007)
Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
Leaf Decoction of leaves is used internally. Jain et al. (2005)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 275
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Local traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaves are ground well and mixed with glass
full of cow milk and taken orally three times
daily till cured.
Kachare and
Surywanshi (2010)
Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant extract mixed with curd and
given in two spoonfuls twice a day for a week.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Local traditional healers Kancheepuram district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Fresh leaves are ground and mixed with a cup
of cow or goat’s milk and taken internally.
Muthu et al. (2006)
Local community Satpuda hills,
Nandurbar district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Two teaspoonful of 10 g leaf powder is given
with water twice.
Patil and Yadav
(2003)
Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Whole plant Infusion of whole plant is taken twice a day for
4 weeks.
Present study
Irula Kodiakkarai reserve
forest, Thanjavur
district (Tamil Nadu)
Branch, leaf Raw branchlets and leaves eaten for 7 days. Ragupathy and
Newmaster (2009)
Local community Southern districts
(Tamil Nadu)
Whole plant Plant extract is given orally. Rajendran et al.
(2008)
Valaiyan Piranmalai hills,
Madurai and Siva Ganga
districts (Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaf paste mixed with buffalo urine, 200 ml
per day for three days, taken internally.
Sandhya et al.
(2006)
Local community Muriyad wetland,
Vembanad–Kol, Ramsar
site (Kerala)
Whole plant Whole plant paste or chopped leaves are used. Sanilkumar and
Thomas (2007)
Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Whole plant Plant extract is mixed with rhizome paste of
turmeric and given internally.
Silja et al. (2008)
Kattunayaka Mudumalai Wildlife
Sanctuary, Nilgiri
district (Tamil Nadu)
Whole plant 15 ml whole plant juice is taken orally in
empty stomach along with tumbler’s goat
milk.
Udayan et al.
(2007)
Malamalasar Parambikulam Wildlife
Sanctuary (Kerala)
Root Fresh roots. Yesodharan and
Sujana (2007)
Phyllanthus asperulatus
Hutch.
Local traditional healers Sirkakulam district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant is made into a paste and given
internally. Alternatively, its juice is mixed in
curd and given (25–50 g of whole plant once a
day for 3 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Phyllanthus emblica L.
[nEmblica officinalis
Gaertn.]
Meitei East Imphal and West
Imphal districts
(Manipur)
Fruit Oral Khumbongmayum
et al. (2005)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Decoction of fruits along with sugar is taken in
early morning or thrice a day for 10–15 days.
Present study
Local traditional healers Rajasthan NA Given with buttermilk. Sharma and Kumar
(2007)nLocal community Almora, Bageshwar,
Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Bark Bark decoction is given. Gangwar et al.
(2010)
nSapera Khetawas, Jhajjar
district (Haryana)
NA NA Panghal et al.
(2010)
Phyllanthus fraternus
G.L. Webster
Local community Bijagarh, West Nimar
district (Madhya
Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant extract. Mahajan (2007)
Local community Mizoram Whole plant Juice of whole plant is used. Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Whole plant About 10 g paste of whole plant is given thrice
daily for one week.
Rout et al. (2009)
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Whole plant One plant ground without water and made
into a tablet. One tablet a day for 3 days to be
taken orally. Root paste with water given
internally on empty stomach for 3 days.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Phyllanthus niruri L. Local traditional healers Chhindwara and Betul
districts (Madhya
Pradesh)
Whole plant Decoction is taken. Nath and Khatri
(2010)
Taungya Gorakhpur and
Maharajganj districts
(Uttar Pradesh)
Root 1–2 teaspoon of fresh roots juice taken twice a
day.
Poonam and Singh
(2009)
Karen Webi and Karmatang
villages, Mayabunder,
Middle Andaman
(Andaman and Nicobar)
Whole plant Plant paste mixed with sugar candy, diluted by
adding goat milk and filtered in muslin cloth is
taken internally for 3 days at early morning.
Sharief et al. (2005)
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Whole plant Singh et al. (2002)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291276
Author's personal copy
Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Fresh juice (20 ml) or powder (10 g) of whole
plant is given orally with water daily in
morning for 3–4 days.
Local community Jharkhand Leaf, bark Leaf and bark juice is given as tonic. Vidhyrthy and
Gupta (2007)
Phyllanthus urinaria L. Madugga Siruvani forest,
Coimbatore district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaf decoction (20 ml twice a day) is used. Soudahmini et al.
(2005)
Phyllanthus virgatus G.
Forst.
Kani Kouthalai area,
Tirunelveli district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Paste of leaf is taken along with the leaves of
Ricinus communis, Centella asiatica and Calamus
rotang.
Ayyanar and
Ignacimuthu
(2005)
Ricinus communis L. Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaf juice mixed with a cup of milk is used. Gupta et al. (2010)
Local traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaves juice 5 ml in 100 ml cow milk with
sugar given orally on empty stomach for 5 to
7 days.
Kachare and
Surywanshi (2010)
Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf paste administered in one spoonful with
buttermilk early in the morning for 5–7 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Andha and Bhil Hingoli district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaf juice is mixed with cow milk and hot
quartz is put in it and then drunk it without
water and salt.
Patil and Biradar
(2011)
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf ground with equal quantity of jaggery and
made into small tablets like grain of maize.
Two tablets three times a day for 3 days to be
given orally (for adults) and two tablets for
two times a day for 3 days for children.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Local traditional healers Shahjahanpur district
(Uttar Pradesh)
Leaf Tender leaf paste mixed with curd is given. Sharma et al.
(2010)
Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Leaf Leaf juice with 7 cumin seeds is given
internally.
Silja et al. (2008)
Local community Almora, Bageshwar,
Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit NA Gangwar et al.
(2010)
Rural women Rudraprayag and
Chamoli districts
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit NA Uniyal and Shiva
(2005)
FabaceaeAbrus precatorius L. Local community Saraswati river region,
Patan district (Gujarat)
Root NA Seliya and Patel
(2009)
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Local traditional healers Phulbani district
(Odisha)
Leaf Leaf juice mixed with honey is given internally
(25 ml thrice a day for 3 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Juice of leaves with honey is administered
internally twice a day for 15 days.
Present study
Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Leaf Leaf juice is used. Nath and
Choudhury (2010)
Cicer microphyllum
Benth.
Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Seed NA Kala (2006)
Crotalaria juncea L. Local traditional healers Chhattisgarh Leaf 200 g leaf paste is taken with a cup of water
twice a day for one week.
Tirkey (2006)
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. Kani Kottoor reserve forest,
Agasthyavanam,
Thiruvananthapuram
district (Kerala)
Bark Extract of 200 g bark after removing outer
dead layer is consumed with coconut milk.
Vijayan et al.
(2007)
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Leaf One teaspoon decoction of leaf mixed with one
glass of water to be taken orally twice a day for
8 days. Leaves ground with small amount of
water and paste applied on the whole body.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Glycine max (L.) Merr. Local community Mornaula reserve forest
(Uttarakhand)
Seed Seed paste is soaked in water for overnight,
cooked in iron vessel and given to the patient
orally.
Pant et al. (2009)
Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Malasar Coimbtore district
(Tamil Nadu)
Root Root powder is taken internally. Kumar et al. (2007)
Pongamia pinnata (L.)
Pierre
Local community Kalyaran and
Shervarayan Hills,
Eastern Ghats (Tamil
Nadu)
Leaf NA Kadavul and Dixit
(2009)
Trigonella emodi Benth. Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower One spoon of powder is taken twice a day for a
week.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
FlacourtiaceaeFlacourtia indica (Burm.
f.) Merr.
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Decoction of fruits is given orally, twice a day
for 2–3 weeks.
Present study
Bhoxa Leaf Present study
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 277
Author's personal copy
Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaves are boiled in water and decoction is
given orally twice a day for 15–20 days.
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Fruit About 30–50 ml fruit juice is given daily. Singh et al. (2002)
Local community Kalyaran and
Shervarayan Hills,
Eastern Ghats (Tamil
Nadu)
Fruit NA Kadavul and Dixit
(2009)
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Fruit NA Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
GentianaceaeGentiana leucomelaena
Maxim.
Local community Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Plants are ground along with boiled water and
small portion of petals of Polemonium
caeruleum L. and Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook.)
Ma. are added to the above combination. This
mixture mixed with boiled cow milk or curd
(prepared from Goat’s milk) is given empty
stomach in the early morning for 15–22 days.
Chandra Sekhar
and Srivastava
(2005)
Gentiana tubiflora
(G.Don) Griseb.
Local community Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant is ground with little amount of
salted curd and made into a paste. This paste is
given at night (before going to bed) for 40–45
days.
Chandra Sekhar
and Srivastava
(2005)
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Aerial part The fresh juice of aerial parts is mixed with
equal quantity of water and about half glass of
the mixture is taken orally in morning hours.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
Gentianella
moorcroftiana (Wall. ex
Griseb.) Airy Shaw
[nGentiana
moorcroftiana Wall. ex
G. Don]
nLahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Aerial part Juice extracted by crushing fresh aerial parts is
taken in empty stomach.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
nAmchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower NA Kala (2006)
Gentianopsis detonsa
(Rottb.) Ma.
Local community Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Plants are ground along with boiled water and
small portion of petals of Polemonium
caeruleum L. and Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook.)
Ma. are added to the above combination. This
mixture mixed with boiled cow milk or curd
(prepared from Goat’s milk) is given empty
stomach in the early morning for 15–22 days.
Chandra Sekhar
and Srivastava
(2005)
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower The fresh juice extracted is taken orally. Singh and Lal
(2008)
Gentianopsis paludosa
(Hk.f.)
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, flower The powder prepared from leaves and flowers
is mixed with flower powder of Jaeschkea
oligosperma, root powder of Aconitum
hererophyllum and Picrorhiza kurrooa in equal
quantity and about half spoon of the mixture is
given orally with water.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
Swertia chirata (Roxb.)
Buch. -Ham. ex C.B.
Clarke
Local community Almora, Bageshwar,
Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Flower,
stem, root
NA Gangwar et al.
(2010)
Geranium pratense L. Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant About one spoon of powder is taken orally
with water.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
HypoxidaceaeCurculigo orchioides
Gaertn.
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Root Water extract of root is taken two times daily
after meal for 2–4 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Rhizome Rhizome extract given with curd in two
spoonfuls twice a day for about a week.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Local community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
Root/ tuber Tubers are washed and cut into slices and
dried and than given in doses of 180 gains
beaten up with an equal quantity of sugar in a
glass of milk until it forms thick mucilage.
Parveen et al.
(2007)
Local community District Garhwal
(Uttarakhand)
Rhizome NA Gaur (1999)
LabiataeScutellaria prostrata
Jacquem. ex Benth.
Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Shoot NA Kala (2006)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291278
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
LamiaceaeLeucas aspera (Willd.)
Link
Local community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
Leaf, flower Juice of leaves and flowers mixed with milk is
given.
Parveen et al.
(2007)
Kunabi Uttara Kannada district,
(Karnataka)
Leaf NA Harsha et al.
(2002)
Mentha arvensis L. Bodo Sonitpur district
(Assam)
Leaf Leaves are put in water for 6–8 h; decanted
extract is given once in a day for a week after
breakfast.
Saikia et al. (2010)
Mentha spicata L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Powdered dry leaves are eaten with chilli
powder and chapati for 10–12 days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Ocimum americanum L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is taken internally,
thrice a day for 3–4 weeks.
Present study
Ocimum basilicum L. Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant except root cut into small pieces
and boiled with water and allowed to cool.
One cup of this extract given orally twice only.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
[nOcimum sanctum L.]
nGond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)
Volkameria inermis L.
[nClerodendrun inerme
(L.) Gaertn.]
nPeriyapattinavar, Irular and
Fisherman
Pichavaram mangrove
forest, Cuddalore
district (Tamil Nadu)
Leaf NA Ravindran et al.
(2005)
LiliaceaeAloe vera (L.) Burm. f.
[nAloe barbadensis Mill.]
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Infusion of leaves is given orally twice a day
for 10–12 days.
Present study
nLocal community Kumaragiri hills, Salem
district (Tamil Nadu)
Whole plant Juice of the whole plant is taken. Alagesaboopathii
(2009)
Asparagus racemosus
Willd.
Local community Sundargarh district
(Odisha)
Root Root decoction mixed with sugar candy is
ingested.
Girach et al. (1998)
Local community Sundargarh district
(Odisha)
Root Root decoction wirth sugar is given orally. Girach et al. (1998)
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Tuber Tuber made into paste and taken internally. Rout et al. (2009)
Karens Webi and Karmatang
villages, Mayabunder,
Middle Andaman
(Andaman and Nicobar)
Root Paste of fresh root with sugar candy, diluted
with water is taken twice a day for 7 days.
Sharief et al. (2005)
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Root Dried root powder (5 to 10 g per day) is used
orally as a tonic.
Singh et al. (2002)
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Root Roots are cut into pieces; gruel is prepared
with rice and taken by the patient.
Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
LythraceaeLagerstoemia speciosa
(L.) Pers.
Local community Mizoram Root Decoction of root is taken. Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
Lawsonia inermis L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Bark, leaf Bark and leaves (500 g) are crushed together
and boiled in water. Decoction is taken two
times daily after meal for 2–4 weeks.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Local traditional healers Phulbani district
(Odisha)
Root Root along with some pepper is ground well,
mixed in 50 ml of rice wash and given in the
morning on empty stomach (5 g of rootþ3 or
4 peppers once a day for 3–7 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Local community Shekhawati region
(Rajasthan)
Leaf Leaf extract mixed with sugar is given. Katewa and Galav
(2005)
Bhil, Dhanka, Kolidhor, Naika
and Rathwa
Panchmahals district
(Gujarat)
Leaf Leaf decoction. Painuli and
Maheswari (1994)
Local community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
Leaf One gram of fresh leaves and three black
peppers are made into paste in 50 ml of cow’s
milk and it is taken for 1 month.
Parveen et al.
(2007)
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Root Decoction of roots, ½ teaspoonfuls is taken
orally, twice a day for 10–15 days.
Present study
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Root Extract of root is given twice a day as health
tonic for liver and general weakness.
Rout et al. (2009)
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Leaf One gram of fresh leaves and three black
peppers are made into paste in 50 ml of cow’s
milk and it is taken for 1 month.
Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Woodfordia fructicosa
(L.) Kurz.
Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Stem bark Stem bark ground with bark of Bauhinia
racemosa and Oroxylum indicum and the
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 279
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
poultice administered in two spoonfuls banana
fruit twice a day for 5–7 days.
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Decoction of fruits (two teaspoonfuls) is
recommended orally twice a day for 2 week.
Present study
MalvaceaeGossypium herbaceum L. Local traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaves juice given orally. Kachare and
Surywanshi (2010)
Sida cordifolia L. Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Root Half cup root juice and half tablespoon sugar
candy mixed together is given once daily till
cured.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
MelastomataceaeMelastoma
malabathricum L.
Local community Kalyaran and
Shervarayan Hills,
Eastern Ghats (Tamil
Nadu)
Root NA Kadavul and Dixit
(2009)
MeliaceaeAzadirachta indica A.
Juss.
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Leaf One kg powder of fresh, mature air-dried
leaves is boiled in water and 5ml extract is
taken once daily for 15–20 days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Andha and Bhil Hingoli district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaf extract is given orally. Patil and Biradar
(2011)
Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Bark Decoction of bark is prescribed orally, two
teaspoonfuls, twice a day for 2 weeks.
Present study
Local community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Young leaves are fried with Carum nothum and
salt and powdered. The powder is given
internally with milk.
Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
MenispermaceaeCissampelos pareira L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf ½ teaspoonfuls juice of fresh leaves is used
internally twice a day for 12–15 days.
Present study
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.
Theob.
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Fruit One fruit rubbed with 50 ml of water and
made into paste and one teaspoon of sugar.
This is equal to one dose. This preparation is to
be given orally twice only.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Coscinium fenestratum
(Goetgh.) Colebr.
Malamalasar Parambikulam Wildlife
Sanctuary (Kerala)
Root, stem Root and stem paste. Yesodharan and
Sujana (2007)
Stephania glabra (Roxb.)
Miers
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Tuber Pills prepared from paste of 10–15 g tuber of
Stephania glabra and five leaves of Argyreia
roxburghii are dried and taken three times
daily.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers
Local traditional healers Koraput district
(Odisha)
Stem Starch obtained from stem is mixed in equal
quantity of sugar and given internally (8 g
with water once a day for 7 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Fruit Dry fruit powder is mixed with honey and
administered in two spoonfuls once in
morning for 5–7 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Local community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
Stem Stem juice is given either alone or mixed with
honey.
Parveen et al.
(2007)
Andha and Bhil Hingoli district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Extract of leaves is given orally. Patil and Biradar
(2011)
Taungya Gorakhpur and
Maharajganj districts
(Uttar Pradesh)
Fruit 1–2 teaspoon of fruits paste given twice a day. Poonam and Singh
(2009)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Stem Pieces of stem are soaked in water in an
earthen pot; this water is used internally, 2–3
times a day for 15 days.
Present study
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Whole plant Plant juice is given. Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Sapera Khetawas, Jhajjar
district (Haryana)
NA NA Panghal et al.
(2010)
Local community Mizoram Stem, root NA Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
MimosaceaeAcacia catechu (L. f.)
Willd.
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark (1–3 g) is mixed with water and the
extract is taken two times daily untill cured.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Acacia concinna (Willd.)
DC.
Taungya Gorakhpur and
Maharajganj districts
(Uttar Pradesh)
Leaf Leaves powder given internally thrice a day. Poonam and Singh
(2009)
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile.
[nAcacia arabica (Lam.)
Willd.]
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Leaf Pounded leaves (50 g) are given daily for 3 to
4 days with butter milk.
Singh et al. (2002)
nGond Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291280
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)nSapera Khetawas, Jhajjar
district (Haryana)
NA NA Panghal et al.
(2010)
Mimosa himalayana
Gamble
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond,
Mankdia, Pauri–Bhuyan,
Saharia, Mahali and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Root Extract of root is given in small doses. Rout et al. (2009)
MoraceaeArtocarpus chaplasha
Roxb. [nArtocarpus
chama Buch. -Ham.]
nLocal community Barak Valley, Cachar,
Karimganj and
Hailakandi districts
(Assam)
Bark Bark extract is used. Barbhuiya et al.
(2009)
Ficus benghalensis L. Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Aerial root Powder of aerial roots. Gupta et al. (2010)
Sapera Khetawas, Jhajjar
district (Haryana)
NA NA Panghal et al.
(2010)
Ficus religiosa L. Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Stem bark Decoction of stem bark is recommended orally
twice a day for a week.
Present study
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Leaf 2–3 leaves of Ficus religiosa with 2 leaves of
Azadiracta, kept in a betel leaf and chewed.
Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Morus alba L. [nMorus
australis Poir.]
nMech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Leaf Leaf juice mixed with one cup of curd is given
once in a day till cured.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
MoringaceaeMoringa oleifera Lam. Local traditional healers Ranchi district
(Jharkhand)
Leaf Leaf infusion is taken orally with cold water. Chandra et al.
(2007)
MusaceaeMusa paradisiaca L. Local community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Stem Interior stem portion of Musa paradisiaca and
fruits of Lablab purpureus are prepared as a
vegetable curry and given with diet.
Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
MyrsinaceaeArdisia paniculata Roxb. Mizo Aizwal and Kolasib
forest division,
Ngengpui and Palak
Wildlife Sancturaries
(Mizoram)
Root Crushed root in combination with Smilax
ovalifolia and Bridelia tomentosa is boiled with
water and taken.
Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010b)
Maesa indica (Roxb.) A.
DC.
Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Root Ash infusion of roots is given orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
NelumbonaceaeNelumbo nucifera
Gaertn.
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Stem bark Stem bark extract. Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
NyctaginaceaeBoerhavia diffusa L. Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem
district (Tamil Nadu)
Whole plant Decoction of the whole plant is taken. Alagesaboopathii
(2009)
Jaunsari Dehradun district
(Uttarakhand)
Root, whole
plant, leaf
Root decoction, plant infusion, leaf extract. Bhatt and Negi
(2006)
Local traditional healers Manas National Park
(Assam)
Leaf Infusion of leaves is taken orally. Das et al. (2009b)
Local community Meghalaya Leaf Leaf juice is given internally. Dolui et al. (2004)
Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Root Decoction of roots is taken internally. Jain et al. (2005)
Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded
districts (Maharashtra)
Leaf Tender leaves are eaten like vegetable. Kachare et al.
(2010)
Pawara Satpuda hills,
Nandurbar district
(Maharashtra)
Root Decoction of root is taken orally thrice a day. Kosalge and
Fursule (2009)
Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant extract mixed with sugar and
curd and administered once early in the
morning for 7 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Bhoxa and Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Root Finelly crushed roots are placed in water for
whole night; this water is taken orally in early
morning, for a week.
Present study
Mullu Kuruma Wayanad district
(Kerala)
Leaf Leaf extract is used internally. Silja et al. (2008)
Local community Leaf NA Mahajan (2007)
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Bijagarh, West Nimar
district (Madhya
Pradesh)
Bougainvillea spectabilis
Willd.
Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem
district (Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaves juice is given. Alagesaboopathii
(2009)
Mirabilis jalapa L. Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem
district (Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaf juice mixed with water used. Alagesaboopathii
(2009)
OleaceaeFraxinus micrantha
Lingelsh.
Bhotia Dharchula region,
Pithoragarh district
(Uttarakhand)
Stem bark Root of Rubus foliolosus D. Don mixed with
inner bark infusion of Fraxinus micrantha is
taken.
Garbyal et al.
(2007)
OrchidceaeOberonia ensiformiis
(Sm.) Lindl.
Khond Visakhapatnam district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Root, tuber,
leaf
Root, tuber and leaf paste is used orally. Rao et al. (2006)
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.)
Hook. ex G. Don
Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is taken internally. Jain et al. (2005)
OxalidaceaeOxalis corniculata L. Gujjar and Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Juice of leaves is given orally, twice a day for
1–2 weeks.
Present study
Local community Muriyad wetland,
Vembanad–Kol, Ramsar
site (Kerala)
Whole plant NA Sanilkumar and
Thomas (2007)
Oxalis debilis var.
corymbosa (DC.)
Lourteig [nOxalis
corymbosa DC.]
nJaintia North Cachar hills
district (Assam)
Whole plant Entire plant is crushed and the extract is taken
thrice daily.
Sajem and Gosai
(2006)
PandanaceaePandus tectorius
Parkinson
Local community Muriyad wetland,
Vembanad–Kol, Ramsar
site (Kerala)
Root NA Sanilkumar and
Thomas (2007)
PapaveraceaeArgemone mexicana L. Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Latex Yellowish latex of the plant along with sugar is
administered internally twice a day for
2 weeks.
Present study
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Whole plant After peeling the spines the whole plant is
dried in shade, made into powder with sugar
and 2 g of this powder is given orally with curd
twice a day for 2–3 weeks.
Present study
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Whole plant Plant juice is used orally, in 20 ml doses for
3 to 4 days.
Singh et al. (2002)
Local community Kumaragiri hills, Salem
district (Tamil Nadu)
Seed NA Alagesaboopathii
(2009)
PiperaceaePiper betle L. Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Leaf Two leaves of Azadiracta and 2–3 leaves of
Ficus religiosa are kept in Piper betle leaf and
given for chewing.
Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Piper nigrum L. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Fruit Powder of fruits is given orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
PlantaginaceaePlantago major L. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Leaf Pills of leaf paste are used internally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Jaintia North Cachar hills
district (Assam)
Leaf An equal proportion of crushed leaves and raw
milk (w/v) is mixed and taken in an empty
stomach for almost a week.
Sajem and Gosai
(2006)
PlumbaginaceaePlumbago zeylanica L. Santhal Tripura Leaf Leaf juice is used. Majumdar et al
(2006)
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Root Making a hole in a potato (Solanum tuberosum),
about 1.2 cm root of Plumbago zeylanica is
inserted, roasted, peeled off the potato and
given orally once a day for three days.
Sarkar and Das
(2010)
PoaceaeCynodon dactylon (L.)
Pers.
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Juice of leaves 1–2 teaspoonfuls are orally
given, twice a day for a week.
Present study
Local community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaves of Cynodon dactylon
and Phyllanthus amarus are grounded with the
fuits of Piper nigrumand extracted. The extract
is given.
Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
Desmostachya bipinnata
(L.) Stapf
Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
Root Root paste is used internally. Jain et al. (2005)
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291282
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Local community Meerut district (Uttar
Pradesh)
Root Root infusion is given twice a day. Tomar (2009)
Oryza sativa L. Local traditional healers Phulbani district
(Odisha)
NA 20 ml of honey is mixed in 80 ml of extract and
given internally (100 ml once a day for two
days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Straw Ash infusion of straw is given orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Saccharum officinarum L. Lotha–Naga Wokha district
(Nagaland)
Stem, culm Stem or culm chewed. Jamir et al. (2010)
Hmar Cachar district (Assam) Stem Stem juice is given. Nath and
Choudhury (2010)
Local community Mornaula reserve forest
(Uttarakhand)
Stem Full glass of juice is given to the patient twice/
thrice.
Pant et al. (2009)
Lepcha Dzongu valley, North
Sikkim district (Sikkim)
Stem Juice is given. Pradhan and
Badola (2008)
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Stem Four to six internodes to be eaten on empty
stomach in the morning followed by 500 ml
milk for 4–5 days. One glass of stem juice is
advisable.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Nocte and Wancho Tirap district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Stem Water decoction. Tangjang et al.
(2011)
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dausa, Dholpur, Karouli
and Sawai Madhopur
districts (Rajasthan)
Whole plant Plant juice and jaggery are given orally. Upadhyay et al.
(2010)
Local community Nawanshahar district
(Punjab)
Stem NA Sidhu (2011)
PolygonaceaePolygonum tortuosum D.
Don.
Local community Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant paste mixed with curd (prepared
from Goat’s milk) is given empty stomach for
15–22 days.
Chandra Sekhar
and Srivastava
(2005)
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Aerial part Powder obtained from aerial parts is
consumed orally with water.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
PortulacaceaePortulaca oleracea L. Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant dried and made into powder and
administered in two spoonfuls early in the
morning for about 15 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Root Infusion of roots is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Bhotia Pithoragarh district
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Leaves are cooked without spice and oil and
taken with food.
Samal et al. (2010)
Gond and Kharwar Sonaghati, Sonbhadra
district (Uttar Pradesh)
Whole plant Plant juice is given orally, 50 ml per day. Singh et al (2002)
PunicaceaePunica granatum L. Sapera Khetawas, Jhajjar
district (Haryana)
NA NA Panghal et al.
(2010)
Local community Nawanshahar district
(Punjab)
Seed NA Sidhu (2011)
RanunculaceaeAconitum rotundifolium
Kar. & Kir.
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant Juice extracted by crushing is taken orally with
equal volume of water.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
RhamnaceaeZiziphus jujuba Mill. Local community Baramulla district
(Jammu & Kashmir)
Seed Decoction prepared by grinding the seeds in
salty water is taken orally, with a dosage of
two spoons thrice a day, for two months
duration.
Khan et al. (2004)
RosaceaeAcomastylis elata (Wall.
ex G. Don) F. Bolle
[nGeum elatum Wall. ex
G. Don]
nLocal community Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf extract (2–3 spoonful) mixed with boiled
cow milk or curd is given empty stomach for
15–22 days.
Chandra Sekhar
and Srivastava
(2005)
Rosa webbiana Wall. ex
Royle
Lahaula and Bodh Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Fruit The juice extracted from the flowers is mixed
with small quantity of water and consumed
daily.
Singh and Lal
(2008)
RubiaceaeHaldina cordifolia
(Roxb.) Ridsdale
[nAdina cordifolia
(Roxb.) Hook. f.]
Local traditional healers Sitamata Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chittorgarh
and Udaipur districts
(Rajasthan)
Stem bark Paste of stem bark is orally taken for
treatment.
Jain et al. (2005)
Bhoxa and Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Bark Decoction of bark is given orally. Present study
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Bhil and Bhilala Jhabua district (Madhya
Pradesh)
Stem bark Stem bark pounded overnight and the
decoction is given twice a day.
Wagh and Jain
(2010)nBhil, Dhanka, Kolidhor,
Naika and Rathwa
Panchmahals district
(Gujarat)
Stem bark Stem bark decoction. Painuli and
Maheswari (1994)
Ixora acuminata Roxb. Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Leaf Infusion of leaves is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Ixora pavetta Andr. Mannedora, Kondadora,
Jatapu and Savara
Koria hills,
Vizianagaram district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Stem bark Two spoonfuls of stem bark extract is
administered daily twice for 9 days.
Babu et al. (2010)
Mitragyna parvifolia
(Roxb.) Korth.
Bhil, Dhodiya, Koli, Konkni,
Pateliya, Gond, Gamit, Valvi,
Talvi, Rathava, Varli and
Kolcha
Saputara and Purna
forests (Gujarat)
Leaf NA Ji et al. (2007)
Morinda citrifolia L. [n
Morinda coreia Buch.-
Ham.]
nBhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Root Five grams of fresh or dry root ground with
half cup of cold milk or water. This dose is
given orally twice a day for 2–3 days.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Oldenlandia croymbosa L. Gond Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Whole plant Whole plant decoction given with a glass of
buttermilk in three spoonfuls twice a day for
about 5 days.
Madhu and Swamy
(2010)
Pavetta indica L. Local community District Garhwal
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf NA Gaur (1999)
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex
Fleming
Local traditional healers Narendra Nagar block,
Tehri district
(Uttarakhand)
Root A decoction of roots (10–20 g) as one dose is
used 2–3 times daily.
Dangwal and
Sharma (2011)
RutaceaeAegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Local community Satpuda hills,
Nandurbar district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf A teaspoonful of leaf juice taken once for
7 days.
Patil and Yadav
(2003)
Local community Sivagangai district
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaf powder is given orally in milk of Goat. Shanmugam et al.
(2009)
Glycosmis pentaphylla
(Retz.) DC. [nGlycosmis
arborea (Roxb.) DC.]
Bhoxa and Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Juice of leaves is given, ½ teaspoonfuls thrice a
day for 15 days.
Present study
nTripuri and Reang Tripura Bark Fresh bark is pounded and half cup of bark
decoction is given oraly in early morning for
3 weeks.
Das et al. (2009a)
nMeitei East Imphal and West
Imphal districts
(Manipur)
Root, leaf Oral Khumbongmayum
et al. (2005)
Zanthoxylum nitidum
var. nitidum
[nZanthoxylum
hamiltonianum Wall. ex
Hook. f.]
nThai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Root Decoction of roots is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
SaururaceaeHouttuynia cordata
Thunb.
Nyishi Arunachal Pradesh Whole plant 3–4 fresh plants are eaten twice daily. Srivastava (2010)
SaxifragaceaeSaxifraga flagellaris
Willd.
Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Leaf, stem NA Kala (2006)
ScrophularaceaeScoparia dulcis L. Local community Mizoram Whole plant Whole plant is crushed and the juice is taken. Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
Nyishi Arunachal Pradesh Whole plant Paste of the plant mixed with 2 g of Curcuma
longa rhizome with water and taken twice
daily.
Srivastava (2010)
Scrophularia dulcis L. Adi and Nyishi Lower Dibang Valley
district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Leaf Water decoction with Sugar is given. Tangjang et al.
(2011)
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle
ex Benth.
Local traditional healers Ukhimath block,
Rudraprayag district
(Uttarakhand)
Root Dried root decoction along with black pepper
and honey is given.
Semwal et al.
(2010)
Local community Almora, Bageshwar,
Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Root NA Gangwar et al.
(2010)
Tolcha and Bhotiya Dzongu valley, North
Sikkim district (Sikkim)
Root/
Rhizome
NA Nautiyal et al.
(2003)
Verbascum chinense (L.)
Santapau
Local traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaves powder, prepare tablets take in
morning on empty stomach.
Kachare and
Surywanshi (2010)
Simaroubaceae
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark powder is used. Gupta et al. (2010)
SmilacaceaeSmilax guianensis
Vitman [nSmilax
macrophylla Willd.]
nLocal community Barak Valley, Cachar,
Karimganj and
Hailakandi districts
(Assam)
Stem, young
leaf
Dried powder is used. Barbhuiya et al.
(2009)
SolanaceaeCapsicum annuum L.
[nCapsicum frutescens
L.]
nKani Kottoor reserve forest,
Agasthyavanam,
Thiruvananthapuram
district (Kerala)
Fruit Sun dried coconut fruits with 100 g fruits of
this plant and 1 g Curcuma longa, 5 g Allium
sativum is made into paste, and following a
long procedure medicine is prepared.
Vijayan et al.
(2007)
Physalis angulata var.
angulata [nPhysalis
minima L.]
nMeena Rajasthan Whole plant NA Meena and Rao
(2010)
Physalis divaricata D.
Don
Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Root Root juice, two teaspoonfuls two times a day
for 4 weeks.
Present study
Solanum americanum
Mill. [nSolanum nigrum
L.]
nBhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Fruit Aromatic water extracted from powder of
fruits is taken twice daily for 15–20 days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
nLocal traditional healers Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Equal quantities of leaf of Solanum nigrum,
Ricinus communis and Boerhavia diffusa are
ground together into a paste and given
internally (10 g once a day for 7 days).
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
nTharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Whole plant Decoction of whole plant is used internally,
thrice a day for 3 weeks.
Present study
nRural women Rudraprayag and
Chamoli districts
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf, branch Leaf paste and branches. Uniyal and Shiva
(2005)
Solanum anguivi Lam.
[nSolanum indicum L.]
nRaji Champawat and
Pithoragarh districts
(Uttarakhand)
Root Decoction of root is taken. Negi et al. (2002)
Solanum incanum L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Fruits are crushed and soaked in water for
whole night; this water is taken in early
morning.
Present study
Solanum spirale Roxb. Adi Lower Dibang Valley
district (Arunachal
Pradesh)
Root Water decoction with Carica papaya. Tangjang et al.
(2011)
Solanum virginianum L.
[nSolanum surattense
Burm. f.]
Gond Bhandara district
(Maharashtra)
Bark Bark decoction is given. Gupta et al. (2010)
nMannedora, Kondadora,
Jatapu and Savara
Koria hills,
Vizianagaram district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Root bark,
leaf
Root bark pound with stem bark of Moringa
oleifera, paste given orally twice a day for
2 days.
Babu et al. (2010)
nRural women Rudraprayag and
Chamoli districts
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit NA Uniyal and Shiva
(2005)
UlmaceaeCeltis timorensis Span. Meitei East Imphal and West
Imphal districts
(Manipur)
Leaf Oral Khumbongmayum
et al. (2005)
UrticaceaeDendrocnide sinuata
(Blume) Chew
Local community Mizoram Root Root is boiled along with crabs and the water
is taken.
Rai and
Lalramnghinglova
(2010a)
Urtica dioica L. Amchi Ladakh, Leh district
(Jammu & Kashmir) and
Lahaul–Spiti district
(Himachal Pradesh)
Whole plant NA Kala (2006)
VerbenaceaeVitex negundo L. Bhoxa Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Two teaspoonfuls infusion of leaves is taken
internally, twice a day for 3 weeks.
Present study
Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Leaf Infusion of leaves is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
ViolaceaeViola pilosa Blume Local community District Garhwal
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit NA Gaur (1999)
ViscaceaeViscum monoicum Roxb.
ex DC.
Local traditional healers Western Ghats (Kerala) Seed Seeds are boiled in water and the decoction is
given to patients.
Shanavaskhan
et al. (2012)
ZingiberaceaeCostus speciosus
(Koenig.) Sm.
Tharu Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Root Roots are soaked in water for few hours, boiled
and decoction ½ teaspoonfuls is
recommended, once a day for two weeks.
Present study
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Table 4 (continued )
Family/ Species[nSynonym]
Ethnic / Indigenous group Region Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Thai–Ahom, Sonowal
Kacharie, Maran, Motok,
Mishing and Nepalese
Dibru–Saikhowa
Biosphere Reserve
(Assam)
Rhizome Infusion of rhizome is taken orally. Purkayastha et al.
(2005)
Curcuma angustifolia
Roxb.
Local traditional healers Bastar district (Madhya
Pradesh)
Tuber Fifty grams of milky white powder obtained
from tuber and 50 g of 3 years old Tamarind
are soaked in 250 ml. of water, kept overnight
and filtered. To this liquid, 250 ml of milk and
sufficient sugar is added and given internally.
Hemadri and Rao
(1984)
Curcuma longa L. Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and
Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Rhizome Paste of rhizome (15–25 g) is mixed with cow
milk and taken once daily for 12–15 days.
Badgujar and Patil
(2008)
Zingiber montanum
(J.Konig) Link ex
A.Dietr. [nZingiber
purpureum Rosc.]
nLocal traditional healers Chhindwara and Betul
districts (Madhya
Pradesh)
Root Paste is given. Nath and Khatri
(2010)
Zingiber officinale Rosc. Local traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Rhizome Dry rhizome powder with cow milk given
orally, for 10 days.
Kachare and
Surywanshi (2010)
ZygophyllaceaeBalanites aegyptiaca (L.)
Delile
Lambani Gulbarga district
(Karnataka)
Fruit Fruit powder is mixed with soap nut powder
(Sapindus laurifolia), cardamom, ginger and
clove and the mixture is used.
Rajasab and Isaq
(2004)
Balanotis roxburghii L. Local traditional healers Beed and Nanded
districts (Maharashtra)
Seed The tablets of mixture of seeds of Balanotis
roxburghii with Piper nigrum and jaggery are
made & taken once a day for 3 days.
Kachare et al.
(2010)
Peganum harmala L. Local community Churu district
(Rajasthan)
Seed Powder of seeds. Parveen et al.
(2007)
Tribulus terrrestris L. Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Leaf Juice of leaves (1/2 teaspoonful) is used, twice
a day for 1–2 weeks.
Present study
Local community Southern districts
(Tamil Nadu)
Leaf Leaf juice is used internally. Rajendran et al.
(2008)
n Synonym given in original publication; NA¼ Information not available.
Table 5Ethnomedicinal plants used externally in remedy of jaundice in India.
Family/species[nSynonym]
Ethnic/Indigenous group Region (State) Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
AnacardiaceaeMangifera indica L. Local community Tripura state Bark Bark paste boiled in water is used during bath. Majumdar
et al. (2006)
AsteraceaeEclipta prostrata (L.)
L. [nEclipta alba (L.)
Hassk.]
Local traditional healers Adilabad district (Andhra
Pradesh)
Seed Dehusked Ricinus communis seed and root of Eclipta
alba are rubbed on a stone and the paste thus
obtained is applied to the eyes.
Hemadri and
Rao (1984)
BrassicaceaeBrassica nigra (L.) K.
Koch.
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Seed Massage seed oil on hands and legs thrice daily for
1–2 weeks.
Badgujar and
Patil (2008)
Brassica rapa L.
[nBrassica
campestris L.]
nLocal traditional healers Ukhimath block,
Rudraprayag district
(Uttarakhand)
Seed Warm seed oil applied externally. Semwal et al.
(2010)
CucurbitaceaeCoccinia grandis (L.)
Voigt
Santhal, Kol, Bhomij, Bhuyan,
Bathuri, Kharia, Gond, Mankdia,
Pauri–Bhuyan, Saharia, Mahali
and Sounti
Mayurbhanj district
(Odisha)
Root Paste of root used as eye drops once a day for three
days.
Rout et al.
(2009)
Luffa acutangula (L.)
Roxb. [nLuffa
acutangula var.
amara C.B. Clarke]
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi,
Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi and Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Fruit Fruit in the form of very fine powder is taken in
body through nose for one week.
Badgujar and
Patil (2008)
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Leaf, fruit Two to three drops of leaf or green fruit juice
without using water are dropped into one of the
nostrils for 4 days.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Local community Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa,
Dholpur, Karouli and
Sawai Madhopur districts
(Rajasthan)
Leaf, stem,
seed
Leaves, stem and seeds are crushed, strained in
cloth and inhaled.
Upadhyay
et al. (2010)
nLocal traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Fruit
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(L.) L. each were used in five states. Whereas Cassia fistula L.,Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Phyllanthus
emblica L., Phyllanthus niruri L., Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.and Asparagus racemosus Willd. each were used in four states.Generally these hepatoprotective ethnomedicinal plants whichare cited in more studies and widely used are more likely to bemore biologically active.
It is interesting to point out here that all the 40 plants used byall the three communities were used internally and none of theplant in any preparation was used externally. However literaturereview revealed that a total of 19 plant species belonging to 18genus and 12 families are used externally for the treatment of thejaundice in India (Table 5). Most common externally used plantwas Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., which was used in MadhyaPradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In all the records its admin-istration was through nose only. External remedies ranged from
taking bath in extract to administration through nostrils andeyelids (Table 5).
Some interesting information on magico-religious beliefsrelated to treatment of jaundice by these communities was alsonoted during the survey. It was observed that Bhoxa communityused root pieces (1 cm each) of Boerhavia diffusa L. as garlandand tied them around the neck of infants suffering from jaundice.They believed that the size of garland increases automatically asthe disease cures, which may take few days. The same procedureis done for the treatment of jaundice in adults as well as in infantsby nomadic Gujjars, but root of Boerhavia diffusa L. is takenon Sunday morning only. It is believed that if roots are taken onany other day then they become useless. Gujjars tied garlandof 21 fruits of Solanum virginianum L. around the neck ofpatient suffering from jaundice. It is believed that with thecure of disease the garland becomes loose and increases in size.
Table 5 (continued )
Family/species[nSynonym]
Ethnic/Indigenous group Region (State) Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
Fruit extract is poured in nose and patient is
allowed to sit down in sunlight yellow fluid runs
through his nose.
Kachare and
Surywanshi
(2010)
EuphorbiaceaeJatropha gossypiifolia
L.
Savara Srikakulam district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf paste of Jatropha gossypifolia and Tinospora
cordifolia with water with a pinch of turmeric is
applied on the face and the decoction is
administered continuously during day and night
for 3 consecutive days.
Rao et al.
(2010)
Ricinus communis L. Local traditional healers Adilabad district (Andhra
Pradesh)
Seed Same use as given in Eclipta prostrata. Hemadri and
Rao (1984)
FabaceaeDalbergia volubilis
Roxb.
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Leaf Leaves ground with small amount of water and
paste applied on the whole body.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Flemingia
macrophylla
(Willd.) Merr.
[nFlemingia
wightiana Graham]
Local traditional healers Chhattisgarh state Leaf Tender leaf paste is applied on eyelids before
bedtime for 7–8 days.
Tirkey (2006)
Pongamia pinnata (L.)
Pierre
Local traditional healers Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Leaf Leaves juice in combination with Lawang, Wang
Bhasma, Lendi Pimpali, Piper longum juice pour in
nose of patient.
Kachare and
Surywanshi
(2010)
LamiaceaeLeucas aspera
(Willd.) Link
Local community Sivagangai district (Tamil
Nadu)
Leaf Leaf is pasted and applied externally on head. Shanmugam
et al. (2009)
LecythidaceaeCareya arborea Roxb. Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Stem bark Bark extract in hot water is used for bath by a lady
who has developed jaundice after delivery.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
LygodiaceaeLygodium flexuosum
(L.) Sw.
Mannedora, Kondadora, Jatapu
and Savara
Koria hills, Vizianagaram
district (Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Leaf paste is applied all over the body for 7 days. Babu et al.
(2010)
MenispermaceaeStephania japonica
(Thunb.) Miers
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Leaf Legs are massaged with leaf decoction at night. Sarkar and Das
(2010)
Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers
Savara Srikakulam district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Leaf Same use as given in Jatropha gossypiifolia. Rao et al.
(2010)
ViscaceaeViscum angulatum
B.Heyne ex DC.
Local traditional healers Western Ghats (Kerala) Branch Branches are made into a paste and wrapped in
cloth. This bundle is put in boiled water applied
over the inflamed body and face.
Shanavaskhan
et al. (2012)
ZingiberaceaeCheilocostus speciosus
(J. Konig) C. Specht
[nCostus speciosus
(J. Konig) Sm.]
nBhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Root Take bath with root powder boiled in water, or root
powder rubbed on body.
Samvatsar and
Diwanji (2000)
Curcuma zedoaria
(Christm.) Roscoe.
Taungya Gorakhpur and
Maharajganj districts
(Uttar Pradesh)
Rhizome Rhizome crushed in water and bath taken in it once
a day.
Poonam and
Singh (2009)
n Synonym given in original publication.
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291 287
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Gujjars also placed fruits of Solanum virginianum L. under the bedcover of the person suffering from jaundice. They believed thatwith the cure of disease color of fruit automatically changes.Both Bhoxa and nomadic Gujjars tied garland made up of thestem pieces of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers around theneck of patient suffering from jaundice and placed stem pieces
below the bed for treatment of jaundice. Literature review alsorevealed that a total of 14 plant species belonging to 14 genusand 11 families are used in magico-religious remedies for jaun-dice by various communities in different parts of India (Table 6).Most commonly used plant species for this purpose wereBoerhavia diffusa L. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
Table 6Plants used in magico-religious remedies for jaundice in India.
Family/species[nSynonym]
Ethnic/Indigenousgroup
Region (State) Part(s) used Preparation and application Source
AraceaeAcorus calamus L. Local community Garhwal district
(Uttarakhand)
Rhizome Garland of rhizome is tied round the neck or belly. Gaur (1999)
AizoaceaeTrianthema
portulacastrum L.
Local traditional
healers
Nanded district
(Maharashtra)
Stem Stem pieces are worn round the neck. Kachare and
Surywanshi
(2010)
ConvolvulaceaeArgyreia roxburghii
(Wall.) Arn. ex
Choisy
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Branch One branch each of Natsiatum hypericum and Argyreia roxburghii
and one branch with tuber of Stephania glabra twisted together like
a garland is hung round the patient’s neck; used for seven days by
changing regularly till recovery.
Sarkar and
Das (2010)
Ipomoea aquatica
Forssk
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Stem Necklace prepared from small pieces of stem is stuck round the
head of the patient.
Sarkar and
Das (2010)
FabaceaeDalbergia volubilis
Roxb.
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Branch Twenty-one branch pieces of 1/2 in. (length) are worn as garland. Samvatsar
and Diwanji
(2000)
IcacinaceaeNatsiatum
herpeticum Buch.
-Ham. Ex Arn.
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Branch Same use as given in Argyreia roxburghii (Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy Sarkar and
Das (2010)
LamiaceaeRoylea cinerea (D.
Don) Baill.
Local community Garhwal district
(Uttarakhand)
Branch Pieces of branches made into beads and garlanded by infants to
avoid jaundice.
Gaur (1999)
MenispermaceaeStephania glabra
(Roxb.) Miers
Mech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Tuber Same use as given in Argyreia roxburghii (Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy Sarkar and
Das (2010)
Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers
Bhoxa, Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Stem Tie garland made up of the stem pieces round the neck of the
patient and place stem pieces below the bed.
Present
study
Tharu Devipatan division
(Uttar Pradesh)
Aerial root Aerial root pieces are worn round the neck. Kumar et al.
(2006)
MoraceaeFicus hispida L. f. Local traditional
healers
Adilabad district
(Andhra Pradesh)
Root A necklace made of small bits of root is made to wear round the
neck by the patient.
Hemadri
and Rao
(1984)
Morus alba L.
[nMorus australis
Poir.]
nMech Jalpaiguri district (West
Bengal)
Root Root pieces tied with a string are hung round the neck. Sarkar and
Das (2010)
NyctaginaceaeBoerhavia diffusa L. Bhoxa, Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Root Root pieces (1 cm each) are tied as garland round the neck. Present
study
Local Healers Beed and Nanded
districts (Maharashtra)
Root A garland made of piece of its root is worn. Kachare
et al. (2010)
Bhil Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone
and Ratlam districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
Root Root pieces of suitable size are tied in a thread and this is worn as
necklace for 1 week.
Samvatsar
and Diwanji
(2000)
PlumbaginaceaePlumbago zeylanica
L.
Bhil, Gavit, Kokani,
Mavachi, Padvi, Tadvi,
Valvi and Vasave
Jalgaon, Dhule and
Nandurbar districts
(Maharashtra)
Root Root pieces (4 cm long, 2–3 pieces) are tied together and worn in
the neck with cotton thread for 15–20 days.
Badgujar
and Patil
(2008)
SolanaceaeSolanum
virginianum L.
[nSolanum
surattense Burm.
f.]
Gujjar Sub-Himalayan region
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Tie garland of 21 fruits around the neck of the patient and its fruits
are kept under the bed cover.
Present
study
nLocal community Garhwal district
(Uttarakhand)
Fruit Fruits garlanded round the neck of infants. Gaur (1999)
n Synonym given in original publication.
J. Sharma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 262–291288
Author's personal copy
4. Conclusions
Most of the recorded plants have shown hepatoprotectiveeffects on experimental animals in earlier studies however morestudies are needed to assess hepatoprotective properties of someof the recorded medicinal plants viz., Averrhoa carambola L.,Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Mangifera indica
L., Ocimum americanum L., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Physalis
divaricata D. Don, Solanum incanum L., Sphaeranthus senegalensis
DC. and Tribulus terrestris L. (Table 2). A comparision of plantsrecorded in the present study with earlier studies suggests thateight plants reported in the present survey viz., Amaranthus
spinosus L., Cissampelos pareira L., Ehretia laevis Roxb., Holarrhena
pubescens Wall., Ocimum americanum L., Physalis divaricata D.Don, Solanum incanum L. and Trichosanthes cucumerina L. havenot been reported earlier as remedy of jaundice in India(Table 4). Herbal medicines derived from plant extracts arebeing increasingly utilized to treat a wide variety of clinicaldiseases but very little knowledge is available regarding theirmodes of action. The traditional uses of medicinal plants inhealthcare practices provide clues to new areas of research fornew biological compounds and discovery of new drugs. Never-theless there is no doubt that more phytochemical, pharmaceu-tical and clinical studies are needed to evaluate hepatoprotectiveproperties, efficacy and safety of all the claimed medicinalplants.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to the Bhoxa, Gujjar and Tharu traditionalhealers for providing valuable information and sharing theirknowledge with us. We are also grateful to local people for theircooperation during the field surveys. One of the authors SumeetGairola is thankful to University Grants Commission, India forproviding financial support under Dr. D.S Kothari PostdoctoralFellowship.
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