australian citizenship: our common bond – burmese · 38 mopamw;vsm; edkifihom;? urefkyfwdky\...

$: Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond – Burmese · 38 MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;? uREfkyfwdkY\ bHkaESmifBudK; tydkif; 4,aeYMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf urÇmay:&Sd oufwrf;t&SnfMumqHk;$
MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;? uREfkyfwdkY\ bHkaESmifBudK; 38

tydkif; 4,aeYMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf urÇmay:&Sd oufwrf;t&SnfMumqHk; ajrom;xk wpfckjzpfonf/

¤if;onf urÇmay:wGif ajcmufckajrmuf tBuD;qHk;EdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf/

tydkif; 4 - ,aeYacwf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf 39tydkif; 4 - ,aeYacwf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf 39

,aeYMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH,ckpmrsufESmrsm;wGif þEdkifiH tb,faMumifhxl;jcm;&onfudk oifodvmvdhrfrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\,Ofaus;rI? uREfkyfwdkY\wDxGifolrsm;? uREfkyfwdkY\ trsLd;om;a&;

vu©PmwdkYudk oifydkrdkodvmrnfjzpfonf/ ,aeYurÇmBuD;wGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf wuf<uoGufvufaompD;yGm;a&;ESifh ukefoG,fbuf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfNyD;

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tusKd;jyKrIudk uREfkyfwdkYwefzdk;xm;&ygonf/

ukef;ajrMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHü trsm;ESifhrwlonhftcsufrsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ urÇmhwdkufBuD;(7)ckteuf MopaMw;vsm;wdkufwpfckonfom EdkifiHwpfckwnf;tjzpfvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;

&Sdonf/ vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIEIef;t& wpfpwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif vlESpfOD;EIef;om&Sdojzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf urÇmwGif vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIEIef; tenf;qHk;jzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHajrom;xkonf urÇmay:wGif oufwrf;t&SnfMumqHk; ajrom;xkwpfckjzpfonf/ þEdkifiHonf urÇmay:wGif (6)ckajrmuf tBuD;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfonf/

urÇmhtajcmufaoGUqHk; vlaewdkufBuD;jzpfívnf; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ae&mtrsm;pkwGif a&onf tvGefwefzdk;&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfwpfckjzpfonf/

ajrom;trsm;pkrSm ajrqDvTm nHhzsif;NyD; 6 &mcdkifEIef;omvQif pdkufysKd;í&onf/ ajcmufaoGUaom twGif;ydkif;ae&mrsm;udk ]ukef;wGif; vGifwD;acgif a'orsm;} (outback)

[kac:Muonf/ xdkodkYa0;vHoDacgifNyD; Murf;wrf; cufxefaomobm0ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifvkyfpm;Muolrsm;udk tvGefav;pm;Muonf/ xdkoltrsm;onf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ ½dk;&myHkjyifrsm;\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfvmcJhMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf tvGefBuD;rm;us,fjyefYojzifh &moDOwkrsm;onf wdkuf\ wnfae&mrsm;t& jcm;em;rIrsm;&Sdonf/ MopaMw;vsm;wdkufMuD;\ ajrmufydkif;wGif

rkwfokefa'orsm;&SdNyD; wdkuf\tv,fydkif;wGifrl oJuEåm&rsm;&Sdonf/

awmifbufodkYqif;oGm;vQif tylcsdefrsm;t&? awmifay:wGif qD;ESif;rsm;usaom at;jronfh aqmif;Owkrsm;rS tylvdIif;xaom aEG&moDrsm;odkY ajymif;vJEdkifonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&onf jynfe,f ajcmufckESifh jynfra'o ESpfcktjyif? tuf&Sfrdk; (Ashmore) ESifh umwD,muRef;rsm; (Cartier Islands)? c&pfprwfuRef; (Christmas

Island)? udk;udk;pf(uD;vif;)uRef;pk (Cocos (Keeling) Islands)? *sm;Apfpf yifv,fatmfa'o (Jervis Bay Territory)? udk&,fvf yifv,f uRef;pk (Coral Sea Islands)?

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf\ tefwmwdwfa'o (Australian Antarctic Territory) &Sd [mh'fuRef; (Heard Island) ESifh rufufa':e,fvf uRef;rsm; (McDonald Islands) ESifh

aemfazghvfcf uRef; (Norfolk Island) wdkYudkvnf; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHydkif a'orsm;tjzpf pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf/


MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmifydkif;jynfe,fESifh uGif;pvefjynfe,f&Sd

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH EdkYwdkufowå0grsm;\ ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;

&Sd&mae&mrsm;

uGif;pvefjynfe,fawmifydkif; urf;vGef&Sd za&ZmuRef; (Fraser

Island)

urÇmha&S;a[mif; ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf0if ae&mrsm;uREfkyfwdkYwdkufBuD;\ 11 &mcdkifEIef;ausmfrSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ESifhtnD xdef;odrf;xm;&Sdaom a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ajr? oD;oefYajr? odkYr[kwf trsdK;om;

O,smOfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHtwGif; ae&m 17 ckonf ukvor*¾ ynma&;? odyÜHESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf; (,leufpfpudk) (United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)) \ urÇmha&S;a[mif;½dk;&m,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf0if ae&mrsm;pm&if;wGif yg0ifonf/

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfjynfe,fESifh uGif;pvefjynfe,f&Sd rdk;rsm;onfh

a*gef'Gmem(Gondwana) tylydkif;a'oopfawm

uGif;pvefjynfe,f&Sd *&dwfb,f&D,m oEåmausmufwef;(Great

Barrier Reef)

qpf'eDtaemufydkif;&Sd bvl;armif;wdef; awmifwef;BuD; (Greater

Blue Mountains)

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf tefwmwdwfa'o&Sd [mh'f uRef; (Heard

Island) ESifh rufuf a':e,fvf uRef; (McDonald Islands) rsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ajrmufydkif;a'o&Sd umu'l; (Kakadu)

trsKd;om;O,smOf

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfjynfe,furf;vGef&Sd avmh'fa[mif;0fuRef;(Lord

Howe Island)

wufpfar;eD;,m;awmifydkif;&Sd rufaumf&DuRef; (Macquarie

Island)

tydkif; 4 - ,aeYacwf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf 41

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd ygEl;vl;vl;

trsKd;om;O,smOf (Purnululu National Park)

rJvfbGef;&Sd Royal Exhibition Building awmf0ifjywdkuf

taqmuftODESifh Carlton O,smOf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd &Smhcf yifv,fatmf

(Shark Bay)

qpf'eD atmfy&ma[mufpf (Opera House)

wufpfar;eD;,m; awmuEåm&

uGif;pvefjynfe,f&Sd tylydkif;a'o rdk;rsm;opfawm

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfjynfe,f&Sd 0Dvef'&m a&uef (Willandra

Lakes)

þae&mrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom tHhrcef;vSonfh

txifu&ae&mrsm;odYk oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;

tm;jzifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif; tawGUtMuHK

rsm;udk wdk;csJUyg/ oifonfoJuEåm&wGifjzpfap?

yifv,furf;ajcwGifjzpfap? awmifrsm;ay:wGif

jzpfap? odkYr[kwf tylydkif;opfawmrsm;twGif;ü

jzpfap avQmufMunfhEdkifygonf/

oifhajcvSrf;wdkif;onf þBuD;rm;us,fjyefYNyD;

vSyaomajrESifh ydkrdkeD;pyfrI&SdNyD; ydkrdkwG,fwmrI

oHa,mZOf &Sdaprnfjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ajrmufydkif;a'o&Sd OD;vl½l;umwm *sLwm

(Uluru-Kata Tjuta) trsKd;om;O,smOf


e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfjynfe,f avvdIif; pmoifausmif;rSwqifh uav;rsm; pmoifMum;aepOf

BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom EdkifiHMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ BuD;rm;us,fjyefYrIaMumifh enf;vrf;opfrsm;&Smjcif;ESifh

wDxGifjcif;topfrsm;udk ydkrdkjyKvkyfjzpfaponf/

tpOD;ydkif;umvrsm;u ukef;wGif; vGifwD;acgifa'orsm;wGif aexdkifMuolwdkY

onf teD;qHk;q&m0efESifhawGU&ef &ufaygif;rsm;pGm c&D;oGm;vmchJMu&onf/

jcHKawmajrwGifaeMuaom uav;rsm;pGmonf aeYausmif;rsm;wuf&efcufcJvS

onfh tvGefa0;uGmaom ae&mrsm;wGifaeMuonf/

ukef;wGif; vGifwD;acgifa'orsm;wGifaexdkifMuaom rdom;pkwdkYonf

tquftoG,fjywfjcif;\'Pfudk MuHhcH&ef tcuftcJMuHKawGYchJMu&onf/

EGm;jcHBuD;rsm;onf pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm axmifaygif;rsm;pGmus,f0ef;Edkifonf/

xdkae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifMuaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;onf tjcm;ol

wpfOD;udk vaygif;rsm;pGm rawGUbJ&SdEdkifonf/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;vnf; r&Sdojzifh

vlrsm;rSm tvGefyiftquftoG,fjywfaeMuNyD; tEå&m,frsm;udkvnf;

tvG,fwul MuHKawGUEdkifMuonf/

þtcuftcJjyóemrsm;udk csD;usL;zG,faumif;aom MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;

rsm;u enf;vrf;opfrsm;udk&SmazGMujcif;ESifh wDxGifrItopfrsm;udk jyKvkyfMujcif;

tm;wdkYjzifh ausmfvTm;cJhMuonf/

ajceif;pufjzifh tm;oGif;onfha&'D,dk

1929 ckESpfwGif tpOD;qHk;aom ajceif;pufjzifhtm;oGif;&onfh a&'D,dkudk

tuf'Dvdwf'frS tJvfz&uf'f xa&*g (Alfred Traegar) qdkolu wDxGifcJhonf/

toHk;jyKolrsm;u ajceif;udkeif;um vnfywfapjcif;tm;jzifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf

ajymqdk em;axmifEdkif Muaom a&'D,dkudk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ þwDxGifrIjzifh

vlola0;&mtdrfrsm;? a0;vHaom omoemjyKXmersm;ESifh tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf;rsm; tm;vHk; tusKd;cHpm;chJMu&onf/ tquftoG,fjywf

aeMuaom trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; avvdIif;rsm;rSwqifh tcsif;csif;

rdwfzGJUEdkifchJMuonf/

ajceif;pufjzifhtm;oGif;&onfh a&'D,dku MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHrS xl;uJaom

tzGJUtpnf;ESpfckjzpfonfh av,mOfjzifh ysHoef;ukoay;aom awmf0if

usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI(Royal Flying Doctor Service)ESifh avvdIif;

pmoifausmif;(School of the Air) wdkYudk wnfaxmif&ef taxmuftyHhjzpfap

chJonf/

av,mOfjzifh ysHoef;ukoay;aom

awmf0if usef;rma&; 0efaqmifrI

bkef;awmfBuD; *Refzvif;ef (Reverend John Flynn) onf a0;vHaomvlrItzGJU

tpnf;rsm;twGif; aexdkifchJNyD; olwdkYESifhtwl tvkyfvkyfchJonf/ ol\

tMuHtpnfrSm a0;vHaom a'oae vlrrmxHodkY q&m0efudk av,mOfjzifh

tjrefqHk; yifhfvmay;&efjzpfonf/ olonftpdk;&? Qantas avaMumif;ESifh

tjcm;aom ukodkvfjzpftzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHrS tultnD&chJonf/ av,mOfjzifh

ysHoef; ukoay;aom awmf0ifusef;rma&;0efaqmifrIonf 1928 ckESpf wGif

pwifcJhaomfvnf;xdk0efaqmifrIudk ac:,lNyD;oHk;Edkifjcif;r&Sdaom a0;vHonfh

a'oae vlrsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ ajceif;pufjzifhtm;oGif;&onfh a&'D,dk ay:ayguf

vmjcif;u ydkrdka0;vHaom a'orsm;wGifaexdkifol vltrsm;xHodkY q&m0efudk

tjrefqHk;yifhEdkifapcJhonf/

avvdIif; pmoifausmif;

1950 ESpfrsm;rwdkifrDu a0;vHonfha'orsm;wGifaexdkifMuaom uav;rsm;

onf abmf'gaqmif&Sdaom ausmif;wGifaevQifae? raevQif olwdkY\ausmif;

oifcef;pmrsm;udk pmwdkufrSwqifh oif,lMu&onf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmifydkif;&Sd av,mOfjzifhysHoef;ukoay;aom awmf0if

usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI\ 'kwd,Ouú| tJ'dvdwf'f rdofac; (Adelaide

Miethke) onf? av,mOfjzifhysHoef;ukoay;aomq&m0ef a&'D,dkESifh

0efaqmifay;rIu? uav;rsm;udk olwdkY\q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh pum;ajymEdkif&ef

vnf; yHhydk;rIjzpfapvdrfhrnf[kowdjyKrdonf/ tJvpfpfpy&if;*f (Alice Springs)

ü 0efaqmifay;rIonf 1948 ckESpfwGif ESpfOD;ESpfbufajymqdkem;axmifEdkifMu

aom oifcef;pmrsm;udk pwif toHvTifhchJonf/ avvdIif; pmoifausmif;udk

ESpftenf;i,fMumrS w&m;0ifwnfaxmifjzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\

avvdIif; pmoifausmif;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;pGmwGif olwdkY\ udk,fydkif

tvm;wltpDtpOfrsm;udk zGifhvSpf&ef tultnDay;cJhonf/

ajceif;pufjzifhtm;oGif;&onfh a&'D,dkudk ,cktcg wkefcgEIef;jrifhrm;onfh

toHzrf;pufrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;xm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

av,mOfjzifhysHoef;ukoay;aom awmf0if usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIESifh avvdIif;

ynmoifausmif;wdkYonf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ a0;vHacgifzsm;a'orsm;&Sd

vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; qufvuf0efaqmifay;aeMuNyD;? qufvuftusKd;jyK

aeqJjzpfygonf/


MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ 0daooMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\0daooudk uREfkyfwdkY\ wpfrlxl;aom ½dk;&mtarGtESpfrsm;? uREfkyfwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIESifh uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;rsm;\ MuH&nfzef&nf&Sdaom p½dkufvu©Pm

rsm;wdkYu yHkaz:cJhonf/

tD,ef aomhyf(Ian Thorpe)? tdkvHypf ig;Budrf a&TwHqdyfqk&Sif

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf trsKd;orD;abmvHk;toif; tzGJU0if

tm;upm;ESifh tyef;ajzrI

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; rsm;pGmonf tm;upm;udk ESpfoufMuNyD; trsm;rSm

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tm;upm;tqifhwGif csD;usL;&avmufaom atmifjrifrI

rsm;&&SdcJhMuonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf ]aumif;aomtm;upm;,SOfNyKdifrI} jyKvkyfonfhEdkifiHtjzpf

trnfaumif; &jcif;udk*kPf,lygonf/ MopaMw;vsm; tm;upm;armifr,frsm;

onf tyifyef;cHBuKd;pm;jcif;? w&m;rQwpGm yg0if,SOfNyKdifjcif;ESifh tzGJUvdkuf

pkaygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYtwGuf erlemjy aqmif&Gufolrsm;tjzpf av;pm;cHMu

&onf/

uREfkyfwdkY\ordkif;wpfavQmufwGif tm;upm;onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;

\ p½dkufvu©Pmudkjzpfapum uREfkyfwdkYudkvnf; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfapcJhonf/

pOD;ydkif; tajccsjcif;tcsdefrsm;rSpwifNyD;? tm;upm;jcif;onf Murf;wrf;

jyif;xefaom vufawGYjzpf&yfrsm;rS oufomrI&apcJhonf/ ppfjzpfcsdefumv

rsm;wGifyif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwyfrawmfonf ppfajrjyif\ pdwfzdpnf;rI'Pfudk

avsmhyg;apjcif;iSm tm;upm;NyKdifyGJrsm; usif;yjyKvkyfay;cJhonf/

tm;upm;jcif;onf yg0ifupm;olrsm;a&m yGJMunfholrsm;udkyg? ESpfOD;ESpfbuf

pvHk;ü yg0ifpyfqkdifrI&Sdjcif;tjzpfudk¤if;? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHvlrItzGJUtpnf;

twGuf ta&;ygaomtydkif;wpfcktjzpfudk¤if; bHktm;jzifh cHpm;&aponf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;pGmonf tzGJUvdkufupm;&aom tm;upm;wGif

yg0ifMuonf/ c&pfuuf? bwfpuufabm? eufwfabm? a[mfuDESifh abmvHk;

upm;enf;rsm;onf tvGefa&yef;pm;onf/

a&ul;? wif;epf? ajy;ckefypf? a*guf½dkufESifh pufbD;pD;jcif;wdkYonf a&yef;pm;

aom tyef;ajzvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSmum; tjynfjynfqdkif&m

NyKdifyGJrsm;ü MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;u trsm;xufomvGefaom tm;upm;

enf;rsm;vnf;jzpfMu`onf/ acwfpm;onfh tjcm;aom um,ydkif;qdkif&m

vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSm csHKawmajrtwGif;vrf;avQmufjcif;? a&vdIif;pD;jcif;ESifh a&cJjyif

puD;pD;jcif;wdkYjzpfMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;wdkYu abmvHk; (aqmhum Soccer [kvnf;trsm;odMu

onf)? &yf*fbDvd*f? &yf*fbD ,leD,HESifh MopaMw;vsef; ½l;vfpf abmvHk;wdkYudk

upm;NyD; NyKdifyGJrsm;udkvnf; ESpfNcdKufpGmMunfhavh&SdMuonf/ ]atmfpD½l;vfpf}

(Aussie Rules)onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;om upm;Muaom wpfrl

xl;jcm;onfh upm;enf;wpfckjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu c&pfuufupm;enf;wGif tjynfjynfqdkif&m atmifyGJrsm;

&jcif;udk txl;ojzifh *kPf,lonf/ 19 &mpkESpfaemufydkif;rSpNyD; MopaMw;vsm;

ESifh t*Fvef c&pfuuftoif;wdkYonf jyif;xefaom NyKdifqdkifrI&SdaecJhMuonf/

]EdkifiHwpfck\ vkyfaqmifrItm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;apaom NyKdifyGJ} [k ac:wGifonfh

rJvfbGef;zvm;NyKdifyGJonf urÇmay:wGif qkaMu;avmif;aMu;trsm;qHk;ESifh

pdefac:rItjrifhqHk; jrif;NyKdifyGJwpfyGJjzpfonf/ rJvfbGef;zvm; yxrqHk;NyKdifyGJudk

1861 ckESpfwGifusif;ycJhonf/ Apfufwdk;&D;,m;jynfe,fwGif ESpfpOf

Edk0ifbmv\ yxr t*FgaeY? rJvfbGef;zvm;NyKdifyGJaeY [lí 1877 ckESpfrSpwif

NyD; trsm;jynfol½Hk;ydwf&ufjzpfcJhonf/


Sir Donald Bradman (1908 – 2001)

qm a':e,f b&uf'frJef;onf (Sir Donald Bradman) acwftqufqufwGif txl;cRefqHk; c&pfuufbuf ½dkufoljzpfNyD;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tm;upm;avmuwGif urÁnf;xdk; rSwfwrf;wif&oljzpfonf/

a':e,f b&uf'frJef;onf e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,f? bdk&,fvf(Bowral)NrdKUwGif BuD;jyif;cJhNyD;? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

c&pfuuftoif;twGuf 1928 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk;tBudrf yg0if,SOfNyKdifcJhonf/

olonfao;oG,faomfvnf; a&GUvsm;rItvGef vQifjrefoGufvufonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf t*FvefEdkifiHodkY ol\yxrqHk;tBudrf

oGm;a&mufyg0if ,SOfNyKdifyGJwGif olonf buf½dkufpHcsdeftm;vHk;eD;yg;udkcsKd;cJhonf/ touf 21 ESpfwGifyif olonf

urÁnf;xdk;rSwfwrf;wif&ol MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;jzpfcJhonf/

1948 ckESpfü b&uf'frJef;\ aemufqHk;NyKdifyGJc&D;pOfwGif ol\toif;rSm t*Fveftoif;ESifh ,SOfNyKdifyGJtm;vHk;wGif olwdkYuom

tEdkif&ojzifh ]rEdkifpGrf;Edkifolrsm;}(The Invincibles) [k trsm;odvmMuonf/

]'GefBuD;}(The Don) [kvnf;trsm;uac:Muonhf qm a':e,f b&uf'frJef;udk urÇmhtawmfqHk; buf½dkufoltjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuonf/ ol\ buf½dkuf

ysrf;rQEIef;rSm 99.94 jzpfcJhonf/

tEkynmvuf&mrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmf&Sd a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rI

tpOftvmrsm;ESifh EkdifiHul;ajymif;vmtajccsolrsm;\ pHkvif<u,f0pGm

,Ofaus;rIrsm;yg0ifaom oGufvufvSyonfh tEkynmavmu &Sdonf/ ½kyf&Sif?

yef;csD? jyZmwf? aw;*DwESifh tuwdkYtygt0if MopaMw;vsm; ½kyfoHESifh

azsmfajzrI tEkynm&yfyHkpHtm;vHk;udk jynfwGif;a&m wpfurÇmvHk; uyg ESSpfouf

csD;rGrf;Muonf/

pmay

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ½dk;&myHkjyifrsm; ajymjyjcif;rS

tpjyKchJNyD;? 18 &mpkaESmif;ydkif; a&muf&SdvmMuonfh jypf'Pfus tusOf;om;

rsm;taMumif;udk EIwftm;jzifh ajymjyjcif;txd qufvufchJonfh cdkifrmaom

pmaytpOftvm &Sdygonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif a&S;OD;ydkif;pmayrsm;rSm csKHawmajr½dkif;rsm;ESifh xdkrQ

Murf;wrf; qdk;&Gm;vSonfh ywf0ef;usifwGifaechJMu&aom tcuftcJrsm;

taMumif;udk zGJUEGJUxm;onf/ [ife&D avmfqef(Henry Lawson) ESifh rdkif;vfpf

z&ifuvif(Miles Franklin)uJhodkYaom pma&;q&mrsm;u csKHawmajr½dkif;rsm;

taMumif;ESifh MopaMw;vsm;vlaerIpepftaMumif; uAsmrsm;ESifh pmayrsm;udk

a&;om;cJhonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;pma&;q&mwpfOD;jzpfol yufx&pf 0dIufwf (Patrick

White) onf 1973 ckESpf pmayqdkif&mEdkb,fqk csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

tjcm;acwfay: MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;pma&;q&mrsm;pm&if;wGiff yDwm

u,f&D (Peter Carey)? aumvif; rufuvm (Colleen McCullough) ESifh

wifrf 0ifwef (Tim Winton) wdkYvnf;yg0ifMuonf/

Judith Wright (1915 – 2000)

*sL;'pfof ½dkufxf (Judith Wright)

onf xif&Sm;aom uAsmq&mr?

obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;olESifh

MopaMw;vsm; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\

tcGifhta&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;oljzpfonf/

olronf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;

uAsmq&mrsm;xJrS tESpfoufcH&qHk;

wpfOD;jzpfonf/ uAsmrsm;wGif

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtay:ESifh EdkifiHü

rSDwif;aexdkifMuolrsm;wdkYtay:xm;&Sd

aom olr\arwåmudk az:ñTef;onf/

olronf tifqdkufuvdkyD;'D;,m; NAdwef; edum; \ pmayqdkif&mqkESifh

bk&ifr\ uAsmqdkif&m a&TwHqdyfqkwdkYudk csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/ olronf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; aumfrDwDESifh a&S;OD;

wdkif;&if;om;rsm; oabmwlnDrIqdkif&m aumfrDwDwdkYwGif

tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/

*sL;'pfof ½dkufxfudk ulr\ uAsmpyfpGrf;&nfrsm;aMumifh¤if;? MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiH

pmay? vlrIa&;&mESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJ

a&;wdkYwGif wdk;wufrI&SdaponfhtwGuf¤if;? owdw&&SdMuonf/


jyZmwfESifh ½kyf&Sif

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHrS jyZmwfrsm;? ½kyf&Sifrsm;ESifh ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;olrsm;udk

jynfwGif;üomru jynfyuyg todtrSwfjyK ESpfcsKdufMuonf/ udwfxf

bv,fefcsuf (Cate Blanchett) ESifh *sufz&D &yf&Sf (Geoffery Rush) uJhodkY

aom MopaMw;vsm; o½kyfaqmifrsm;? yDwm 0D,m (Peter Weir) uJhodkYaom

½kyf&Sif½dkuful;olrsm;onf ½kyf&Sifavmuü xl;cRefrIwdkYtwGuftjynfjynfqdkif&m

qk tajrmuftjrm; csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

yef;csDtEkynm

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tEkynmvuf&mrsm;teuf a&S;OD;wdkif&if;om;rsm;\

txifu& yef;csDrsm;ESifh awmfrf a&mbwfpf(Tom Roberts)? z&uf'&pf

rufubfbif(Frederick McCubbin)? tmom px&Dwif(Arthur Streeton)

wdkYuJhodkYaom yef;csDq&mrsm;\ 19 &mpkESpf csKHawmajr½dkif;o½kyfaz:½Icif;rsm;

onf trsm;qHk;todtrSwfjyKcH&onf/ 20 &mpkESpf tv,fwGif yef;csDq&m

&yfqvf '½dkif;qfa';vf(Russell Drysdale)ESifh qpf'eD Edkvef(Sidney Nolan)

wdkYu csKHawmajr½dkif;a'o\ Murf;wrf;cufxefrIudk &J&ifhaom pkwfcsufrsm;jzifh

rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ rMumao;rDuyif yef;csDq&m b&uf 0dIufxvD (Brett

Whiteley)onf trsm;ESifhrwl? oGufvufaom a&;qGJ[efaMumifh urÇmwpf0ef;

todtrSwf jyKcH&onf/

aw;*DwESifhtu

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;onf *DwESifhqdkifaom tEkynm&yftm;vHk;udk

ESpfoufNyD; xl;cRefrI&SdMuonf/ olwdkY\ *E¨0ifaw;? aus;vuf*DwESifh a&mhcf

wD;rIwfoDqdkjcif;udk urÇmwpf0ef; todtrSwfjyKMu&onf/ wpfrk[kwfcsif;

todomapqHk;aom MopaMw;vsm;oHppfppfrSm 'pf*s&D'l; (didgeridoo)

[kac:aom a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ a&S;a[mif;wl&d,m\ toHjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;turSm qma&mbwf [Jhvfyfref;(Robert Helpmann)? r,f&D;vf

wef;uwf(Meryl Tankard) ESifh pwDzSif ayhcsf (Stephen Page) uJhodkYaom

xl;cRef tuynm&SifBuD;rsm;ESifh bJav;uuGuf zefwD;pDpOfol ynm&Sifrsm;\

BuKd;pm;rIaMumifh atmifjrifwdk;wufcJhonf/

odyÜHynm&yfqdkif&m atmifjrifrIESifh wDxGifrIrsm;

aq;ynm? odyÜHenf;ynm? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;? owåKwl;az:a&;ESifh

ukefxkwfvkyfa&;tydkfif;u@rsm;wGif? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;xHü

xufjrufaomrSwfwrf;0if odyÜHynm&yfqdkif&m atmifjrifrIrsm;ESifh

wdk;wufrIrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; 10 OD;tm; odyÜHynmESifh enf;ynmqdkif&m

&SmazGawGU&SdrIrsm;twGuf Edkb,fvf qkcsD;jr§ifhcHchJMu&onf/

odyÜHqdkif&m xl;cRefolrsm;rSmvnf; xl;cRefMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;qk csD;jr§ifh

cH&onf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif rD;avmif'Pf&m&olrsm;twGuf ta&jym;topf

jzpfay:apaom zsef;aq;&nfwDxGifol ygarmu© zDSa,mfem 0k'f (Professor

Fiona Wood) u&&Sdonf/ 2006 ckESpfwGif xdkqkudk om;tdrfuifqm

umuG,faq;wDxGifol ygarmu© tD,H za&Zm (Professor Ian Frazer) u

qGwfcl;onf/ 2007 ckESpfwGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdyfwef;odyÜH ynm&Sif

ygarmu© wifrf zv,fefe&D (Professor Tim Flannery) u &&Sdygonf/

ygarmu© 0k'f (Professor Wood)ESifh ygarmu© za&Zm(Professor Frazer)

wdkYESpfOD;pvHk;onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY NAdwdefEdkifiHrS ajymif;a&TU

tajccsolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ygarmu© za&Zm (Professor Frazer) ESifh twl

yl;wGJwDxGifolrSm w½kwfEdkifiHrS ajymif;a&TU tajccsNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;

jzpfvmaom uG,fvGefol a'gufwm usefZdk; (Dr Jian Zhou) jzpfonf/

rMumao;rDu EdkifiHom;tjzpf csD;jr§ifhcH&olrSm MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH taemufydkif; oHpHkwD;0dkif;BuD;

(Western Australian Symphony Orchestra) \ wD;0dkif; acgif;aqmif Avm'DrD,m

AmbpfwfpuD;(Vladimir Verbitsky) jzpfonf/

Professor Fred Hollows (1929 – 1993)

ygarmu© z&uf'f a[mvdk;pf

(Professor Fred Hollows) onf

Muifempdwfjyif;jyrI&Sdaom

rsufpdtxl;ukq&m0efBuD;wpfOD;

jzpfNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHESifh zHGUNzKd;qJ

EdkifiHrsm;rS vlOD;a& wpfoef;ausmfudk

rsufpdtvif;jyef&&ef ulnDEdkifcJhonf/

z&uf'f a[mvdk;pfudk e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH

wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/ 1965 ckESpfwGif

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHudk ajymif;a&TUcJhNyD;

rMumrDqpf'eDaq;½Hkwpf½Hk\ rsufpdukXmewGif XmerSL;jzpfvmonf/

olonf vlom;tm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwl&Sda&;udk cdkifNrJpGm,HkMunfNyD; a&S;OD;

wdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf yxrqHk;aom usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIudk pwifcJh

onf/ ,cktcgü MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif xdk0efaqmifrIrsKd; 60

&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/

1980 ckESpfü z&uf'fa[mvdk;pfonf wpfurÇmvHk; c&D;vSnfhvnffcg zHGUNzKd;qJ

EdkifiHrsm;wGif rsufpdukoa&;tpDtpOfrsm; wnfaxmif&efulnDcJhonf/ olonf

1989 ckESpf {NyDvü MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;jzpfvmchJonf/

ygarmu© z&uf'fa[mvdk;pf \tusKd;jyKrIudk z&uf'fa[mvdk;pfazgifa';&Sif;

(Fred Hollows Foundation) ESifh ol\ZeD; *,fbD(Gabi) wdkYu qufvuf

vkyfaqmifaeqJjzpfonf/


xl;cRefMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;qk &&SdMuolrsm;1960 jynfhESpfrSpNyD; xl;xl;cRefcRef atmifjrifjyD;? tusKd;o,fydk;chJMuaom xdyfwef; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;udka&G;cs,fí xl;cRef MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;qkrsm;

udk *kPfjyKcsD;jr§ifhchJonf/ rnfonfhvkyfief;? avmut0ef;rSrqdk MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;wpfOD;OD;tm; rnfolurqdk qE´jyKEdkifonf/ xl;cRef MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;

qkcsD;jr§ifhcH&olrsm;rSm olwdkY\ vkyfief;wm0efwGif xl;cRefpGm aqmif&GufMuolrsm;? EdkifiHawmfudk trsm;oligxuf ydkrdkxl;uJpGm tusKd;jyKMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/

1995 Arthur Boyd AC OBE

yef;csDq&m

1994 Ian Kiernan OAM

]MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHudk oefY&Sif;pGmxm;yg} vIyf&Sm;rIjyKol

1992 Mandawuy Yunupingu

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\acgif;aqmif

1991 Archbishop Peter Hollingworth AO OBE

vlrIa&; rQwrIqdkif&m tusKd;aqmif

1990 Professor Fred Hollows AC

rsufpdtxl;ukynm&Sif

1989 Allan Border AO

wufpfc&pfuuf uufywdef

1988 Kay Cottee AO

urÇmhpHcsdefwif wudk,fawmf&GufvTifhol trsKd;orD;

1987 John Farnham

tqdkawmfESifh *Dwynm&Sif

1986 Dick Smith

pGefYpm;olESifh y&[dw'ge&Sif

1985 Paul Hogan AM

o½kyfaqmif

1984 Lowitja O’Donoghue CBE AM

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\acgif;aqmif

1983 Robert de Castella MBE

urÇmhrm&oGef tajy;csefyD,H

1982 Sir Edward Williams KCMG KBE awmf0if MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH rl;,pfaq;0grsm;ESifhywfoufí

pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sif\ aumfr&Sifem

1981 Sir John Crawford AC CBE

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ppfjyD; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItwGuf Adokum

1980 Manning Clark AC

ordkif;ynm&Sif

2009 Professor Michael Dodson AM

a&S;OD;wdkif&if;om;rsm;\acgif;aqmif

2008 Lee Kernaghan OAMtqdkawmf? aw;*Dwynm&SifESifh ]tvSL'gejyKMuolig}

(Pass the Hat Around) vSnfhvnfajzazsmfjcif;udk wnfaxmifol

2007 Professor Tim Flannery

odyÜHynm&Sif? uavmif&SifESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;vIyf&Sm;ol

2006 Professor Ian Frazer

cE¨mudk,f\ a&m*gckcHwGef;vSefpGrf;tm;qdkif&m aq;ynmygarmu©

2005 Professor Fiona Wood AM

½kyfjyifcGJpdwfukoynm&SifESifh rD;avmif'Pf&mrsm;ukorIynm&Sif

2004 Steve Waugh

c&pfuufuufywdefESifh vlom;b0wdk;wufrI &SmazGjr§ifhwifol

2003 Professor Fiona Stanley AC

uav;txl;ukESifh a&m*gaA'ynm&Sif

2002 Patrick Rafter ,ltufpftdk;yif; wif;epfcsefyD,HESifh ]uav;rsm;udk jrwfEdk;pGm

umuG,fapmifha&Smufyg azgifa';&Sif; tzGJYtpnf;} wnfaxmifol

2001 Lt General Peter Cosgrove AC MC

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH Munf;wyfOD;pD;csKyf 2000 -2002

2000 Sir Gustav Nossal AC CBE FAA FRS

ZD0aA'qdkif&m okawoeynm&Sif

1999 Mark Taylor

wufpfc&pfuuf uufywdef

1998 Cathy FreemanurÇmhajy;ckefypf csefyD,H? tdkvHypfajy;ckefypf csefyD,HESifh

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; rsm;\oHtrwf

1997 Professor Peter Doherty

aq;ynmqdkif&m Edkb,fqk&Sif

1996 Doctor John Yu AM

uav;txl;uk ynm&Sif


1979* Senator Neville Bonner AO

yxrqHk;aom a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; vTwfawmftrwf

1979* Harry Butler CBE

obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;olESifh obm0ordkif;udkavhvmol

1978* Alan Bond

pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmif&Sif

1978* Galarrwuy Yunupingu AM

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif

1977* Sir Murray Tyrrell KCVO CBE

bk&ifcHcsKyf\ ½Hk;twGif;a&;rSL;

1977* Dame Raigh Roe DBE

aus;vuf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ toif;acgif;aqmif

1976 Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop AC CMG OBE

ppfbuf cGJpdwfukoynm&Sif

1975* Sir John Cornforth AC CBE

"gwkaA'ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqk&Sif

1975* Major General Alan Stretton AO CBEqdkufuvHk;xa&pD tNyD; 'g&f0if u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;\

acgif;aqmif

1974 Sir Bernard Heinze AC

wD;0dkif;BuD;acgif;aqmifESifh *Dwynm&Sif

1973 Patrick White

pmayqdkif&mEdkb,fqk&Sif

1972 Shane Gould MBE

tdkvHypf a&ul;csefyD,H

1971 Evonne Goolagong Cawley AO MBE

0ifA,fvff'efESifh jyifopftdk;yif; wif;epf csefyD,H

1970 His Eminence Cardinal Sir Norman Gilroy KBE

yxrqHk; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHzGm; *dkPf;csKyf

1969 The Rt Hon Richard Gardiner Casey Baron of Berwick, Victoria and of the City of Westminister KG GCMG CH

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH bk&ifcHcsKyf 1965-69

1968 Lionel Rose MBE

urÇmhvufa0SY csefyD,H

1967 The Seekers

wD;0dkif;tzGJU

1966 Sir Jack Brabham OBE

urÇmh tjref um;armif;NyKdifyGJ csefyD,H

1965 Sir Robert Helpmann CBE o½kyfaqmif? tuynm&Sif? xkwfvkyfolESifh bJav;

uuGufzefwD;ol

1964 Dawn Fraser MBE

tdkvHypf a&ul;csefyD,H

1963 Sir John Eccles AC


1962 Alexander ‘Jock’ Sturrock MBE

tar&dum;zvm; NydKifyGJ0iftoif;\ rmvdefrSL;

1961 Dame Joan Sutherland OM AC DBE

oHpOfjrifh oDqdk&Sif

1960 Sir MacFarlane Burnet OM AK KBE


* u,fefb&mNrKdUawmf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHaeYusif;ya&; aumifpD uvnf;

1975 ckESpfESifh 1979 ckESpftMum;wGif xl;cRefMopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;

wpfOD;udk todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/

qkvufcH&&SdaomolwdkY\trnfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf&SdaombGJUrsm;rSm qkcsD;jr§ifh

vufcH&onfhtcsdefwGif rSefuefrI &Sdygonf/

xdkolwdkY\atmifjrifrIrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYu uREfkyfwdkY\EdkifiHawmfBuD;udk rnfodkYydkrdkNyD;tusKd;jyKEdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;jzpfaponf/ ,cktcg ay;aomqkrsm;wGif xl;cRef

vli,f MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;? xl;cRef oufBuD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;ESifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf\ t&yfa'o ol&Jaumif;bGJUrsm;jzpfMuonf/


MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHoHk; aiGaMu; uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHoHk;aiGaMu;rSm MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtwGuf ta&;BuD;aom vlyk*¾dKvfESifh txdrf;trSwfrsm;udk o½kyfaz:onf/ uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHoHk;aiGaMu;tay:wGif

az:jy&ef ta&G;cs,fcHMu&aom emrnfBuD;yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH vlrItzGJUtpnf;\ wdk;wufjyKjyifajymif;vJrI? odyÜHynm ESifhenf;ynm? EdkifiHa&;?

ppfbufa&;&mxl;cRefrIESifh tEkynmavmursm;wdkYwGif OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKNyD; vufOD;pGrf;p&Sifrsm;ESifh txl;yg&rD&Sifrsm;jzpfMuonf/

Queen Elizabeth II (1926 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf)ygvDrefvTwfawmf ta[mif;ESifh topf

'kwd,ajrmuf t,fvdZbufof bk&ifronf (Queen Elizabeth II)

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ t"dywd jzpfonf/ olronf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHESifh

NAdwdefEdkifiHwdkY\ bk&ifrjzpfNyD; t*FvefEdkifiHwGif aexdkifonf/

olr\&Snfvsm;NyD; vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;onfh pdk;rdk;rIwpfavQmuf

olronfwnfNidrfNyD; cdkifrmaom&yfwnfrIay;cJhonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHoHk;aiG 5 a':vmay:wGif u,fefb&m NrdKUawmf&Sd

ygvDrefvTwfawmfta[mif;ESifh topf ESpfckpvHk;udk az:jyxm;onf/

Dame Mary Gilmore (1865 – 1962)

a';rf ar&D *D;vfrdk;onf (Dame Mary Gilmore) pma&;q&mr?

owif;axmuf? uAsmq&mrESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wdk;wufrItwGuf

tusKd;aqmifjzpfonf/ olr a&;om;aom pmayrsm;ESifhtwl? trsdK;orD;rsm;?

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh qif;&Jolrsm;udk,fpm;

ajymMum;csufrsm;aMumifh ,aeYwdkif owd&jcif;cH&onf/

AB ‘Banjo’ Paterson (1864 – 1941)

tif'½l; bmwef yufwmqifonf (Andrew Barton Paterson) uAsmq&m?

oDcsif;a&;q&mESifh owif;axmufjzpfonf/ olonf]bif*sKd}

yufwmqiftrnfESifha&;om;cJhNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif txif&Sm;qHk;aom

½dk;&moDcsif;jzpfonfh ]a0ghvfZif; rwD;vf'g} aMumifh owdw&&Sd&onf/

Reverend John Flynn (1880 – 1951)

bkef;awmfBuD; *Ref zvif;efonf (Reverend John Flynn) MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

av,mOfjzifh ysHoef;í aq;ukoay;onfh awmf0if q&m0ef 0efaqmifrIudk

pwifjcif;tm;jzifh urÇmh yxrqHk; av,mOfysHjzifh ysHoef;í aq;ukoonfh

usef;rma&; 0efaqmifrIudk pwifcJhonf/ olUtm; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ a0;vH

oDacgifaomae&mrsm;ü usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIay;um toufaygif;rsm;pGmudk

u,fwifcJhojzifh trSwfw&&SdMuonf/

Mary Reibey (1777 – 1855)

ar&D ½dkufab;onf (Mary Reibey) e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf udkvdkeDtwGif;

a&SUOD;pGefYpm;chJaom trsdK;orD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY q,fausmfouf&G,f jypf'PfustusOf;om;tjzpf

a&muf&SdtajccsNyD; vlrItzGJYtpnf;\ av;pm;cH&aom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;

jzpfvmcJhonf/


David Unaipon (1872 – 1967)

a';Apf ,laeyGefonf (David Unaipon) pma&;q&m? vlxky&dówfudk

a[majymolESifh wDxGifoljzpfonf/ olonf odyÜHynmESifh pmaytjyif

a&S;OD;MopaMw;vsm; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ vlaerIb0wdk;wufa&;twGuf

yHhydk;rIrsm;aMumifh trSwfw&&SdMuonf/

Edith Cowan (1861 – 1932)

tD;'pfof udk0rfonf (Edith Cowan) vlrIa&;0efxrf;? EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;twGuf ajyma[moljzpfonf/ olronf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ygvDrefrsm;wGif yxrqHk;a&G;cs,fcH&aom

trsKd;orD;jzpfonf/

Sir John Monash (1865 – 1931)

qm *Ref rdk;euf&Sf onf (Sir John Monash) tif*sifeD,m?

tkyfcsKyfpDrHoljzpfonfhtjyif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ txif&Sm;qHk;aom

ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;teuf wpfOD; jzpfonf/ ol\ OD;aqmifrI?

ÓPf&nfxufjrufrIESifh EIwfpvQmpwdkYaMumifh emrnfausmfMum;onf/

Dame Nellie Melba (1861 – 1931)

a';rf e,fvD rJvfbm; onf (Dame Nellie Melba) urÇmausmfoHpOfjrifhtqdk

awmfwpfOD;jzpfonf/ olrudk ]oDcsif; bk&ifr} [k urÇmuodMuNyD;

tjynfjynfqdkif&m todtrSwf jyKcH&onfh yxrqHk;aom

MopaMw;vsm;tqdkawmf jzpfonf/


EdkifiHawmfqdkif&maeYrsm;ESifh *kPfjyKaeYrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHqdkif&m trsm;jynfol½Hk;ydwf&ufrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\ *sL'D,dk-c&pf,ef ½dk;&mudkxif[yfNyD; Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; vma&muftajccscsdefrSpwifaom

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ 0daoorsm;tm; yHkay:apchJonfh ordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm;udkxif[yfum trSwfw& *kPfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/

ESpfopful;tBudKaeYn qpf'eD[mbmay:rS rD;&SL;rD;yef;vTwfyGJ 2005

yHkaoowfrSwfxm;aom aeY&ufrsm;

ESpfqef;wpf&ufaeY ZEé0g&Dv 1 &ufaeY

uREfkyfwdkYonf ESpfqef;udk BuKdqdkonfhtcrf;tem; usif;yMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHaeY ZEé0g&Dv 26 &ufaeY

uREfkyfwdkYonf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;jzpf&jcif;\t"dyÜm,fudk *kPf,lusif;y

MuNyD; 1788 ckESpfwGif qpf'eD yifv,fauGUodkY yxrqHk;aom &GufoabFm

tkyfpk a&muf&Sdtajccsjcif;udk trSwfw&jyKvkyfonf/

tJef;Zufuf aeY {NyDv 25 &ufaeY

MopaMw;vsm;ESifh e,l;ZDvefwyfrawmf(ANZAC) yxrurÇmppfumvü

*vpfyvD urf;ajcwufa&mufjcif;udk trSwfw& *kPfjyKMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;xJrS ppfyGJrsm;wGif yg0iftrIxrf;cJholrsm;ESifh

toufpGefYoGm;cJhMuolrsm;udkvnf; av;pm;pGm *kPfjyKonf/

c&pfprwfaeY 'DZifbmv 25 &ufaeY

c&pf,efbmom0ifrsm; trSwfw&usif;yonfh a,½Ic&pfawmf arG;zGm;

oefYpifaomaeYudk tajccHaom vufaqmifypönf;ay;onfhaeY jzpfonf/

abmufqifa'; 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeY

c&pfprwfyGJawmfESifh wpfqufwnf;jzpfonf/

ajymif;vJrI&Sdaom aeY&ufrsm;

tvkyform;aeY odkYr[kwf &Spfem&DaeY

urÇmhyxrqHk;aom tvkyform;a&;&m atmifjrifrIjzpfonfh MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiH tvkyform;rsm;u wpfaeYvQif &Spfem&D tvkyfvkyfcsdeftwGuf

tEdkif&jcif;udk trSwfw& atmifyGJcHonf/

tDpwm

c&pf,eft,l0g'jzpfaom a,½Ic&pfawmf toufpGefYawmfrljcif;ESifh jyefvnf&S

ifoefxajrmufjcif;wdkYudk trSwfw& usif;yonf/

bk&ifr arG;aeY

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\t"dywd 'kwd,ajrmuft,fvdZbufbk&ifr arG;aeYudk

trSwfw&usif;yonf/ taemufydkif;MopaMw;vsm;jynfe,frSvGJvQif

jynfe,fESifha'otm;vHk;ü ZGefv 'kwd,ywf wevFmaeYwGif trSwfw&

usif;yMuonf/

tjcm;aom trsm;jynfol ½Hk;ydwf&ufrsm;

tjcm;aom trsm;jynfol ½Hk;ydwf&ufrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;? a'orsm;ESifh

NrKdUawmfrsm;tvdkuf jyKvkyfonf/ Oyrm? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHNrKdUawmfa'ou

u,fefb&maeY? awmifydkif;MopaMw;vsm;jynfe,fu apwemh0efxrf;rsm; aeY?

taemufydkif;MopaMw;vsm;jynfe,fu tajccHtkwfjrpfcsaeY [k usif;y Muonf/


MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif vlOD;a& 22 oef;cefY&SdNyD; urÇmay:ü vlrsKd;pkuGJjym;rI

trsm;qHk; EdkifiHwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsm; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u

vlOD;a&pkpkaygif;\ 2.5 &mcdkifEIef;&Sdonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif tNrJwef;

aexdkifolrsm;\av;yHkwyHkrSm EdkifiHjcm;wGif arG;zGm;cJhMuNyD; EdkifiHaygif; 200

ausmfrS vma&muftajccsolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vlOD;a&wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;rI

trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif bmompum;? ,HkMunfrI? ½dk;&m"avh

ESifh tpOftvmrsm;\ uGJjym;jcm;em;rI <u,faygonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu *&dwfNAdwdefEdkifiHESifh xHk;pHt&&SdcJhaom qufpyfrIrsm;rSm

tcsdefumva&GUavsmvmonfhtavsmuf arS;rSdefavsmhyg;cJhaomfvnf;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ½Hk;ESifhXme ,Eå&m;rsm;wGifrl *&dwfNAdwdefEdkifiH\ MoZm

vTrf;rdk;rI qufvuf&SifoefqJjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\ 0daootawmfrsm;rsm;ü?

txl;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmfoHk;bmompum;tjzpf qufvuf

&Sifoefaeonf/ rdrdwdkY\tdrfrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif

(a&S;OD; wdkif;&if;om;bmompum; trsKd;rsKd;tygt0if) bmompum;

trsKd;aygif; 200 ausmf ajymqdkaeMuaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmompum;onf

uREfkyfwdkY EdkifiH\ 0daoo\ ta&;BuD;aomtpdwftydkif;wpf&yfjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif wnfNidrfNyD; NyKdifqdkifrItm;aumif;aom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'

&Sdonf/ uREfkyfwdkYu uREfkyfwdkY\ pdwftm;wuf<uNyD; uRrf;usifrI&Sdaom

vkyfom;xkudk wefzdk;xm;onf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm; &&SdcHpm;aeMu

aom vlaerItqifhrSm urÇmay:wGif tjrifhrm;qHk;teuf wpfcktygt0if

jzpfonf/

Dick Smith (1944 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf)

'pfcf prpfof (Dick Smith) onf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\

xdyfwef;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif?

pGefYpm;olESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fudk

cspfcifwwfoljzpfonf/

'pfcf prpfof onf tDvufx&Gefepf

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzifh pwifNyD;

atmifjrifcJhonf/ rdrd\ Opöm"eudk

oHk;um MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH wdk;wufrI

udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ olonf

MopaMw;vsm; ukefypönf;rsm;udkom

oHk;pGJaom tpm;taomufvkyfief;udk

pwifcJhí a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGm

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHNyD; vkyfief;rsm;pGmudk MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;u qufvuf

ydkifqdkifaeMua&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhonf/

olonf 1986 ckESpfwGif xl;cRef MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;bGJU tyfESif;cH&NyD;

enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&mwGif wdk;wufatmifjrifrIESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif

xdef;odrf;rItwGufvnf; qkcsD;jr§ifhcH&onf/ olonf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

tay:rSESifh wufpar;eD;,m; yifv,ftay:rS rdk;ysHylazmif;jzifh yxrqHk;

jzwfoef;cJholvnf;jzpfonf/ ol\pGefYpm;vdkpdwf&Sdjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif

atmifjrifjcif;ESifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtay: trsm;ESifhrwl vdIufvSJpGm cspfjrwf

Edk;onfhpdwf"gwfwdkYaMumifh emrnfBuD;onf/

pD;yGm;a&; aps;uGuf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ wnfNidrfNyD; acwfrDaom aiGaMu;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;ESifh

wif;Muyfaom 0ifaiGcGefqdkif&mESifh a&mif;0,frIqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;u

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk cdkifrmrI&Sdaponf/ urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vm vkyfief;?

ynma&;ESifh aiGaMu;qdkif&m0efaqmifrIrsm;yg0ifMuaom 0efaqmifrIqdkif&m

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH trsKd;om; pkpkaygif; ukefxkwfvkyfrI

(Gross Domestic Product) pkpkaygif;\ 70 &mcdkifEIef; eD;yg;&Sdonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrIu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGuf

qGJaqmifrI&Sdaom ae&mwpfck jzpfaponf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ pawmh

aps;uGufonfvnf; *syefEdkifiH\aemufwGif tm&Sypdzdwf a'o\ 'kwd,

tBuD;qHk; aps;uGufjzpfonf/

ukefoG,fa&;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tBuD;qHk;ukefoG,fbufEdkifiHrsm;rSm *syef? w½kwf?

tar&duef? awmifudk;&D;,m;? e,l;ZDvefESifh NAdwdefEdkifiHwdkYjzpfMuonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\ t"duydkYukefrSm *sKH? odk;arT;? oHowåK½dkif;? obm0 owåKrsm;ESifh

a&Tjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyifuREfkyfwdkYwGif obm0"gwfaiGU&nfESifh ausmufrD;aoG;

uJhodkY pGrf;tifqdkif&m ydkYukefrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ uREfkyfwdkU\pD;yGm;a&;rSm wHcg;zGifh

pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfNyD; ukefoG,frIonf uREfkyfwdkY pD;yGm;a&; BuD;yGm;csrf;omrI\

t"dutpdwftydkif; tjrJyifjzpfchJonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ydkYukefrsm;onf

rMumao;rDu pkpkaygif;a':vm oef; 200 txuf rsm;pGmausmfvGefaeNyDjzpf

onf/

owåKwGif;vkyfief;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf ausmufrD;aoG;? aMu;eD? obm0"gwfaiGU&nfESifh

owåKa&m oJajrrsm;uJhodkY o,HZmwrsm;<u,f0onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk txl;ojzifh

tm&Sa'o\ zGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS rsm;pGmvdktyfrI &Sdonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tBuD;rm;qHk;ydkYukeftydkif;rSm "gwfowåKrsm;ESifh avmifpmqDrsm;jzpfMuonf


urÇmhEdkifiHom;wpfOD;taeESifh

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mwGif urÇmhEdkifiHaumif;wpfcktjzpf

*kPf,l0ifh<um;pGm &yfwnfonf/ urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd uREfkyfwdkYatmuf EGrf;yg;Muol

rsm;udk ulnDjcif;jzifh oufaoxlonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGaMu;yHhydk;rI

rsm;ESifh axmufxm;pmemrIqdkif&m BuKd;yrf;rIrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&\ tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGaMu;yHhydk;rI tpDtpOfrsm;u

zGJUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;udk qif;&JrGJawrIavQmhcsNyD; pOfquf xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom

wdk;wufzGHUNzKd;rI&&Sdatmif yHhydk;onf/ uREfkyfwdkY\a'oESifh urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd

jynfolrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;udk yHhydk;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYuulnDonf/

EdkifiHtwGif;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif obm0ab;tEå&m,fMuHKMu&aomtcg

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;u &ufa&mpGm ulnDay;urf;EdkifpGrf;udk jyoMuonf/

pOfqufrjywf ab;'ku©cHpm;aeMu&aom EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; yHkrSef vI'gef;onf/

ulnDyHydk;a&;tpDtpOfudk uREfkyfwdkYuoEédXmefcsNyD; aqmif&Gufaejcif;tm;jzifh

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;\p½dkufudk a&mifjyef[yfjyonf/

Dr Catherine Hamlin AC

(1924 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf)

a'gufwm uufo&if;[,frfvif

(Dr Catherine Hamlin) onf

rD;,yfyg&*lwpfOD;jzpfNyD;

tDoD,dk;yD;,m;EdkifiHrS trsKd;orD;i,f

rsm;pGmwdkYudk wpfoufwm 'ku©qif;&J

MuHKMu&jcif;rS uif;a0;apchJonfh

twGuf emrnfausmfMum;onf/

1959 ckESpfrSpNyD; uufo&if;

[,frfvifonf tDoD,dk;yD;,m; EdkifiH

tuf'pfpftbmbm NrKdUwGif

]atmhbfpwwufx&pf zpfpfwsLvm}

ac: rD;zGm;pOfjzpfwwfaom

ESpfzufyGifha&m*gjzpfolrsm;udk ukoay;cJhonf/ þjyóemudk MuHKawGUMuonfh

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,f\ yHkrSef vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkif

Muawmhojzifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;\ 0dkif;y,fjcif;udk cHMu&onf/

uufo&if; ESifh olr\cifyGef;onf tuf'pfpftbmbm zpfpfusLvmaq;&Hk

udkwnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ olwdkY\ BuKd;yrf;rIrsm;u axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom

trsKd;orD;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY\tdrfodkYjyefMuum &Gmrsm;wGif yHkrSeftwdkif; vHk;0yuwd

usef;rmaomb0jzifh aexdkifEdkifapchJonf/

1955 ckESpfwGif a'gufwm uufo&if;[,frfvif tm; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHrS

tjrifhqHk;csD;jr§ifhonfh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf\ ol&Jaumif;bGJU

(Companion of the Order of Australia) udk csD;jr§ifhonf/ olronf

tDoD,dk;yD;,m;EdkifiH trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf qufvufBuKd;yrf;qJ jzpfonf/

2004 ckESpftif'dkeD;&SmEdkifiH tdE´d,ork'´&mtwGif; qlemrDab;'ku© cHpm;Mu&pOf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;

tjynfjynfqdkif&maqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif

MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiH\ wuf<upGmyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rI

1945 ckESpfü ukvor*¾wGif pwiftzGJU0ifonfhtcsdefrSpNyD; MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHonf wuf<uaom tzGJU0ifEdkifiHwpfckjzpfaeonf/ 1951 ckESpf ukvor*¾

'ku©onfrsm;qdkif&mnDvmcHt& MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf 1951 ckESpf

ukvor*¾ 'ku©onfrsm;qdkif&m y#dOmOf pmwrf;ygtwdkif; 'ku©onfrsm;[k

owfrSwfjcif;cH&olrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufrIay;onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

ukvor*¾ Nidrf;csrf;a&;wyfzGJUrsm;\ BuKd;yrf;rIrsm;wGif¤if;? zGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;udk

pmemaxmufxm;rIt&ESifh ta&;ay:tajctaet& ulnD&mwGif¤if;?

yg0ifvIyf&Sm;NyD; ukvor*¾ ynma&;? odyÜHESifh ,Ofaus;rI a&;&mtzGJUwGif

wuf<upGmyg0ifvIyf&Sm;aeonf/

1971 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESifh

zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufa&;qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf; (OECD) \ wif;jynfhtzGJU0if jzpfvmcJh

onf/ OECD u ¤if;\tzGJU0ifEdkifiHaygif; 30 ESifh tjcm;aom zGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;

wGif pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh tvkyftudkif&SmazGa&;wdkYwGif wdk;wufrI&Sd&ef

&nf&G,fonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif OECD u urÇmhukefoG,fa&;udk wdk;csJUvdk

onf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtaejzifh tm&S-ypdzdwfa'owGif teD;uyf yl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufa&;udk cdkifrmpGm tm;ay;onf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf

tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o pD;yGm;a&;t&yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI (APEC)? ta&SUtm&S

xdyfoD;tzGJU(EAS)? tmqD,Ha'otzGJUtpnf;(ARF)? ESifh ypdzdwfuRef; a'o

tzGJUtpnf;(PIF) wdkYwGif wuf<upGmyg0ifaom tzGJU0ifEdkifiHjzpf onf/

,aeYMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf BuD;rm;us,fjyefYNyD; wdk;wufum tm;upm;?

tEkynmESifh odyÜHynmwdkYwGif &&SdaomatmifjrifrIrsm;twGuf *kPf,lonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHom;rsm;\ vlaerItqifhtwef;twGuf *kPf,l

wefzdk;xm;ygonf? odkYaomf ydkNyD;wdk;wufrIudk tNrJwap arQmfrSef;ygonf/

tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGaMu;axmufyHhrIESifh zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrItultnDjzifh

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf w&m;rQwpGm,SOfNyKdifa&;pepfudk tm;upm;avmu

wGifomru urÇmhvlrItzGJUtpnf;twGif;udkyg o,faqmifay;cJhygonf/


MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf\ Edkb,fqk&Sifrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf odyÜHenf;ynmESifhaq;ynmqdkif&m okawoe vkyfief;rsm;twGuf emrnf&onf/ þynm&yfqdkif&me,fy,frsm;wGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;

10 OD; Edkb,fqk csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

ygarmu© 0DvD,Hb&uf*f (Professor William Bragg) (1862 - 1942) ESifh avm&ifhpfb&uf* (Lawrence Bragg) (1890 - 1971)

½lyaA'ynm&Sifrsm;/

0DvD,Hb&uf*f (zcif)ESifh avm&ifhpfb&uf*f (om;) wdkYonf ]olwdkY\ yHkaqmifcJzGJUpnf;yHkudk tdwfpa&; "mwfa&mifjcnfrsm;oHk;um cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvmjcif;udk

BuKd;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhMuojzifh} 1915 ckESpfwGif ½lyaA' ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJqGwfcl;Muonf/

qm a[mif;0gh'f zavmf&D (Sir Howard Walter Florey) (1898 – 1968) a&m*gaA'ynm&Sif/

a[mif;0gh'f zavmf&D onf awmifMopaMw;vsm;jynfe,f tJh'vdwf'fNrKdUwGif arG;zGm;cJhNyD; ]y,feDqvifudk¤if;? ul;pufa&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;tay: y,feDqvif\

ukoEdkifpGrf;udk¤if; pwifawGU&SdcJhojzifh} 1945 ckESpfwGif ZD0ur®aA' odkYr[kwf aq;ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

qm z&ifhcf rufcfzm;vdef; bm;euf (Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet) (1899 – 1985) aq;ynmqdkif&m odyÜHynm&SifESifh ZD0aA'

ynm&Sif/

Apfufwdk;&D;,m;jynfe,fwGifarG;zGm;chJNyD; z&ifhcf bm;eufonf ]arG;&myg r[kwfaom? cE¨mudk,f\ckcHpGrf;tm;qdkif&mwkefYjyefrIudk pwifawGU&SdcJhojzifh} 1960 jynfhESpfwGif

ZD0ur®aA' odkYr[kwf aq;ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

qm *Ref u,f½l; tufuvpfpf (Sir John Carew Eccles) (1903 - 1997) ouf&Sdowå0grsm;? tpdwftydkif;rsm;\ vkyfief;

aqmif&GufrIqdkif&m ynm&Sif/ *Ref tufuvpfpfudk rJvfbGef;NrKdUwGifarG;zGm;cJhNyD; ]tm½HkaMum uvmyfpnf; tajr§;yg;\tzsm;ydkif;ESifh tv,fydkif;rsm;ü jzpfay:aom <uwufrIESifh wm;qD;ydwfqdkYrIwGif

tdkif,Gef;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;\ ywfoufyHkudk pwifawGU&SdcJh ojzifh} 1963 ckESpfwGif ZD0ur®aA' odkYr[kwf aq;ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

ygarmu© *Ref 0g;uyfyf aumefazghof (Professor John Warcup Cornforth) (1917 – 2007) "gwkaA'ynm&Sif/ *Ref aumefazghofudk qpf'eDNrKdUwGifarG;zGm;um 1975 ckESpfwGif ]tifZdkif;rf taxmuftuljyK "mwfwkefYjyefajymif;vJrIrsm;qdkif&m "mwkaA'ynm&yfudk

BuKd;yrf;avhvmcJhojzifh} "mwkaA'bmom&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

ygarmu© yDwm 'dk[mwD (Professor Peter Doherty) (1940 jynfhESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf) cE¨mudk,f\ ckcHtm;qdkif&mynm&Sif/

yDwm 'dk[mwDudk uGif;pvefjynfe,fwGifarG;zGm;NyD; ]cE¨mudk,f\ uvmyfpnf;rSwqifh jzpfay:aom wm;qD;ckcHtm;\ xl;jcm;rIudk pwifawGU&SdcJhojzifh} 1963 ckESpfwGif

ZD0ur®aA' odkYr[kwf aq;ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

ygarmu© b,f&D rm&S,fvf (Professor Barry Marshall) (1951 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf) tpmtdrfESifh tlvrf;aMumif;a&m*grsm;qdkif&my

nm&SifESifh a'gufwm a&mfbif 0g&,feff (Doctor Robin Warren) (1937 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf) a&m*gaA'ynm&Sif/ b,f&D rm&S,fvfESifh a&mfbif 0g&,feff wdkYonf ][,fvDudk bufcfwm ydkifavm&D a&m*gydk;udk¤if;? tpmtdrfa&mifjcif;? tpmtdrfESifhtlodrf a&m*gjzpfjcif;tay:

xdka&m*gydk;\tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk¤if; pwifawGU&Sdojzifh} ZD0ur®aA' odkYr[kwf aq;ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk 2005 ckESpfwGif yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

ygarmu© t,fvdZbufof [,fvefef bvufufbef;ef? (Professor Elizabeth Helen Blackburn) (1948 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf)

ZD0aA' ynm&Sif/ t,fvdZbufof bvufufbef;ef onf [dk;bwfwf wGif arG;zGm;chJNyD;? ]wDavmfrD&,fpf ESifh wDavmfrDa&;pf tifZdkif;wdkYu c½dkrdkqkef;rsm;tm; rnfodkYumuG,fay;onfudk

pwifawGU&SdcJhojzifh} 2009 ckESpfwGif ZD0ur®aA' odkYr[kwf aq;ynm&yfqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk yl;wGJ csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif pmayqdkif&m Edkb,fqk&SifwpfOD;vnf;&Sdonf/

yufx&pf 0dIufxf (Patrick White) (1912 – 1990) pma&;q&mESifh ZmwfñTef;a&;q&m/

vef'effNrKdUü MopaMw;vsm;rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;cJhNyD; yufx&pfcf 0dIufxfonf ]pmayavmuwGif u@BuD;wpfckpwifjzpfapcJhaom BuD;us,fcrf;em;NyD;? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

ESifhywfoufonfh aemufaMumif; jyefajymjyonfhenf;jzifh pwifa&;om;cJhojzifh} 1973 ckESpfwGif pmayqdkif&m Edkb,fqkudk csD;jr§ifhcH&onf/


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tcGifhtvrf; topfrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ yxrqHk;aom Oa&mywdkufom;vlOD;a&wGif t*Fvdyf?

paumh? a0v ESifh tdkif;&pf&Sf vlrsKd;wdkYyg0ifMuonf/ paumh? a0vESifh tdkif;&pf&Sf

wdkYonf twdwfu t*FvdyfwdkYESifh rMumcP ppfrufjzpfyGm;cJhMuaomfvnf;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGifrl þvlrsKd;pkav;pkonf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; aexdkif

vkyfudkifMuonf/

jypf'PfustusOf;om;rsm;ESifh ,cifu tusOf;om;jzpfcJhMuolrsm;onf

udkvdkeDwGif tcGifhtvrf;topfrsm; pwifawGU&SdMuonf/ ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;u

rdrdwdkYtm;vyfcsdefudk tusOf;om;rsm;ESifh tusOf;om;jzpfcJholrsm;\ tultnD

udk&,lum ta&mif;t0,fvkyfNyD; aiG&SmMuonf/ tusOf;om;jzpfcJholrsm;onf

vnf; rMumrDrSmyif ukefonfrsm;tjzpf rdrdwdkYydkifpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk

wnfaxmifvmMuonf/ tjcm;aom tusOf;om;jzpfcJholrsm;onf v,form;

rsm;? ukefonfrsm;? aps;qdkif&Sifrsm;ESifh t&ufqdkifydkif&Sifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/

,cifutusOf;om;jzpfcJhol trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif

atmifjrifMuNyD;? taetxm;rsm;pGmü t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;xufyif

vGwfvyfrI ydkrdkcHpm;chJMuonf/

Caroline Chisholm (1808 – 1877)

u,f½dkvdkif; cspfZefrf (Caroline

Chisholm) onf udkvdkeDrsm;\

a&S;OD;tpydkif;wGif tdrfaxmif r&SdMu

ao;oltrsKd;orD;rsm;\ tajctaeudk

wdk;wufapcJhaom vlrIa&; qdkif&m

jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf xdyfwef;

OD;aqmifchJol jzpfonf/

u,f½dkvdkif;onf MopaMw;vsm;odkY

olr\ppfAdkvfcifyGef;onf? uav;(5)

a,mufwdkYESifhtwl 1838 ckESpfwGif

a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ olronf

qpf'eDvrf;rsm;ay:wGifaeMuaom

ajymif;a&TUtajccs trsKd;orD;rsm;udk

tultnDay;cJhonf/

olronf udkvdkeDrsm;odkY vlrsm;c&D;oGm;&mü oabFmay:wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm

aexdkifEdkifMuap&ef txl;BuKd;pm;cJhonf/ xdkYtjyiff olwpfyg;udk tm;udk;

ae&jcif;? qif;&JrGJawjcif; oHo&mwdkYudk jzwfawmuf&eftwGuf olronf

pm;p&m aep&mr&SdMuaomolrsm;tm; aiGacs;onfh tpDtpOfwpf&yfudk

pDpOfay;cJhonf/

,aeYumvwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ausmif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk u,f½dkvdkif;

cspfZefrf tm; *kPfjyKNyD; trnfay;Muonf/ olrudk ]ajymif;a&TUtajccsol\

rdwfaqG} [kod&SdNyD; vltrsm; b0opfpwifEdkifMu&ef rarmEdkifryef;Edkif BuKd;pm;

aqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifh emrnfBuD;onf/

todtjrif<u,fonfh bk&ifcH

bk&ifcH zdvpfyf uJhodkYyif bk&ifcH vmhcfvef rufaum&D (Governor Lachlan

Macquarie) onfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\ ordkif;tpydkif;wGif ta&;BuD;aom

ae&mwGif&SdcJhygonf/ olonf e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf udkvdkeDudk 1810 rS 1821

ckESpftxd tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ olonf udkvdkeDudk tusOf;om;udkvdkeDuJhodkY

r[kwfbJ vGwfvyfpGm tajccsonfh ae&mwpfae&mtjzpf wnfaxmifchJonf/

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;pepfudk wdk;wufapNyD; vrf;opfrsm;azmufvkyfjcif;?

trsm;jynfolqdkif&m taqmuftODrsm;udkaqmufvkyfjcif;jyKcJhonf/ olonf

MopaMw;vsm;wdkuftm; avhvmjcif;udk tm;ay;cJhonf/

rufaum&D onf ynma&;twGufvnf; &efyHkaiGxnfhay;NyD; wpfcsdefu

tusOf;om;jzpfcJhMuolrsm;\ &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk av;pm;chJonf/ wpfcsdefu

tusOf;om;jzpfcJhMuolrsm;xJrS tcsKdUudk w&m;olBuD;rsm;tjzpf¤if;? jynfolU

0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf¤if; wm0efay;cJhonf/

bk&ifcH rufaum&D udk udkvdkeDtzdkY xl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom ajymif;vJrIrsm;

jzpfapcJhonfhtwGuf olUtm; ordkif;wGif *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wifMu&onf/

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfjynfe,f&Sd rufaum&Dwuúodkvfonf olUtm; *kPfjyKNyD;

trnfay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\ jypf'PfustusOf;om; bdk;bGm;tarGrsm;

rufaum&D \ tkyfcsKyfrIumvNyD;qHk;aomtcg bk&ifcH\ &mxl;tqifhonf

vlwpfOD;wnf;twGuf vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;vGef;onf[k ,lqMuojzifh?

1823 ckESpfwGif aemufbk&ifcHtm; tMuHay;&ef e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf Oya'jyK

aumifpDudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ Oya'jyKaumifpDonf tusOf;om;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm

tjypfay;&efESifh tvGefaumif;rGefpGmraeMuEdkifap&ef jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef BuKd;pm;chJ

onf/ odkYaomfvnf; þodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh 19 &mpkESpf apmapmydkif;u

MopaMw;vsm;wGif tajcwusjzpfaeMuaom e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf ESifh

tjcm;udkvdkeDrsm;&Sd tusOf;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&; tm;vHk;udk rydwfyifEdkifcJhyg/

MopaMw;vsm;odkY tusOf;om; pkpkaygif; 160000 ausmf ydkYaqmifcJhonf/ jAdwdef

EdkifiHrSaeí tusOf;om;rsm;ydkYjcif;udk e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfwGif 1840 ckESpfwGif

¤if;? wufpar;eD;,m;wGif 1852 ckESpf wGif¤if;? taemufydkif;MopaMw;vsm;wGif

1868 ckESpfwGif¤if;? &yfqdkif;chJonf/

tusOf;om;rsm;\uav;rsm;rSm tjrJyifvGwfvyfpGmaeEdkifMuojzifh tusOf;om;

jzpfcJholrsm;ESifh ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;tMum;0,f cGJjcm;rI wajz;ajz;arS;rSdef

aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ 1850 jynfhESpfrsm;rSpNyD; udkvdkeD e,fajrwGiftajccsolrsm;

onf rdrdwdkYbmom tkyfcsKyfrI&SdMuNyD; trsm;u av;pm;MunfndK&aom vlrItzGJU

tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmifvdkMuonf/ udkvdkeD tajccsolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\

twdwfumv tusOf;om;b0udk &SufMuNyD; xdktaMumif;udk raqG;aEG;vdkMuyg/

aemufESpfaygif;wpf&mcefY Mumaomtcg? &SufaMumufpdwfrsm;ajymif;vJvmMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm; onf rdrdwdkY\ tusOf;om;b0rSpwifcJhjcif;udk*kPf,l

vmMuNyD; trsm;u ,ckqdkvQif? tusOf;om;bdk;bGm;rsm;&SdcJhjcif;udkyif 0rf;omtm;&

auseyfMuonf/

þodkYvufcHEdkifaompdwf"mwfjzifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;onf vlwdkY\

rdom;pkaemufcHordkif;udk¤if;? odkYr[kwf twdwfumvu jyKrlvkyfaqmifcJhrIudk

¤if;? *½krpdkufolrsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYuvlrsm;udk t&Sdtwdkif; vufcHHNyD;

]w&m;rQwaomtcGifhta&;} (fair go) ay;onf/


Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; tajccsNyD;aemufydkif;

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\b0

Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; pwiftajccscsdefü MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif tufabmf

&pf*sifevfvlrsdK;EG,fESifh awm&ufpfpx&dwfuRef;om;OD;a&pkpkaygif; 750000 rS

1.4 oef;txd&SdcJhonf[k cefYrSef;onf/ xdkta&twGufwGif oD;oefY EdkifiHi,f

aygif; 250 cefY&SdNyD; bmompum;tkyfpk 700 ausmf yg0ifonf/

MopaMw;vsm;wdkufwGif pwiftajccscsdefü NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf tufabmf

&pf*sifevfvlrsKd;wdkYESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfrcsKyfcJhyg/ a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYü udk,f

ydkifpD;yGm;a&;rsm;&SdchJMuNyD; a&S;ya0oPDuyif þajrESifhqufpyfrI&SdcJhMuonf/

xdkuJhodkYaom pepfrsm;? odkYr[kwf ,HkMunfrIrsm; Oa&mywGif r&SdMujcif;aMumifh

tpdk;&taeESifh xdktcsufudk todtrSwfrjyKEdkifchJyg/ tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;wdkYonf NAdwdoQwdkYuJhodkY aumufyJoD;ESHpdkufysKd;jcif;? odkYr[kwf wpfae&m

wnf;wGifae&ef tdrfaqmufjcif;wdkYudk rjyKMujcif;aMumifh olwdkYü ydkifqdkifvdkrI

pdwf"mwfr&SdEdkif&m[k tpdk;&u ,lqchJonf/ tpdk;&u ajrudk vGwfvyfpGm

odrf;,lEdkifonf[k oabmydkufchJonf/

Mur®mqdk;ESifh aemufqufwGJtusKd; oufa&mufrIrsm;

tpydkif;tkyfcsKyfaombk&ifcHrsm;udk tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkYtm;

ESdyfpufjcif;rjyK&ef rSmMum;xm;aomfvnf; NAdwdoQtajccsolrsm;onf

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkY\ ajray:csOf;eif;0ifa&mufcJhMuum

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;rsm;pGm towfcHchJMu&onf/ þodkYjypfrIusL;vGef

Muaomtajccsolrsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh tjypf'Pfcwfavhr&SdchJyg/

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;tcsKdUESifh Oa&myrStajccsolwdkYonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm

twlaeEdkifchJMuonf/ tcsKdUaomtajccsolrsm;u tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;

wdkYudk rdrdwdkY\odk;ESifh EGm;arG;jcHrsm;wGif cefYxm;chJonf/ bk&ifcH rufaum&Donf

tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlrsKd;wdkYtm; udk,fydkifpdkufysKd; arG;jrLa&; vkyf&efajr,may;

NyD; tufabmf&pf*sifevf uav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmufay;onf/

odkYaomf tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlrsKd; tvGefenf;yg;aom vlOD;a&uom

tajccsolwdkY\ pHrsm;twdkif; aexdkifvdkpdwf&SdMuonf/ tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;rsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rItpOftvmrsm;udk rqHk;½IH;vdkMuacs/

uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh ajrtwGufjzpfchJ&aomppfyGJrsm;wGif a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; OD;a&

rnfrQaoaMucJhonfudkrod&Sd&aomfvnf; tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlOD;a&

axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaoaMucJhMuonfudk {uefodonf/ tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd; trsm;pkudk aoaMuapcJhonfrSm EdkifiHtwGif;odkY Oa&mywdkufom;wdkYESifh

ygvmcJhaom a&m*grsm;jzpfygonf/ qHk;½IH;&aom tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;

toufaygif;rSm aMumufzG,fvdvdjzpfonf/ Apfufwdk;&D;,m;wGif 1830 ESpfrsm;

u tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlrsKd; vlOD;a& 10000 cefY&SdcJhonf/ 1853 ckESpfwGifrl

tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlrsKd; vlOD;a& 1907 ODF;omvQif a&wGuf&onf/

ordkif;aMumif; rSwfwdkifrsm;

ukef;wGif;ydkif; pl;prf;avhvma&;

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfwGif a&S;OD;ydkif;udkvdkeDtajccsolrsm;onf Murf;wrf;cufxef

aomb0ESifh &ifqdkifawGUMuHKchJMu&onf/ MopaMw;vsm;wdkuf\ tvGefao;i,f

aom tpdwftydkif;üomvQif pdkufysKd;Edkifaom ajr&Sdonf/ tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;wdkYonf þywf0ef;usiftajctaersKd;wGif aexdkif&SifoefMu&eftwGuf

tawGUtMuHK&Sdxm;olrsm; jzpfMuvifhupm; olwdkYonfyif rdk;acgifa&&Sm;csdefrsm;ü

iwfrGwfjcif;'Pfudk cHMu&ao;onf/

qpf'eDwGiftajccsolrsm; ukef;wGif;ydkif;udkpl;prf;avhvmMu&mü yxrqHk; &ifqdkif

Mu&aom twm;tqD;BuD;wpfckrSm qpf'eD\ taemufbuf 50 uDvdkrDwmwGif

&Sdaom bvl;armifwdefpf(Blue Mountains)awmifwef;BuD;jzpfonf/ 1813 ckESpfwGif

bvufpfv,fef (Blaxland)? 0JYefwf 0gof (Wentworth) ESifh avmfpef (Lawson)

qdkol vloHk;OD;onf aemufqHk;wpfaeYwGif awmifwef;BuD;udk jzwfausmfEdkifcJhMuonf/

bvl;armifwdefpfudk jzwfaom um;vrf; ESifh &xm;vrf;onf olwdkYtoHk;jyKcJhaomvrf

;aMumif;udk ,aeYxufwdkif qufvuf toHk;jyKaeqJjzpfonf/

xdkawmifwef;BuD;\ tjcm;wpfbufwGifrl pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u odk;ESifh EGm;

arG;jrLa&;twGuf oifhavsmfaom ajrjyefYudkawGU&SdMuonf/ odkYaomf twGif;ydkif;odkY

ydkNyD; a&muf&Sdaomtcg ajcmufaoGUNyD; oJuEåm&qefaomae&mudk a&mufMuonf/

olwdkYonf a&&Sm&efcufcJNyD; touf&Sifoefa&;twGuf avmufiaomtpm;tpm

udk o,f&efcufcJrI MuHKMuonf/ *smrPDEdkifiHzGm; vlU'f0pfcf vdkufcf[mh'f (Ludwig

Leichhardt) qdkol pl;prf;avhvmolonf MopaMw;vsm;wdkufudk ta&SUbufrS

taemufbufodkYjzwf&ef1848 ckESpfwGif BuKd;pm;&if; aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhonf/

1860 ckESpfwGif bmhcf (Burke) ESifh 0D;vfpf (Wills) qdkolwdkYonf MopaMw;vsm;

wdkufudk awmifbufrS ajrmufbufodkY jzwfoef;&ef c&D;pMuonf/ olwdkYonf

BuD;rm;aom avhvma&;tzGJUBuD;wpfckudk OD;aqmifchJMuaomfvnf; olwdkY\

pGefYpm;a&;c&D;rSm tvGefcufcJcJhonf/ bmhcfESifh 0D;vfpf wdkYonf csKHawmwGifaexdkif

Muaom tawGUtMuHK&Sdolrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ olwdkY\c&D;wGif tufabmf&pf*sifevf

,ef'½l0gef'g (Yandruwandha) vlrsKd;wdkY\ uRrf;usifaomtultnDudk &&SdcJhMu

aomfvnf; pl;prf;avhvmolESpfOD;pvHk;onf tjyefvrf;c&D;wGif aoqHk;chJMuonf/

bmhcfESifh 0D;vfpf wdkYu olwdkY\ avhvma&;c&D;udk tqHk;rowfcJhEdkifMuaomfvnf;

olwdkYtaMumif;udk yef;csDESifh pmaywGif rSwfwrf;wifMuonf/ þ0rf;enf;zG,f

tjzpftysufu uREfkyfwdkY\ajronf rnfrQ Murf;wrf;onfudk erlemjyonf/

bmhcfESifh 0D;vfpf wdkY\ MopaMw;vsm;wdkufudk jzwfoef;oGm;onfh pl;prf; avhvma&;c&D;? 1860

jynfhESpf


tajccsolrsm;ESifh a&SUOD;pGefYpm;olrsm;

tajccsolrsm;u ajraumif;ae&maumif; &&Sdxm;cJhrl b0rSm Murf;wrf;avchJonf/

a&vQHjcif; odkYr[kwf rdk;acgifa&&Sm;jcif;umvrsm; NyD;qHk;aomtcg v,form;rsm;onf

tprSjyefp&ef tNrJvdkyif vdktyfchJonf/ 1838 ckESpf a&mufaomtcg odk;arT;onf

MopaMw;vsm;\ t"duydkYukef jzpfNyD; rdk;acgif a&&Sm;jcif; odkYr[kwf odk;arT;aps;usjcif;

MuHK&vQif tajccsolrsm;rSm &SdorQ tukefqHk;yg;avonf/ odkYaomf? vlrsm;u jyefvnf

BuKd;pm;NyD; qufvuf &ifqdkifMujyefonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom tcuftcJtusyftwnf;rsm;

tm; ausmfjzwfEdkifoludk ]wdkufyGJ0ifol aMomfpD} [kuifyGef;wyfonf/ wdkufyGJ0ifol

]aMomfpD} onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tEdkifrcH t½HI;ray;aom pdwf"mwf?

t½IH;rS jyefvnftEdkif,lEdkifaom ZGJwdkYudk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ xdkcufcJMurf;wrf;aom

tcsdefumvu a&SUOD;pGefYpm;ol trsKd;om;rsm;? trsKd;orD;rsm;wdkYtm; *kPfjyKMuonf/

trsKd;om;rsm; ta0;oGm;aecsdef? odkYr[kwf uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf? trsKd;orD;rsm;u

vkyfaeqJvkyfief; odkYr[kwf v,f,mrsm;udk qufvufvkyfudkifchJMu&onf/

þcufxefMurf;wrf;aom a&S;OD;tcsdefumvwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;wdkYü b0wl

a&mif;&if;[laompdwf"gwf jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ a0;vHaomukef;wGif;ydkif;a'o

rsm;wGifoGm;vmum odk;rsm; ausmif;NyD;? odk;arT;n§yfMuaom trsdK;om;rsm;o@mef0,f

þpdwf"gwf jyif;jychJMuonf/ tajccsolrsm; tcuftcJMuHKMu&aomtcg wpfOD;ESifh

wpfOD; tjyeftvSefulnDchJMuonf/ þpdwf"mwftpOftvmonf MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHom;wdkY\b0wGif pGJusefaeonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh? ESpfpOf awmrD;avmifcsdefwGif

rD;Nidrf;owf&ef axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomolwdkYu apwemh0efxrf;tjzpf yg0ifMuonf/

a&TxGuf&ma'orsm;odkY tvkt,ufoGm;Mujcif;

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfwGif 1851 ESpfpydkif;ü a&TpwifawGU&Sdjcif;tm; ]EdkifiHwpfckudk

tajymif;tvJ jzpfapcJhaom pwifawGU&SdrIwpfck} [kajymqdkMuonf/ rsm;rMumrDrSmyif

oD;jcm; udkvdkeDe,fajropf wpfckjzpfonfh Apfufwdk;&D;,m;wGifvnf; a&TawGUMuonf/

1852 ckESpfukefydkif;wGif MopaMw;vsm;wdkufwpf0ef;ESifh urÇmwpf0ef;rS

vlaygif; 90000 onf a&T&Sm&eftwGuf Apfufwdk;&D;,m;udk a&mufvmchJNyD;

jzpfMuonf/

tpdk;&wyfrsm;u a&Twl;onfhvdkifpifc aumufcH&mwGif a&Twl;olrsm;tay:

tvGefMurf;wrf;pGm qufqHchJMuonf/ 1854 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 11 &ufaeYwGif

vlaygif; 10000 u 'Drdkua&pD tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef

bmvm&wf (Ballarat) &Sd abum&D ukef;(Bakery Hill) ay:wGifpka0;Muonf/

olwdkYu BuD;rm;aom vdkifpifaMu;ay;&efrvdktyfbJ a&Twl;cGifh&vdkMuonf/

xdkYtjyifolwdkYonf Apfufwdk;&D;,m; ygvDrefwGif olwdkYtm;udk,fpm;jyKrnfh

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf rJqE´ay;vdkMuonf/

a&Twl;ol tkyfpki,fwpfckonf ,la&;cg; a&Twl;&mae&mwGif cHwyfobG,f

aqmufvkyfNyD; awmifydkif;Mu,fpkyHk ygaomtvHudk vTifhxlchJonf/ tpdk;&u

xdkcHwyfudkwdkufcdkuf&ef 1854 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 3 &ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif

ppfwyfudkapvTwfonf/ rMumrDrSmyif a&Twl;olrsm;rSm pD;eif;jcif;cH&NyD;

vlaygif; 30 cefY towfcHvdkuf&onf/

,la&;cg; tvH

e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf ESifh Apfufwdk;&D;,m; udkvdkeDrsm;wGif 1851 ckESpfü a&TpwifawGUMuonf/

ykefuefolacgif;aqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfopömazmufrIjzifh ½Hk;wifppfaq;aom

tcg rnfonfh *sL&D tzGJU0ifurQ tjypfay;vdkjcif;r&SdchJyg/ awmf0if aumfr&Sif

u tpdk;&üomvQif tjypf&Sdonf[k awGU&SdNyD;? a&Twl;olrsm;\ awmif;qdkrI

rsm;pGmudk vdkufavsm&onf/ olwdkYvdkvm;aom EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mudk,fpm;jyKjcif;

udkvnf; cGifhjyKcJhonf/ wpfESpftwGif;rSmyif ykefuefolwdkY\acgif;aqmif yDwm

avvm(Peter Lalor)onf Apfufwdk;&D;,m; ygvDrefwGif trwfjzpfvmcJhonf/

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumaomtcg ,la&cg ykefuefrIonf uefYuGufqE´jyjcif;ESifh

uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfaom w&m;rQwpGmqufqHa&;\ txdrf;trSwfoauFwwpfck

jzpfvmcJhonf/

a&TxGuf&ma'orsm;odkY vlrsm;tvkt,ufoGm;Mujcif;onf MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHudk tajymif;tvJrsm;pGmjzpfapcJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\

vlOD;a& pkpkaygif;onf 1851 ckESpfwGif 43000 &Sd&mrS 1870 jynfhESpfwGif

1.7 oef;txd wdk;yGm;oGm;cJhonf/ wdk;yGm;vmaomvlOD;a&udk qufoG,fay;

&eftwGuf yxrqHk;aom rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh aMu;eef; qufoG,fa&;vdkif;

rsm;udk wnfaqmufMu&onf/

BuD;rm;aom a&TaMumBuD;rsm;udk awmifMopaMw;vsm;rSvGJvQif udkvdkeDtm;vHk;ü

&SmawGUMuonf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm tvGefaumif;aeNyD; uREfkyfwdkY\ tzdk;wefqHk;

ydkYukeftjzpf? a&Tu odk;arT;udk ae&mausmf,lvdkufonf/ 1890 ckESpfcefYwGif

MopaMw;vsm;onf urÇmay:wGifvlaerIpepftjrifhqHk; jzpfEdkifajc&SdchJygonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHordkif;wGif ,la&;cg; (Eureka) ykefuefx<urIudk

'Drdkua&pDta&; vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;wpf&yftjzpfrSwfwrf;wifMuonf/ 1854 ckESpf

wGif bmvm&wf (Ballarat) a&TwGif;ü a&Twl;az:Muolrsm;onf tpdk;&

tmPmydkifrsm;u a&TwGif;udk Murf;wrf;pGm tkyfcsKyfaeonfhpepftm; umjyefí

BuD;rm;aom qE´jyrIwpf&yfudk qifEGJchJMuonf/


usL;ausmf tajccsolrsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;

udkvdkeDumv\ tpydkif;tcsdefwGif ]usL;ausmf tajccsolrsm;} [kac:wGifolwdkY

u v,f,mvkyfudkifMu&ef us,fjyefYaomajr{&d,mrsm;pGmudk odrf;,lMuonf/

olwdkYtaeESifh þajrtwGuf aiGay;cJh&jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; usL;ausmftajccsol

rsm;u olwdkYydkifqdkifonf[k,lqMuonf/ a&TxGuf&ma'orsm;odkY vlrsm;

tvkt,ufoGm;Mujcif; yxrtBudrfNyD;qHk;onfhtcg usL;ausmftajccsolrsm;

xHrS þajrrsm;udkjyefvnf&,l&mwGif BuD;rm;aomy#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/

1860 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;&u ysHustajccsolrsm;\ajrudk tvkyfvkyfolrsm;

ESifh rdom;pkrsm; v,f,mpdkufysKd;&ef a&mif;csvdkchJonf/ usL;ausmftajccsolrsm;

u ajriSm;pmcsKyfrsm;pGm&,lum? txl;ojzifh taumif;qHk;aomae&mrsm;wGif

olwdkYtwGuf ajrtrsm;qHk;,lxm;&ef BudK;pm;chJMuonf/

v,form;topfwdkYonf cufcJaomobm0ywf0ef;usifESifh &ifqdkifMu&NyD;?

olwdkYonf rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; razmufrDtcsdeftxd? aps;uGufrsm;ESifh a0;uGm

aechJMuonf/ NrKdUBuD;rsm;wGif vpmrsm;rsm;&Edkifaom tcGifhtvrf;u

v,fajray:aexdkif&onfhb0ESifh tusKd;tjrwftenf;i,fom &&Sdaponfh

v,f,mvkyf&jcif;wdkYudk qGJaqmifrIr&Sdatmif jzpfapchJonf/

MopaMw;vsm;awmifydkif;wGifrl v,form;rsm;rSm 0ifaiGaumif;Muonf/

v,fvkyfief;twGuf tvkyfoufomapaom v,fvkyfief;oHk;ypönf; xkwfvkyf

onfh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tavhtxonf xdkae&mrSpcJhonf/ Oyrm?

(1870 ckESpfrsm;wGif) opfikwfESifh xdrdvQif txufodkY ajrmufoGm;wwfaom

xGefonf aumufyJoD;ESHpdkufysdK;&eftwGuf rmausmaomajrudk tvG,fwul

&Sif;ay;EdkifchJonf/

1800 ckESpfrsm;wGif ajymif;a&TUtajccsjcif;rsm;

1800 ckESpf tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif t*Fvdyf? paumh? a0vESifh tdkif;&pf&Sf

tajccsolrsm;onf udkvdkeDrsm;wGif t"dutzGJUrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkY\a&S;½dk;

tarGtESpfrsm;rSm EdkifiHopf\tajcjzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH tm;vyfcsdef

wGif vkyfaqmifrIrsm;? ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI yGJvrf;obifrsm;? bmoma&;qdkif&m

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf NAdwdefEdkifiHESifhtwlwlyifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf? Oa&myESifh

tm&SwkdufrS ajymif;a&TUtajccsaomtzGJUi,frsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ 1800

jynfhESpfrsm;wGiftajccsaom Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif tDwmvsH? *&d? ydk;vf?

armvfwD;pf? ESifh ½k&SvlrsKd;rsm;tjyif 0dkifxkwfvkyfrI vkyfief; vkyfudkifMuaom

jyifopfvlrsKd;rsm;vnf;yg0ifMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh

tvkyftudkifESifh csrf;omrIwdkYudk &SmazGMuaom vli,frsm; odkYr[kwf rdrdwdkY\

oabFmrsm;udk pGefYcGmvmcJhMuaom oabFmom;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

w½kwfvlrsKd; ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;onf 1842 ckESpfaemufrSpNyD; a&muf&Sd

vmMuonf/ a&TudkpwifawGUonfhtcsdefrSpwifum olwdkY\ta&twGuf

wdk;yGm;vmNyD; a&Twl;onfhae&mrsm;wGif vlrsKd;a&;y#dyu©rsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/

¤if;u 1854 ckESpf b,fef'D*dk (Bendigo) wGifjzpfyGm;cJhaomqlylrIuJhodkY

w½kwfrsm;udk wpfcgwpf&H qefYusifaom qlylrIrsm;pwifjzpfaponf/

vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m wif;rmrIrsm;aMumifh Apfufwdk;&D;,m;wGif 1855 ckESpfü¤if;?

1861 ckESpfü e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfwGif¤if;? yxrqHk;aom vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;

qdkif&m uefYowfcsufrsm; jzpfvmapcJhonf/

a&T&SmMuaom 1850 jynfhESpfrsm;tNyD; w½kwfvlrsKd;trsm;pkonf rdrdwdkY\

rl&if;a'orsm;odkY jyefMuonf/ ae&pfcJhaom w½kwfvlrsKd;wdkYrSm a&&Sm;yg;aom

t&yfa'orsm;wGif vdktyfrItvGef&Sdonfh oD;ESHESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk

pdkufysKd;olrsm;jzpfchJMuonf/

1860 jynfhESpfrsm;rSpNyD; tD&ef? tD*spfESifh wl&uDvlrsLd;wdkY MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiH

ukef;wGif;ydkif;a'orsm;ü ukvm;tkyf ]vSnf;wef;rsm;} udkarmif;ESifMu&ef

a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ ukvm;tkyfpD;ol tdE´d,vlrsKd;rsm;uJhodkY 0wfpm;qif,ifrI

wlMuojzifh¤if;? tpfpvrfbmom,HkMunfrI wlnDMuojzifh¤if;? olwdkYudkvnf;

]tmz*efrsm;} [k vG,fvG,fac:chJMuonf/ þukvm;tkyfpD;olwdkYudk

]ukef;wGif;ydkif;a'orsm;\ a&SUOD;pGefYpm;olrsm;} tjzpfowfrSwfMuonf/

uGif;pvefwGif&Sdaom iSufaysmpdkufvkyfief;ESifh oMum;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf;

tdE´d,vlrsKd; 4000 ESifh ypdzdwfuRef;om;vlrsKd; 6000 tvkyfvkyfMuonf/

1880 jynfhESpfrsm;rSpNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY vufbEGef rStvkyform;rsm;

a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ vufbeD;pf vlrsKd;trsm;onf txnftvdyfESifh t0wf

tpm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ywfoufrI&SdMuonf/ vufbeD;pf rdom;pkrsm;onf

MopaMw;vsm;wpf0ef; txnftvdyfvkyfief;trsm;pkudk ydkifqdkifvmMuNyD;

,aeYxufwdkifvnf; xdktpOftvmtwdkif; qufvuf&Sdaeonf/

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkY\ aexdkif&moD;oefYajrrsm;

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkYESifh tajccsolrsm;tMum;jzpfyGm;aom ajrvk

ppfyGJrsm;NyD;qHk;onfhtcg tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkYonf vlrItzGJUtpnf;

wGif atmufusaemufusjzpfchJMu&onf/ tcsKdUrSm ukef;wGif;ydkif; a'orsm;&Sd

odk;ESifh EGm;arG;jrLa&;jcHBuD;rsm;wGif tvGefyifenf;yg;onfhvpmrsm; &&SdMuaom

tvkyftudkifrsm;udk vkyfchJMu&onf/ udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;u tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;wdkYaexdkifMuEdkif&ef oD;oefYajrrsm; wnfaxmifay;chJonf/ odkYaomfvnf;?

xdkoD;oefYajrt0ef;rsm;onf tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkYtm; olwdkY\ ½dk;&m

xHk;pHtwdkif;aexdkifEdkif&ef taxmuftulrjzpfchJyg/ olwdkYonf qE´&SdvQif

&Sdovdk trJvdkufEdkifjcif;? pka0;Edkifjcif;rsm;udk rjyKvkyfEdkifchJay/

1800 ckESpfrsm;aemufydkif;wGif udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;onf tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;wdkY\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ olwdkYu tufabmf &pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;wdkY aexdkif&rnfhae&mudkowfrSwfay;onf/ olwdkYu rnfolUtm;vufxyfEdkif

onfudk owfrSwfay;NyD; tufabmf&pf*sifevf uav;rsm;pGmudk olwdkY\rdbrsm;

xHrS cGJvdkufonf/ xdkuav;rsm;udk ]vljzL} rdom;pkrsm; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&\

rdbrJhuav;rsm; a*[mxHodkYydkYchJonf/ þtavhtxudk qufvufusifhoHk;jcif;

r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; tufabmf &pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkYESifh rsm;pGmaom MopaMw;vsm;

vlrsKd;wdkYtwGuf ,aeYxufwdkif vGefpGmpdwfraumif;jcif; jzpf&aomtajccH

taMumif;&if;wpfck tjzpf&SdaeqJjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ukef;wGif;ydkif;a'orS ]tmz*ef} ukvm;tkyfpD;olrsm;


a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJay;ydkifcGifh

]qwfz&m*sufwfpf} (Suffragettes) qdkonfrSm a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqEáy;

ydkifcGifhtwGuf qE´jyawmif;qdkchJonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk urÇmwpf0ef;üac:aom

trnfjzpfonf/ 1880 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1890 ckESpfrsm;ü udkvdkeDwdkif;wGif qE´jy

awmif;qdkchJonfhtrsKd;orD;tzGJU tenf;qHk;wpfckpD&SdchJonf/ xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;

onf olwdkY\ udkvdkeD ygvDrefrsm;xHydkY&ef arwåm&yfcHcsufrsm;ay:wGif

xdk;NrJvufrSwf axmifaygif;rsm;pGm pkaqmif;chJMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;awmifydkif;&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rJqEáy;ydkifcGifhESifh ygvDref

wGif0ifta&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhudk 1895 ckESpfwGif atmifjrifpGm&&SdchJMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;taemufydkif;&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rJqEáy;ydkifcGifhESifh ygvDref

wGif 0ifa&mufta&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhudk 1899 ckESpfwGifatmifjrifpGm &&SdchJMuonf/

1902 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; rJqEáy;ydkifcGifhESifh

ygvDrefwGif0ifa&muf ta&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhwdkYudk ay;tyfchJonfh yxrqHk;aom

EdkifiHjzpfonf/ a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; (ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;) onf

1962 ckESpftxd rJqEáy;ydkifcGifh r&cJhMuyg/

tD;'pfof udk0gef (Edith Cowan) onf 1923 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;

taemufydkif; ygvDrefwGif ta&G;cH&NyD; yxrqHk;aom trsKd;orD;

ygvDreftrwf jzpfvmonf/ xdkYaemuf1943 ckESpf MopaMw;vsm; ygvDrefü

tD;epf'f vdkif;,Gef;pf (Enid Lyons) ta&G;cH&onfhtcsdeftxd trsKd;orD;rsm;

ta&G;rcHMu&yg/

Catherine Spence (1825 – 1910)

uufo&if;pyifhqfonf (Catherine

Spence) pma&;q&mr? a[majymol?

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf wef;wlnDrQ

tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;wdkufyGJ0ifolESifh

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; rJqEáy;ydkifcGifh

twGuf qE´jyawmif;qdkolvnf;jzpf

onf/

uufo&if;pyifhqfonf MopaMw;vsm;

odkY paumhwvefEdkifiHrS ajymif;a&TU

tajccsonf/ olronf qk&

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH vlrIb0qdkif&m

pmtkyfrsm;ESifh ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;udk

a&;om;cJholjzpfonf/

olronf tdk;tdrfrJhuav;rsm; apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJUwpfzGJUudk wnfaxmifNyD;

rlvwef;BudKausmif;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;

twGuf yHhydk;chJonf/

olronf ygvDrefwGif0ifa&mufta&G;cHonfh yxrqHk;aomtrsKd;orD;jzpfonf/

olr rJrsm;pGm&chJaomfvnf; rJrEdkifcJhyg/ 1891 ckESpfwGif olronf MopaMw;vsm;

awmifydkif; rJqEáy;ydkifcGifhtwGuf qE´jyawmif;qdkonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;toif;\

'kwd,Ouú| jzpfvmcJhonf/

uufo&if;pyifhqfonf uefYowfcsufrsm;&Sdaeonfhtcsdefumvrsm;wGifyif

trsKd;orD;wpfOD;u rnfrQtxd pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfudk jyoaom jy,k'fwpfck

jzpfonf/

z,f'a&;&Sif;

udkvdkeDrsm;onf oD;jcm;wdk;wufcJhMuaomfvnf; 19 &mpkESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif

udkvdkeDrsm;ü EdkifiHawmftrsdKom;a&;tydkif;t& yg0ifywfoufrI bHkpdwf"mwf

yGm;rsm;vmNyDjzpfonf/ ]MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tvSudk wdk;jr§ifhMuygpYdk} oDcsif;\

pmom;rsm;wGif þcHpm;rIudk az:MuL;xm;onf/ yDwm a'gh'fpf rufaumrpfcf

(Peter Dodds McCormick) u þoDcsif;udk a&;pyfcJhNyD; qpf'eDwGif 1878

ckESpfü pwifoDqdkcJhonf/ þoDcsif;onf ,cktcg uREfkyfwdkY\ EdkifiHawmf

oDcsif;jzpfonf/

19 &mpkESpfukefcgeD;wGif udkvdkeDrsm;udk pkpnf;&ef ESpfBudrfwdkifBudK;pm;cJhMuonf/

1889 ckESpfwGif qm [ife&D yghcfpf (Sir Henry Parkes)onf cdkifrmawmifhwif;

aomEdkifiHopfwpfck wnfaxmif&eftqdkjyKcJhonf/ MopaMw;vsm;z,f'a&;&Sif;

qdkif&m tMuHOmPfudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;Mu&ef Mopfx&mav;&Sef; jynfaxmifpk

nDvmcHudk 1890 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhonf/

aESmifhaES;rItenf;i,fjzpfNyD;aemuf z,f'a&;&Sif;jzpfay:rItwGuf 1893 ckESpf

wGif t&Sdef&vmonf/ rJqE´&Sifrsm;u zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya't&

aemufwpfBudrf usif;yrnfhnDvmcHtwGuf tzGJU0ifrsm;udk a&G;cs,fMuonf/

rJqE´&Sifrsm;u zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk qEćH,lyGJESpfBudrf usif;yNyD;

twnfjyKchJMuonf/ z,f'a&;&Sif;jzpfay:vmyHk tqifhqifhonf jynfolrsm;\

qEúdktajccHNyD; jzpfvmonfhtwGuf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtaeESifh rnfrQ

wdk;wufaecJhNyDudkaz:jyonf/

b&pfpbdef; z,f'a&;&Sif;aeY 1901 ckESpf


NAdwdoQtpdk;&u MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf rdrdbmom tkyfcsKyfEdkifonf[k oabmwl

vufcHNyD;? yxrqHk;aom MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&onf ZEé0g&Dv 1? 1901 ckESpfü

qpf'eDNrKdU &mjynfhESpftxdrf;trSwf yef;jcHwGif rsm;pGmaomvlxky&dówfBuD;\a&SUü

usrf;opömusdefqdkcJhonf/ EdkifiHopf\ 0efBuD;csKyfrSm e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf wGif

z,f'a&;&Sif;jzpfay:vma&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIjyKolrsm;\ acgif;aqmif tuf'fref

bm&fwef (Edmund Barton) jzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf ,cktcg EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfvmaomfvnf; NAdwdoQ

tifyg,mtwGif; yg0ifaeqJjzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpfrwdkifrDtxd EdkifiHawmf

umuG,fa&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mwGif udk,fydkiftmPm tjynfht0 roHk;EdkifcJhacs/

trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwfBuD;xGm;vmaomfvnf; NAdwdoQjzpfae&jcif;\ cHpm;rIrSm

cdkifrmaeqJjzpfonf/

avbmygwD BuD;xGm;vmonfESifhtrQ tjcm;ygwDrsm;uvnf; pkaygif;NyD; 1910

ckESpfwGif vpfb&,f ygwD tjzpfzGJUpnf;chJonf/ þygwDonf trnfrsm;pGm

&SdcJhbl;onf/ ppfrsm;twGif;u trsKd;om;ygwD? xdkYaemufwGif ,lEdkufwuf

MopaMw;vsm;ygwDjzpfchJonf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif uREfkyfwdkY,aeY od&Sdaeaom

vpfb&,fygwDudk pwifwnfaxmifonf/ a&mbwfrJefZD;pf (Robert

Menzies) OD;aqmifusif;yonfh avbmygwD r[kwfaom tjcm;ygwDrsm;xJrS

rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh nDvmcHtNyD;wGif jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ qm a&mbwf

rJefZD;pf onf qufvufNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ oufwrf;t&SnfqHk;

0efBuD;csKyf jzpfcJhonf/

yxrurÇmppfNyD;csdef v,form;rsm;\tusKd;udk o,fydk;aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf

uefx&D ygwDudk pwif wnfaxmifchJonf/ ,cktcg e,f&Sife,fvfpf[k od&Sd

MuNyD; ¤if;wdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh vpfb&,f ygwDESifh r[mrdwftjzpf

aygif;pnf;aqmif&GufMuonf/

vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;qdkif&m uefYowfcsufrsm;

xm;&Sdonfh Oya' (1901)]tom;jzL MopaMw;vsm;} rl0g'onf? 1901 ckESpf vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;qdkif&m

uefYowfcsufrsm;xm;&Sdonfh Oya'udk 'DZifbmv 1901 ckESpfwGif twnfjyK

NyD;onfhaemuf? Oya'jzpfvmcJhonf/ ¤if;Oya'u vma&muftajccsolrsm;tm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif tvkyfvkyfjcif;udkuefYowfNyD;? ]tom;jzL r[kwfaom}

vlrsKd;rsm; ajymif;a&TUtajccsjcif;udkvnf; uefYowfvdkufonf/

rnfolrqdk Oa&myrSvmol r[kwfvQif Oa&myoHk; bmompum;wpfckck\

pum;vHk; 50 udk owfyHkac:ay;onfhpmar;yGJudkajz&onf/ w½kwf ukefonf

BuD;rsm;toif;\tzGJU0ifrsm;? 0wfvHkawmf&a&SUae 0DvsH tm;uuf (William

Ah Ket) ESifh tjcm;aom w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifacgif;aqmifrsm;u

vlxkqE´jyyGJrsm;udk vkyfaqmifchJMuaomfvnf; Oya'udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef

rwwfEdkifcJhMuyg/

topfzGJUpnf;vdkufaom MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif Oa&mwdkufy awmifydkif;rS

ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;u w½kwfvlrsKd;rsm;? tdE´d,vlrsKd;rsm;? ypdzdwf

uRef;om;rsm;ESifh ta&SUtv,fydkif;rS vlrsKd;rsm;\ae&mwGif t"dutm;jzifh

tpm;xdk;ae&m,lcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf MopaMw;vsm; ,Ofaus;rIydkif;qdkif&mü

xdkolwdkY\ yg0iftusKd;jyKchJMujcif;rsm;u MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ vlrIa&;

vu©PmwGif wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yg0ifaecJhNyD;jzpfonf/

yxrurÇmppf 1914 ckESpf - 1918 ckESpf

ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;ESifh tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlrsKd;wdkYtMum; ppfyGJi,frsm;

jzpfyGm;jcif;rSty MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf xl;jcm;pGm Nidrf;csrf;rI&SdaomEdkifiH

wpfckjzpfchJonf/ jynfwGif;ppfrsm; odkYr[kwf awmfvSefa&;rsm;rjzpfcJhay/

a&S;OD;tajccsolrsm;onf NAdwdoQtifyg,mudk tvGefopöm&SdMuonf/

qm tuf'rGef bmwef

EdkifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm; jzpfay:vmyHk

1880 ckESpfrsm;wGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH tvkyform;rsm;onf tiftm;

awmifhwif;aom tvkyform;or*¾(,leD,H)rsm; wnfaxmifMuNyD;jzpfonf/

pD;yGm;a&;uyfqdkufcsdefESifh rdk;acgifa&&Sm;jzpfcsdefuJhodkY tcuftcJrsm;MuHKMu&onfh

tcg xdk,leD,Hrsm;u rdrdwdkY\ vpmESifh tajctaersm;udkumuG,f&ef qE´jy

awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ xdkaemuftvkyform;rsm;u EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifvmMu

onf/ 1891 ckESpfwGifolwdkYonf avbmygwDudk zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/

avbmygwD\ yxrqHk;wm0efrSm tvkyform;rsm;\vpmESifh tajctae

rsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&efESifhwdk;wufap&efjzpfonf/ tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;

rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;xuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGmaeMu&aomfvnf; olwdkYu

tvkyform;rsm;\tajctaeudk oabmaygufMuonf/ vpmrsm;udk owfrSwf

&efESifh qE´jyjcif;rsm;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef w&m;0ifbkwftzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;vmMu&

onf/ 1907 ckESpfwGif "eo[m, bufrvdkufaom aphpyfjzefajza&;qdkif&m

w&m;½Hk;u tvkyfvkyfolwpfOD;? xdkol\ZeD;ESifh uav;(3)OD; acRwmpGmpm;vQif

oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmaeEdkifonfh tenf;qHk; vpmtqifhtwef;udk qHk;jzwfNyD;

owfrSwfay;cJhonf/


odkYaomf tm&SwdkufESifh eD;uyfaeonfh Oa&my\ a&SUajy;pcef;wpfcktjzpf?

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf? txl;ojzifh *syefEdkifiHu tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHwpfck

jzpfvmaomtcg? rdrdvnf;'ku©a&mufEdkifonf[k,lqvmonf/ rdrdudk,frdrd

umuG,f&ef MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu NAdwdoQtifyg,mESifh ¤if;\a&wyftiftm;

udk tm;udk;onf/ NAdwdoQtifyg,mcdkifrmap&efESifh rdrdwdkYudk,frdrd umuG,f&ef

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu urÇmppfESpfckvHk;wGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJhonf/

MopaMw;vsm;wyfom;rsm;onf *smrPDEdkifiH\r[mrdwf wl&uDEdkifiHudk 1915

ckESpfwGif 0ifwdkufjcif;tm;jzifh yxrurÇmppfwGif yg0ifvmMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;ppfom;rsm;ESifh e,l;ZDvefppfom;rsm;tm; *vpfyvD uRef;qG,f

wGif wdkufcdkuf&rnfhae&mtoD;oD;udk owfrSwfay;cJhonf/

olwdkYudk urf;ajcae&mrSm;NyD; ydkYcH&onfhtjyif olwdkYonf wl&uDppfom;rsm;

ypfcwfaeonfhMum;rSyif rwfapmufaomurÇm;rsm;udk wufcJhMu&onf/

vli,frsm;pGm toufay;qHk;½HI;chJ&onfhMum;rS olwdkYonf wpfenf;enf;ESifh

urÇm;rsm;udk &atmifwuffchJMuNyD; uwkwfusif;rsm;wl;um MuHhMuHhcHcJhMuonf/

trdajr&Sd MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;u MopaMw;vsm;ESifh e,l;ZDvefwyfzGJU0if

rsm;\pdwf"mwfudk tHhrcef; *kPf,lchJMuonf/

Simpson ESifh ol\jrnf;/

John Simpson Kirkpatrick (1892 – 1915)

*Ref pifrfpef uwfuf yufx&pfcf

(John Simpson Kirkpatrick) onf

ppfonfwpfOD;jzpfNyD; MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiH\ armfuGef;0if ol&Jaumif;wpfOD;

vnf;jzpfonf/

wyfom; *Ref pifrfpef tjzpf? olonf

aq;olemjyKwyfzGJUü xrf;pifxrf;ol

wpfOD;tjzpf *vpfyvDwGif ppfrIxrf;chJ

onf/ awmifukef;rsm;ESifh awmifMum;

rsm;wpfavQmuf xrf;pifrsm;udko,f&ef

tvGefcufcJchJonf/ ppfrdefYrsm;udk

qefYusifum olonf 'yfzfzD (Duffy) trnf&Sd jrnf;wpfaumifudk 'Pf&m&

ppfonfrsm; ab;tEå&m,fuif;&mae&modkY o,fydkY&eftoHk;jyKcJhonf/

aeYa&mnyg? olwdkYonf wdkufyGJjzpf&mae&mESifh urf;em;&Sd rdrdpcef;wdkYtMum;

olwdkY\toufudkpGefYum acgufwkefYacgufjyef qufwdkufoGm;chJMuonf/

wyfom; *Ref pifrfpef onf *vpfyvD odYk 1915 ckESpf {NyDv 25 &ufaeYwGif

a&muf&Sdonf/ av;ywfrQom MumNyD;aemufwGif olonf &efolUpufaoewfrsm;

vufcsufjzifh usqHk;&onf/ urf;ajcpcef;&Sd ppfrIxrf;rsm;u 'Pf&m& ppfom;

wpfOD;udk o,faqmifum tem;wGif rdrd\ocif vli,fppfonf rygbJ

aomhESifvmonfh 'yfzfzD (Duffy) tm; 0rf;enf;NyD; wdwfqdwfNidrfoufpGm

MunfhaechJMu&onf/

yxr urÇmppftwGif;u *vpfyvD uRef;qG,f

*vpfyvD urf;ajcwufaomaeY({NyDv 25 &ufaeY)onf EdkifiHawmf ½Hk;ydwf&uf

wpf&ufjzpfonf/ xdkaeYudk MopaMw;vsm;ESifh e,l;ZDvefwyfzGJUrsm;udk *kPfjyK

aomtm;jzifh tJef;Zufuf aeU (Anzac Day) [kac:Muonf/

*vpfyvD NyD;vQif MopaMw;vsm;wyfrsm;onf jyifopfEdkifiH taemufydkif;

ppfrsufESmwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufMuonf/ þae&mwGif olwdkYonf tcsdefrsm;pGm

uwkwfusif;wl;Mujcif;? jyifqifMujcif;wdkYaMumifh ]'pf*g;} ac: ajrwl;olrsm;

trnfudk&cJhMuonf/ *smrPDESifh jzpfyGm;onfh aemufqHk;wdkufyGJrsm;wGifolwdkY\

acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfBuD; *Ref armeuf&Sf (General John Monash)

OD;aqmifrIjzifh MopaMw;vsm;wyfzGJU0if ajrwl;ol trnf&olrsm;onf

atmifyGJrsm;pGm &cJhMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;wyfzGJU0iftrsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pl;tufZf wl;ajrmif;

umuG,fa&;ESifh qdkif;Edkif;uRef;qG,fppfyGJwGif r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhtwl yg0ifqifETJ

atmifyGJcHcJhjcif;wdkYjzifh ta&SUtv,fydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMuonf/


tJef;Zufuf armfuGef;

tJef;Zufuf wdkU\tpOftvmudk MopaMw;vsm;ESifh e,l;ZDvefwyfzGJUrsm; (ANZAC)onf wl&uDEdkifiH *vpfyvDuRef;qG,fwGif urf;wufcJhonfh 1915 ckESpf {NyDv 25

&ufaeYü pwifNyD; yHkoGif;cJhonf/

¤if;rSm MopaMw;vsm;wyfzGJU0ifusqHk;ol? odkUr[kwf 'Pf&maMumifh? odkYr[kwf a&m*gaMumifh aoqHk;ol 8700 tygt0if? xdcdkufrI 25000 cefY&SdcJhNyD;? tcsdefumv

&SpfvMumjrifhchJaom ppfqifa&;BuD;\ tpvu©Pmjzpfonf/ *vpfyvDuRef;qG,fwGif wm0efxrf;cJhMuolrsm;\ &J0HhpGefYpm;rIESifh pdwf"gwf u armfuGef;urÜnf;wifcJhNyD;

]tJef;Zufuf} pum;vHk;rSm MopaMw;vsm;ESifh e,l;ZDvef bmompum;\ a0g[m&wpfckjzpfvmcJhonf/

1916 ckESpfwGif urf;wufcJhonfh yxrESpfywfvnftxdrf;trSwfudk MopaMw;vsm;? e,l;ZDvefESifh t*Fveftjyif tD*spf&SdwyfzGJUrsm;uyg usif;yMuonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif

{NyDv 25 &ufaeYudk ]tJef;Zufuf} aeY[kowfrSwfonf/

1920 ESpfrsm;wGif tJef;Zufuf txdrf;trSwf *kPfjyKyGJrsm;udk MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwpf0ef; usif;yMuNyD; jynfe,frsm;u tJef;ZufufaeYudk trsm;jynfol ½Hk;ydwf&uf

tjzpfowfrSwfMuonf/ NrKdUawmfrsm;wGifvnf; usqHk;olrsm; txdrf;trSwf ausmufwdkifBuD;rsm;pdkufxlMuNyD; EdkifiHwpf0ef;&Sd NrKdUBuD;rsm;ESifh NrKdUrsm;wGif

ausmuf½kyfwkrsm;u xdkppfyGJESifh aemufxyfjzpfyGm;aom ppfrufrsm;wGif toufay;cJhMu&aom vli,f trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk trSwfw& *kPfjyKonf/

tJef;Zufuf aeYonf ,cktcg ppfyGJrsm;? y#dyu©rsm;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;rIxdef;odrf;a&; wyfzGJUrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifMuoltm;vHk;udk *kPfjyKonfhaeYjzpfonf/ trSefrSm

xdkaeYonf ppfatmifyGJtxdrf;trSwfaeY r[kwfyg/ xdkaeYonf atmifjrifrIrsm;udk*kPfjyKonfr[kwf? *vpfyvD ppfqifa&;rSm qHk;½IH;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ xdkaeYonf

omreftrsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD; ppfrIxrf;rsm;ü 'ku©BuD;pGmMuHKaeMu&csdefwGif &Jabmf&Jbufpdwf&Sdjcif;? MuHhcH&nf&Sdjcif;ESifh tjyHK;rysuf &ifqdkifEdkifjcif;[laom

t&nftaoG;rsm;udk *kPfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cktcgwGif tJef;Zufuf aeYudk MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHESifh urÇmwpf0ef;wGif *kPfjyKum txdrf;trSwfaeYtjzpfusif;yMuonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfESifh tjcm;ppfrufrsm;rS MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD; ppfjyefppfrIxrf;a[mif;rsm;tjyif? r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;rS Nidrf;csrf;a&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh

ppfjyef &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;uvnf; tJef;Zufuf aeY csDwufyGJwGif tm;vHk;pkaygif;um *kPf,l0ifh<um;pGm csDwufMuonf/

*vpfyvDwGif usif;yaom tJef;Zufuf aeY t½kPfOD; *kPfjyKyGJtcrf;tem;


pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD;? 1929 ckESpf – 1932 ckESpf

pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD;onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tqdk;&Gm;qHk; tcuftcJMuHKawGU&csdef jzpfchJonf/ ¤if;onf e,l;a,muf pawmhaps;uGuf

ysufaomtcsdefESifh twlwlyifjzpfchJaomfvnf; tjcm;taMumif;tcsufrsm;uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;uyfjzpfapcJhygonf/ xdktcsufrsm;xJwGif ydkYukefrsm;ESifh

a&mif;EIef;rsm;usqif;jcif;? EdkifiHjcm;acs;aiGrsm;ESifh tpdk;&oHk;aiG usqif;jcif;ESifh wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; usqif;jcif;wdkYyg0ifMuonf/ 1932 ckESpf

tv,fydkif;wGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; 32 &mcdkifEIef;eD;yg; tvkyfvufrJh jzpfaechJonf/

pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD;u MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH vlrItzGJUtpnf;udk tBuD;tus,f

xdcdkufapchJonf/ tvkyf r&Sd? yHkrSef0ifaiGr&SdESifh vltrsm;pkrSm tdrfajc&mrJh

jzpfukefMuonf/ olwdkYonf taEG;"gwfr&Sd? odkYr[kwf oefY&Sif;aomtdrfom

r&Sdonfh ,m,Dtrdk;tumrsm;jzifhom raecsifbJaechJMu&onf/ tcsKdUaom

zcifjzpfolrsm;u rdom;pkudk pGefYypfoGm;Muonf/ odkYr[kwf t&ufpGJukefMu

onf/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\uav;rsm;u touf 13 ESpf odkYr[kwf 14

ESpfwGif ausmif; pxGufukefMuonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;pGmwdkYu rdrdwdkY\

uav;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYbmomMunfh½I&if;? tdrfrIudpörsm;vkyf&if;ESifh omref

tvkyfrsm;wGif 0ifvkyfMu&onf/

pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD;qdkufonfhtcsdeftxd MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&wGif tvkyf

vufrJhrsm;twGuf A[dkrS pDrHcsuf wpfpHkwpfckrQ r&SdcJhyg/ ukodkvfjzpfESifh

yk*¾vdutzGJUtpnf; tcsKdUrSvGJvQif qif;&Jolrsm;rSm tvkyftudkif&SmazGa&;

tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh jynfolUaqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;udkom tm;xm;chJMu&

onf/

pD;yGm;a&;rSm 1932 ckESpfwGif pNyD;wdk;wufvmaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh

rdom;pkrsm;twGuf qHk;½IH;epfemrIrsm;udk jyefvnf tzwfrq,fEdkifawmhyg/

pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD;qdkufonfhtcsdefwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHukodkvfjzpftoif;

rsm;ESifh apwemh0efxrf;rsm;\t"duyg0iftusKd;jyKrIudk rSwfwrf;wifMuygonf/

pD;yGm;a&;uyfBuD;umvrS pGyfjyKwfwdkufauR;&mae&m

Sir Charles Kingsford Smith (1897 – 1935)

qm csm;vfpf uif;*fzdkY'f prpfof (Sir Charles Kingsford Smith) onf &J0efYaom av,mOfarmif;wpfOD;? avaMumif;wGif

a&SUOD;pGefYpm;olwpfOD;ESifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; ol&Jaumif;wpfOD;jzpfonf/

yxrurÇmppfBuD;wGif csm;vfpf uif;*fzdkY'f prpfof onf *vpfyvDwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJhNyD; NAdwdoQwdkY\ awmf0if avwyfwGif

yg0ifysHoef;cJhonf/

ol\tBuD;rm;qHk;aomatmifjrifrIrSm 1928 ckESpfwGif u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;rS uGif;pveftxd ypdzdwfork'&mudkjzwfNyD; yxrqHk;

tBudrfysHoef;chJjcif;jzpfonf/ ol\av,mOf ]qwfoef;efca&mhpf} ac: awmifydkif;Mu,fpkonf tqHk;ü? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif

oufqif;aomtcg y&dówf 25000 u olwdkYcspfcifav;pm;Muaom olwdkY\ol&Jaumif; ]prpfoD}udkapmifhNyD; Mobmay;

BuKdqdkMuonf/ avaMumif;ysHoef;rIwGif ol\yg0iftusKd;jyK aqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh olonf 1932 ckESpfwGif

ol&Jaumif;bGJUcsD;jr§ifhcH&onf/

0rf;enf;bG,frSm 1935 ckESpfü? olonf t*FvefrS MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY ysHoef;vm&if; av,mOfESifhtwl ysufusNyD; ol\

tavmif;udk ,aeYxufwdkif &SmazGír&jcif;jzpfygonf/

qm csm;vfpf uif;*fzdkY'f prpfof udk urÇmhtxl;cRefqHk;av,mOfarmif; [kac:MuNyD; pD;yGm;a&;uyfqdkuf umvtMum;wGif olonf vltrsm;udk ay;urf;vI'gef;onfh

twGuf trsm; armfMunfhtyf&m MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom; ol&Jaumif;ppfppftjzpf rSwfwrf;wifMuonf/


'kwd,urÇmppf 1939 ckESpf – 1945 ckESpf

'kwd,urÇmppfwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu r[mrdwfrsm;twGuf tmz&du

ajrmufydkif;oJuEåm&rsm;ESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;pGmwdkYwGif wdkufcdkufay;cJhonf/

tmz&duajrmufydkif;wGif wdkb&GwfcfNrKdUudk *smrefESifh tDwmvsHwyfrsm;u

0ef;&Hwdkufcdkufonfudk MuHhMuHhcHEdkifcJhonf/ MopaMw;vsm;ppfonfrsm;onf

0dkif;tHk acsmifydwfcHaechJMu&aomfvnf; &&mtpm;tpmESifh touf&SifEdkif

Muojzifh ]wdkb&GwfcfNrKdU<uufrsm;} [k &efolrsm;u trnfay;cJhMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;ppfonfrsm;onf jyefvnfwdkufcdkufNyD; þuJhodkYaom cufcJonfh

tajctaersm;rSmyif touf&SifEdkifcJhMuojzifh ,ckay;aomtrnfudk

olwdkYudk,fwdkif vufcHtoHk;jyKchJMuonf/ þ0ef;&HwdkufcdkufrIudk Munfhjcif;

tm;jzifh ppfonfrsm;onf yxrurÇmppfu ]'pf*g;}ppfonfrsm;\ wdkufpdwf

wdkufrmef&SdMuaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ ppfonfrsm;udk,fwdkifuvnf; vuf

qifhurf; &&Sdxm;Muonfh tpOftvmMuD;wpfckESifh avsmfnDpGmaexkdif&rnfudk

odMuygonf/

*syefEdkifiHu ypdzdwfwGif ppfpwifaomtcg MopaMw;vsm;ppfonfrsm;ESifh

ppforD;rsm; EdkifiHjyefMuonf/ odkYaomf olwdkYrjyefEdkifrDrSmyif ygyltmESifh e,l;

*DeDwdkYudk umuG,f&efvdktyfvmonf/ þBuD;rm;aomwm0efudk tNrJwef;

ppfom;rsm;ESifhtwl? t"r®0ifcdkif;NyD; avhusifhrIenf;yg;aom ppfonfvli,f

rsm;pGmwdkYudkvnf; xrf;aqmifaponf/ olwdkYonf rwfapmufNyD; &THUxlaom

udkudk'g awmvrf; [kac:aomawmwGif;ae&mwGif &efoltm;wdkufcdkufMu&

onf/ MopaMw;vsm;ppfonfrsm;u &efol *syefppfonfrsm;\ xdk;azmuf

vmjcif;udk &yfwefYoGm;aponf/ udkudk'g vrf;aMumif;onf rsm;pGmaom

MopaMw;vsm;vlrsKd;wdkY *g&0jyKtyf&m ae&mwpfcktjzpf? *vpfyvD &Sd

tJef;Zufuf urf;ajcESifESifjzpfvmonf/

ppftwGif; txif&Sm;qHk;rSwfrdaeMuonfrSm þppfoHkYyef;rsm;udk *syefwdkYu

&ufpufpGm qufqHchJMujcif;jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsm; ppfoHkYyef;rsm;wGif

t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ppfonfrsm; wpfOD;uwpfOD;udk tjyeftvSef wef;wlnDrQ

taumif;qHk;apmifha&SmufMuaomfvnf; MopaMw;vsm;ppfonfrsm;pGm

aoqHk;cJhMu&onf/

atmufarh&aeY

tJef;ZufufaeY tcrf;tem;rsm;uJhodkYyif atmufarh&aeYonfvnf;?

ppftwGif;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifMuNyD; toufay;oGm;Muolrsm;udk

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;wdkYu trSwfw&*kPfjyKonfhaeYjzpfonf/ ESpfpOf

Edk0ifbmv (11 ck ajrmufv) 11 &uf 11 em&DwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;

rsm;u acwÅwefYqdkif;NidrfoufMuNyD; ppfyGJrsm;ESifh y#dyu©rsm;wGif usqHk;Muol

rsm;ESifh 'Pf&m&olrsm;tjyif? wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMuaom trsdK;om;rsm;?

trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;wdkYudkyg trSwfw& *kPfjyKMuonf/ xdkaeYwGif

uREfkyfwdkYonf ay:yDyef; teDa&mifudk tusÐwGifwyfqifMuonf/

udkudk'gawmvrf;ay:ü 'Pf&m& MopaMw;vsm;ppfonfwpfOD;tm; ygyltm txrf;orm;wpfOD;u ulnDaeyHk

ay:yDyef; teDa&mifrsm;udk yxrurÇmppfuwnf;u trSwfw& txdrf;trSwfwpfcktjzpf wyfqif

toHk;jyKchJMuonf

*syefEdkifiHu 1942 ckESpfwGif pifumyl &Sd NAdwdoQ ppfpcef;BuD;udk odrf;ydkuf

vdkufaomtcg? tzrf;cH&NyD; xdkif;? jrefrm rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;wGif

tvkyfvkyf&ef ac:oGm;jcif;cH&olrsm;wGif MopaMw;vsm; ppfonfaygif; 15000

yg0ifcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; *syefvufatmufüf þ xdkif;? jrefrm

e,fpyf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGif axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom

MopaMw;vsm;ESifh NAdwdoQppfoHkYyef;rsm; aoqHk;cJhMu&ygonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwyfrawmfonf rMumao;rDu ta&SU wDarmf? tD&wfcf?

ql'efESifh tmz*efepfpwef EdkifiHwdkYü jzpfyGm;aeaomy#dyu©rsm;wGif yg0if

wdkufcdkufae&NyD; tmz&du? ta&SUtv,fydkif;ESifh tm&S-ypdzdwfa'owdkY

tygt0if urÇmhae&mrsm;pGmwGif ukvor*¾\ Nidrf;csrf;rIxdrf;odrf;a&;

ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif yg0ifwm0efxrf;aqmifaeygonf/


Oa&myrS ajymif;a&TUtajccsolwpfOD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHudk a&mufvmyHk

Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop (1907 – 1993)

qm tuf'f0gY'f ]0D;&D;} 'ef;efavmhyf

(Sir Edward ‘Weary’Dunlop)

onf &JpGrf;owåd&SdNyD; Muifemwwf

aom cGJpdwfyg&*lwpfOD;jzpfonf/

xdkYtjyif olonf MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiH\ ppfol&Jaumif;wpfOD;vnf;

jzpfygonf/

'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u 0D;&D; onf

wyfrawmfcGJpdwfukorI yg&*lwpfOD;

jzpfonf/ olESifh olYtzGJUudk *syefwdkYu

zrf;rdNyD; xdkif;jrefrm rD;&xm;vrf;

wGif tvkyfvkyf&ef jrefrmEdkifiHodkY ac:oGm;jcif;cH&onf/ xdktvkyfrSm tvGefyif

yef;qif;&JNyD; tcsdefMumjrifhpGm tvkyfvkyfchJMu&onf/

acgif;aqmifwpfOD;taeESifh 0D;&D; onf ol\i,fom;rsm;twGuf wm0ef,l

ajymqdkonf/ olwdkY\ cGJpdwf yg&*lwpfOD;taeESifh olonf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm

ukorIjyKonf/ olUtm; pcef;wGif ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;aomfvnf; olutmcHNyD;

ukorIqufvufjyKchJonf/

aq;bufqdkif&mwGif ol\tusKd;jyKrItwGuf olUtm; 1969 ckESpfwGif

ol&Jaumif;bGJUcsD;jr§ifhcH&onf/ oluG,fvGefcsdefü vlaygif; 10000 u

rJvfbGef;NrKdUvrf;rsm;ay:wGif ]&xm;vrf;ay:rS cGJpdwfq&m0ef} [k olwdkYac:

Muaom ol&Jaumif;\ EdkifiHawmfpsmyetcrf;tem;wGif wef;pD*kPfjyKMuonf/

1900 jynfhESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;u ajymif;a&TUtajccsjcif;rsm;

yxrESifh 'kwd,urÇmppfwdkY\Mum;umvwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY 0ifa&muf

Edkif&eftwGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;ü uefYowfrIrsm; qufvufwnf&SdaechJonf/

odkYaomf ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;teuf? txl;ojzifh Oa&mywdkuf awmifydkif;rS

trsKd;om;rsm;\ ta&twGufwdk;yGm;vmonf/ olwdkYESifhtwl uRrf;usifrIrsm;?

ynma&;ESifh olwdkY\udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm; ygvmMuonf/

olwdkYonf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHaus;vufa'orsm;\ pufrIvufrIvkyfief;rsm;

zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;ESifh? um;vrf;rsm;? &xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfjcif;wdkYwGif

yg0ifulnDchJMuonf/ uRrf;usifaom tDwmvsH ausmufom;yef;&Hq&mrsm;u

uREfkyfwdkY\ trsm;jynfolqdkif&mtaqmuftODrsm;ESifh aetdrfrsm; aqmufvkyf&m

wGif odomxif&Sm;pGm yg0iftusKd;jyKcJhMuygonf/

1930 ckESpfrsm;tukefwGif *sL;vlrsKd;'ku©onfrsm; Oa&myrSpía&mufvmMu

onf/ olwdkYonf emZD*smrPD\ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrS xGufajy;vmMujcif;jzpfonf/

olwdkYonf *smrPD? MopBwD;,m;? csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;? [efa*&DESifh ydkvef

EdkifiHwdkYrSvmMuonf/ trsm;rSm ynm&nfjrifhrm;MuNyD; rlv yifudk,f

t&nftcsif;rsm;&SdMuaom 'ku©onfrsm;jzpfMuí MopaMw;vsm; ,Ofaus;rI

avmutwGuf vGefpGmtusKd;jzpfxGef;apcJhygonf/

'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u zrf;qD;&rdaom tDwmvsHppfom; 17000 udk

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ppfokHYyef;pcef;rsm;wGif xdef;odrf;xm;&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkYtm;

aumif;pGmqufqHcJhonf/

¤if;wdkYonf ppftusOf;pcef;rsm;wGif tcsdefwdkwdkomaecJhMu&aomfvnf;

þEdkifiHajrESifh vlrsKd;rsm;taMumif;udk olwdkYtenf;tusOf; avhvmod&SdcJhMuonf/

ppftNyD;wGif vlrsm;pGmu ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;tjzpf jyefvmMuonf/

urÇmppftNyD; 'ku©onfrsm;

urÇmppftNyD;wGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;ap&eftwGuf tjcm;

aomOa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;udk vufcH,lonf/ vlOD;a&

oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYrSm emZD*smrPDrS xGufajy; pGefYcGm&onf? odkYr[kwf ,ck

qdkAD,uf½k&SwdkY odrf;ydkufxm;onfh rdrdwdkU\&yf&Gmrsm;odkY rjyefEdkifchJMuay/

þodkY EdkifiHrJhvlOD;a& 170000 udk b0opf pwif&ef MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif

vufcHcJhonf/

xdkYtjyif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif tvkyform;OD;a&&Sm;yg;rIudkvnf; BuD;rm;pGm

MuHKawGUaechJ&onf/ MopaMw;vsm;tpdk;&onf vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;rIu EdkifiHawmf\

tem*wftwGuf y"meusonf[k cH,lchJonf/ touf 45ESpf atmuf&Sdonfh

usef;rma&;aumif;aom ajymif;a&TUtajccsol vlBuD;qdkvQif 10 a':vm?

¤if;wdkY\uav;rsm;qdkvQif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHudk tcrJhvmEdkifMuonf/

odkYaomf Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh NAdwdefEdkifiHrSvGJí? tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm; twGufudkrl

uefYowfcsufrsm; qufvufxm;&SdqJjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHudk jyefvnfouf0ifvIyf&Sm;vmEdkifap&ef MopaMw;vsm;

tpdk;&u pEdk;0D; jrpfa&rsm; Apfufwdk;&D;,m;jynfe,fta&SUydkif;&Sd yifv,fxJodkY

rpD;qif;rD xdef;NyD;odkavSmifEdkifrnfh &J&ifhaompDrHudef;wpf&yfudk 1949 ckESpf

wGif? pwiftaumiftxnfaz:cJhonf/ þjrpfa&rsm;udk qnfa&ay;oGif;&ef

ESifh a&tm;vQyfppfxkwfvkyf&ef EdkifiHtwGif;ydkif;odkY vTJajymif;pD;qif;aponf/

¤if;onftHhrcef;BuD;rm;aom pDrHudef;wpfckjzpfcJhNyD; NyD;pD;&ef 25 ESpfMumcJhonf/

þpDrHudef;wGif tvkyform;OD;a&\ (70)&mcdkifEIef;rSm ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;

jzpfMuonf/


pEdk;0D;armifwdef a&tm;vQyfppf pDrHudef; (The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme)

pEdk;0D;armifwdef pDrHudef;onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ vGwfvyfNyD;? ,Ofaus;rI rsKd;pHkyg0ifum o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfaygrsm;onfh EdkifiHawmf0daoo\ ta&;BuD;aom

oauFwvu©Pmwpf&yfjzpfygonf/

¤if;onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\tBuD;rm;qHk; pufrItwwfydkif;qdkif&mpDrHudef; jzpfygonf/ xdkYtjyif urÇmay:&Sd tBuD;rm;qHk; a&tm;vQyfppfpDrHudef;rsm;teuf?

wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

þpDrHudef;onf e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,fESifh Apfufwdk;&D;,m; jynfe,f ukef;wGif;ydkif;rsm;twGif;rS v,f,m ukefxkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf

vdktyfaeaoma&udk jzefYjzL;ay;onf/ ¤if;\ vQyfppf"mwftm;ay; puf½Hkrsm;uvnf; e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,fwGif toHk;jyKaom vQyfppf"mwftm;pkpkaygif;

yrmP\ 10 &mcdkifEIef;udk xkwfvkyfay;onf/

pEdk;0D;armifwdef pDrHudef;\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;udkomvQif ajray:wGifjrif&onf/ pDrHudef;wGif a&umwmBuD; 16 ck? vQyfppf"mwftm;ay;puf½Hk 7 ck? a&pkwf puf½Hkwpf½Hk

tjyif? OrifvdkPfacgif;rsm;? ydkufvdkif;rsm;? a&oG,fajrmif;rsm; pkpkaygif; 225 uDvdkrDwm yg0ifonf/

þpDrHudef;vkyfief;udk 1949 ckESpfwGifpwifcJhNyD; 1974 ckESpfwGifNyD;pD;cJhonf/ pDrHudef;wGif EdkifiHaygif; 30 ausmfrS tvkyform;aygif; 100000 ausmfyg0ifcJhMuonf/

xdktvkyform;rsm;\ 70 &mcdkifEIef;onf ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ pDrHudef;NyD;jywfonfhaemuf? Oa&mywdkufrS tvkyform; trsm;pku MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHwGif qufvufaexdkifMuum MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ ,Ofaus;rIrsKd;pHkyg0ifaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;twGuf tzdk;wefaom yg0iftusKd;jyKrIjzpfapchJonf/

pEdk;0D;armifwdefpDrHudef;onf e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,f? aumf½SL;pfZudk (Kosciuszko) trsKd;om;O,mOftwGif;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ pDrHudef;u obm0

ywf0ef;usif tay: tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk teD;uyfapmifhMunfh avhvmMuonf/ pDrHudef;aMumifh pEdk;0D;jrpf\tcsKdUaomae&mrsm;wGif ,cifu pD;qif;aom

jrpfa&\ 1 &mcdkifEIef;omvQif pD;qif;awmhonf/

obm0ywf0ef;usif aumif;rGefapa&;twGuf Apfufwdk;&D;,m; jynfe,fESifh e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,fwdkYrS tpdk;&rsm;u jrpfa&pD;qif;rIudk 28 &mcdkifEIef;

&Sdapa&;twGuf xdef;n§d&ef oabmwlMuonf/

pEdk;0D;armifwdef pDrHudef;rS tvkyform;rsm;


a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk qufqHyHk

1940 ESifh 1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&\ a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;

rsm;tay: xm;&Sdonfhrl0g'rSm a&maESmoronfh rl0g'odkY ajymif;vJcJhonf/

,if;\qdkvdkcsufrSm a&S;OD; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;taeESifh a&S;OD; wdkif;&if;om;

r[kwfMuolrsm;uJhodkY aexdkif&rnf[k apcdkif;onf/ a&S;OD; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u

olwdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rItpOftvmrsm; raysmufysufapvdkMuojzifh

þrl0g'rSm tvkyfrjzpfcJhyg/

1960 ckESpfrsm;wGif aygif;pnf;a&;rl0g'odkY ajymif;vJonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

twGif;aexdkifMuonfh trsKd;om;trsm;pkonf 1850 ESpfrsm;wGif rJqE´

ay;ydkifcGifh &&SdMuaomfvnf; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;

tm;vHk;udk 1962 ckESpfwdkif "eo[m, rJqEáy;ydkifcGifh ray;tyfchJyg/

aygif;pnf;a&;rl0g'aMumifh a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk jynfolUtcGifhta&;rsm;

ay;tyfcJhaomfvnf; olwdkYudk a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;r[kwfMuaom MopaMw;vsm;

vlrsKd;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh udkufnDpGm aexdkif&rnf[k arQmfvifhvsuf&SdchJ

onf/

1967 ckESpfwGif ydkrdkajymif;vJvmNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;\ 90%ausmf

u a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk rJqEáy;ydkifcGifh&SdaomvlOD;a&wGif xnfhoGif;

a&wGuf&ef ]oabmwl\} qE´rJay;cJhonf/ þjynfolUqEćH,lyGJrSm ordkif;

rSwfwdkifwpfckjzpfcJhonf/ þonfu MopaMw;vsm;jynfol trsm;pkonf a&S;OD;

wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkvnf; rdrdwdkYESifhtwltuG yg0ifapvdkMuNyD; tjcm;olrsm;

enf;wl &ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; &apvdkaMumif; jyovdkufjcif;yif

jzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;\ pdwfxm;yGifhvif;vmjcif;ESifh xdktcsdefu

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;wdkY\ cdkifrmpGmqE´jyjcif;wdkUu 1970 ckESpfrsm;wGif

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYuHMur®m rdrdwdkYbmomqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh &Sd&rnf

[laom rl0g' ay:aygufvmap&ef vrf;aMumif;ay;cJhonf/ MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHom; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYESifhoufqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;?

pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; zGHYNzdK;a&;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;wGif yg0if

ajymqdkcGifh&Sd&rnf[k MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&u todtrSwfjyK oabmwlvm

cJhonf/

ajymif;a&TUtajccsjcif; - wajz;ajz;ajymif;vJvmrIrsm;

1950 ESpfrsm;ESifh 1960 ESpfrsm;wGif tm&SvlrItzGJUtpnf;? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESifh

vlrIa&;qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;u ]tjzLa&mif MopaMw;vsm;} rl0g'udk

&yfqdkif;&ef 0dkif;0ef;uefYuGufqE´jycJhMuonf/

1958 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;tpdk;&u owfyHkac:ay;onfhpmar;yGJudk &yfqdkif;

vdkufonf/ 1966 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHu a&G;cs,frIjzifh vm&aom

Oa&mywdkufom;-r[kwfolMursm;ESifh uRrf;usifrI&Sdol tm&Swdkufom;rsm;

ajymif;a&TUtajccsjcif;twGuf wHcg;zGifhay;onf/ tqHk;wGif t&yf&yfrS

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;wdkYu uREfkyfwdkY\ ajymif;a&TU tajccsolrsm;qdkif&m

tpDtpOfwGif EdkifiHtm;vHk;yg0ifapjcif;\wefzdk;udk todtrSwfjyKvmMuonf/

1973 ckESpfwGif ]tjzLa&mif MopaMw;vsm;} rl0g'ysufjy,fNyD; EdkifiHrSmvnf;

,Ofaus;rIrsKd;pHkrl0g'bufodkY OD;wnfavawmhonf/

1973 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;tpdk;&uajymif;a&TUtajccs&mwGif vlrsKd;a&;t&

vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufonf/ 1975 ckESpf AD,uferfppfyGJ NyD;qHk;

onfhtcsdefwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf tm&S 'ku©onfrsm;ESifh ajymif;a&TU

tajccsolrsm;\ pHcsdefwifavmufonfhta&twGufudk vufcHcJhonf/

xdkolrsm;wGif AD,uferfrS trsm;qHk;yg0ifMuaomfvnf; w½kwfESifh tdE´d,

ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;vnf; ta&twGufrsm;pGm pwifa&muf&SdvmMuonf/

1975 ckESpfrSpwifí MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf abmfhpfeD;,m;ESifh? [m&fZD*dkAD;em;

uJhodkYaom ppfab;'Pfoifh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;tjyif ta&SUtv,fydkif;ESifh

tmz&duwdkif;jynfrsm;rS 'ku©onfrsm;udk vufcHcJhonf/ ,cktcg uREfkyfwdkYxH

ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;rSm urÇmwpf0ef;rSjzpfMuonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf EdkifiHtm;vHk;\ wdkif;jynfwpfjynfjzpfvmchJNyD;?

acwfrDwdk;wufaom urÇmay:&Sd atmifjrifrIBuD;rsm;xJrS EdkifiHwpfckjzpfonf/

1945 ckESpfrSpwifNyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;\ OD;a&

6.5 oef; &SdcJhonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;\ av;yHkwpfyHkrSm yifv,f

&yfjcm;wGif arG;zGm;chJMuonf/

ajymif;a&TUtajccsolrsm;u uREfkyfwdkYbHkwefbdk;xm;Muaom rl0g'rsm;? pHcsdef

pHñTef;rsm;udk rQa0cHpm;Mua&;twGuf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkYvm&ef a&G;cs,fMu

onf/ xdktcsufu &SdNyD;om; MopaMw;vsm;vlaerIb0a&mifpHkudk ydkrdk vSy

wifhw,faponf/

yg0ifrI&Sdjcif;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf ,cktcg w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;rS? rdrd\

,HkMunf&mbmomudk vufcHusifhoHk;EdkifNyD;? rdrd\,Ofaus;rIxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;

udk vdkufemEdkifaom vlwpfOD;csif;pD\tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;NyD; umuG,f

apmifha&Smufonfh ,Ofaus;rIrsKd;pHk vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfygonf/

,aeYMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHü vlrsKd;EG,fwdkif;\ rsKd;EG,f0ifwpfOD;pDonf uREfkyfwdkY\

vlrItzGJUtpnf;wGif tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpfyg0ifonf[k cHpm;apEdkifonfh

xda&mufaom yg0ifrI&Sdjcif; rl0g' &Sdygonf/ þrl0g'onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

,Ofaus;rI\ bufaygif;pHkwGif udef;atmif;wnf&Sdaeygonf/ ¤if;onf

uav;i,frsm;b0rS wuúodkvfwufa&mufonftxd uREfkyfwdkY\ ynma&;

oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfNyD;? vkyfief;cGif ae&mrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI

vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg vufawGU usifhoHk;Muonf/

vlwpfOD;csif;pDü nDwlnDrQESifh ESdrfhcsjcif;uif;pGmqufqHcH&rnfh tcGifhta&;udk

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH vlUtcGifhta&;qdkif&maumfr&SifESifh tpdk;&\ ESdrfhcs

qufqHjcif; wdkufzsufa&;qdkif&m at*sifpDrsm;u jynfe,fESifha'otm;vHk;wGif

umuG,fay;onf/ vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&mcGJjcm;qufqHrIudk vlod&SifMum; jypfwif

½HIUcsNyD; ¤if;onf w&m;Oya't& jypfrIwpfckjzpfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHonf pnf;vHk;nDnmNyD; oabmxm;nDñGwfonfh ,Ofaus;rI

rsKd;pHkyg0ifaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;BuD; jzpfvmygNyD/ þEdkifiHonf ajymif;a&TU

tajccsolrsm;? a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh MopaMw;vsm;wGif arG;zGm;Muolrsm;

rdrdwdkY\&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vGwfvyfrIjzifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm &,lEdkifonfhae&mjzpf

onf/ þae&monftwdwfumvujzpfcJhaom y#dyu©rsm;ESifh cg;oD;aom

cHpm;csufrsm;udk arhxm;Edkifaomae&m wpfae&mjzpfonf/


Albert Namatjira (1902 – 1959)

tJvfbwf emrwf*sD;&m; (Albert

Namatjira) onf ,aeYxufwdkif

wnf&SdqJ yef;csDa&;qGJenf;yHkpHwpfckudk

pwifchJonfh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\

yef;csDtEkynm&Sif tausmftarmf

wpfOD;jzpfonf/

tm&f&,fefaw; (Arrernte)

trsKd;om; vli,fwpfOD;taeESifh

tJvfbwf ü yef;csDyg&rD &SdcJhonf/

olonf ausmif;pmtajccH

tvGefenf;yg;cJhaomfvnf; ol\

MopaMw;vsm; aus;vuf\a&aq;yef;csDrsm;rSm tvGefacwfpm;chJNyD; tm;vHk;rSm

vQifjrefpGm a&mif;íukefonf/

olESifh olUZeD;wkdYonf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;tjzpf cGifhjyKcH&aom

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;\t"dyÜm,frSm olwdkYü

rJqEay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? [dkw,fwpfckcktwGif; 0ifEdkifonf? BudKufESpfouf&m

rnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk olwdkY tdrfaqmufEdkifonfukdqdkvdkonf/ tJvfbwf\

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;jzpfvmjcif;u tjcm;a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;xHü

þtcGifhta&;rsm; r&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;ay:vGifapchJonf/

olUb0u a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;r[kwfMuol MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;udk

vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;aomOya'\ w&m;rQwrIr&SdyHkudkjyochJNyD; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;

rsm;\ ajymif;vJrItwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapchJonf/

Eddie Mabo (1936 – 1992)

t,f'D rmbdk (Eddie Mabo) onf

EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rl0g'DwpfOD;jzpfNyD;?

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; ajrydkifqdkifcGifh

rsm;twGufajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolwpfOD;

vnf;jzpfonf/

t,f'D udktDuD rmbdk (Eddie Koiki

Mabo) udk? rmbdkrsKd;EG,f\ ½dk;&majr

jzpfaom rma&;uRef; (Murray

Island) wGifarG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOf

uyif rnfonfhopfyifrsm;? rnfonfh

ausmufwHk;rsm;u olUrdom;pk\ ydkifajr

e,fedrdwfjzpfonfudk olUtm; wdwdususoifay;cJhonf/

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumNyD;rS olUbdk;bGm;ajronf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHOya't&

olUrdom;pkrydkifbJ EdkifiHydkif[kowfrSwfxm;aMumif; t,f'D od&SdchJ&onf/ olonf

ol\trsufa'goudk vIyf&Sm;rItjzpfajymif;vJNyD; rma&; uRef; (Murray Island)

vlxkudk,fpm; ol\pHerlemjytrIudk w&m;½Hk;wifcJhonf/

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumNyD; 1992 ckESpfwGif w&m;½Hk;csKyfü t,f'D trIEdkifvdkufonf/

rmbdktrIwGif tu,fía&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf ordkif;aMumif;t&ESifh

½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHt& olwdkYESifh olwdkYaexdkif&majrtMum; pOfqufrjywf

qufoG,frI&SdaMumif;oufaojyEdkifygu xdkajrudk olwpfyg;u wifjy awmif;cHjcif;

r&SdvQif ydkifqdkifrItwGuf avQmufxm;Edkifonf[k qHk;jzwfcsuftrdefYxkwfonf/

þqHk;jzwfcsufaMumifh ajr{&d,mrsm;pGmudk rlvydkif&Sifrsm;xH jyefvnfay;tyfapcJh

onf/

t,f'D rmbdkudk ol\owådESifh MopaMw;vsm;a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;\

ajr&mydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk &&SdaponfhtwGuf trSwfw&&SdMuonf/

Dr Victor Chang (1936 – 1991)

a'gufwm Apfufwm csef; (Dr Victor Chang) onf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tawmfqHk; ESvHk;a&m*g cGJpdwfukq&m0efrsm;teuf

wpfOD;jzpfonf/

Apfufwm yDwmcsef; ,rfrf[if;rf udk 1936 ckESpfü w½kwfjynfwGifarG;zGm;cJh NyD; MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHodkY 15 ESpf t&G,fwGif

a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/

olonf qpf'eD &Sd pdefYAif;qifhwf aq;½Hk(St. Vincent’s Hospital )wGif tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD; 1984 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\

yxrqHk;aomESvHk;tpm;xdk; txl;ukXmeudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ 1986 ckESpfwGif Apfufwmcsef; tm; MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiH\ tjrifhqHk;qkwHqdyfjzpfonfh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ olaumif;jyKcH&ol (Companion of the Order of Australia)

bGJY udkcsD;jr§ifhonf/

Apfufwm onf ESvHk;tvSL&Sifrsm; tvHktavmufr&Sdjcif;udk ylyefNyD; ESvHk;twkudk pwifwDxGifonf/ ol\ 1991 ckESpfü

aMuuGJp&m towfcH&csdefü ESvHk;twkrSm NyD;pD;vkeD;yg;jzpfaechJonf/

okawoeXmetopfwpfckudk olUtm;trSwfw&tjzpf wnfaxmifchJonf/ ol\uRrf;usifrI? taumif;bufrS jrifwwfrI? enf;vrf;opf wDxGifwwfrI rsm;wdkYaMumifh

olUtm; trSwfw&&SdMuonf/


a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;? q,fpkESpf ESpfcktwGif;

tajymif;tvJrsm;

1960 ckESpfrsm;wGifajrmufydkif;a'o a0hAf[D;vf (Wave Hill) EGm;arG;jrLa&; pcef;BuD;

wGif jzpfyGm;chJonfh *l&if'f*sD uefYuGufqEjyjcif;(Gurindji Strike)u ajr&mydkifqdkifrI

tay: tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;rsm;\rauseyfrItwGuf uefYuGufqEjyjcif;udk

trsm;jynfol owdjyKapchJonf/ Aif;qifhwf vif*D,m&D (Vincent Lingiari)

OD;aqmifaom wd&pämefxdef;ausmif;olrsm;u arG;jrLa&;pcef;BuD;rS qEjyxGufcGmoGm;

Muonf/ olwdkY\uefYuGufqEjyjcif;rSm vpmESifh tvkyftajctaersm;aMumifh

jzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;rSaeí ajr&mydkifqdkifcGifhtwGuf awmif;qdkcsufwpf&yftjzpfodkY

ajymif;vJoGm;chJonf/ olwdkY\vkyf&yfrsm;u t,f'Drmbdk ESifhtjcm;olrsm;udk

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ajr&mydkifqdkifrItwGuf wdkufyGJ0if&efvrf;tjzpf ay:ayguf

oGm;apchJonf/

1976 ckESpf tufabmf&pf*sifevfvlrsKd;rsm; ajr&mydkifqdkifrI (ajrmufydkif;a'o)

tufOya't& MopaMw;vsm;twGif;ydkif;a'orsm;wGif tufabmf&pf*sifevf

vlrsKd;rsm;tm; us,fjyefYaomajr{&d,mrsm;udk ydkifqdkifapcJhonf/ 1990 ESpfpk tOD;ydkif;

wGif? w&m;½Hk;csKyf\ rmbdk qHk;jzwfcsufESifh 1993 ckESpf a'ocH wdkif;&if;om;rsm;

ajr&mydkifqdkifcGifh tufOya'wdkYu a&S;OD; wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\

½dk;&mOya'pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh "avhxHk;pHrsm;udktajccHNyD; ajrydkifqdkifrIawmif;qdkcGifh&SdMu

aMumif; todtrSwfjyKchJonf/ MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHajr\ 10 &mcdkifEIef;ausmfausmfudk

,cktcg a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ bdk;bGm;ydkifajrtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/

þt&yfa'orsm;wGif ½dk;&m vlrItzGJUtpnf;\vu©Pmrsm;rSm qufvuf&SifoefqJ

jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;wdkif;&if; om;rsm;\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIonf qufvuf&SifoefxGef;um;

aeNyD; vlrItzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfckvHk;uvnf; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY ESpfoufcsD;rGrf;Muonf/

1997 ckESpfarvwGif MopaMw;vsm;ygvDrefü ]olwdkYtm; tdrfodkY jyefac:vmjcif;}

tpD&ifcHpmudkwifjyonf/ ta&twGufrsm;pGmaom tufabmf &pf*sifevfESifh

awm&ufpx&dwfuRef;om; uav;rsm;tm; olwdkY\ rdom;pk rsm;xHrS z,f&Sm;jcif;

tay:pHkprf;ppfaq;rIjyK&mrS þtpD&ifcHpm jzpfay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ þuav;rsm;

udk ]tcdk;cH&aom rsKd;qufrsm;} [kod&SdvmMuonf/ tpD&ifcHpm\ &v'faMumifh

axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;wdkYu 1998 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk;

tBudrfusif;yaom EdkifiHawmf\ ]awmif;yefonfhaeY} wGif twlwuGpkaygif;csDwufMu

NyD; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk axmufcH tm;ay;cJhMuonf/

tcdk;cH&aom rsKd;qufrsm;tm; awmif;yefjcif;? 2008 ckESpf

2008 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwGif MopaMw;vsm;ygvDreftwGif;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH 0efBuD;csKyfu tcdk;cH&aom rsKd;qufrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfqdkif&m

awmif;yefyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/ olonf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; tm;vHk;\ udk,fpm;

ajymqdkcJhonf/ olu a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; twdwf

umvu qufqHcJhMuonfhenf;vrf;rsm;onf rSm;,Gif;aMumif;udk awmif;yefonf/

0efBuD;csKyfu txl;ojzifh a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; uav;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;xHrS z,f&Sm;

,liifcJhaom enf;vrf;onf rSm;,Gif; aMumif;udk awmif;yefonf/

xdkrdefYcGef;udk ½kyfjrifoHMum;ESifhtoHvTifhXmersm;rS xkwfvTifhonf/ MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf trsm;jynfol pka0;&mae&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGif

rsm;wGif ]awmif;yefonfh} rdefYcGef;udk em;axmifMu&ef pka0;Muonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;onf

twdwfu rw&m;rIrsm;udk w&m;0if xkwfaz:jyNyD; ¤if;rw&m;rIrsm;twGuf

awmif;yefonf/ ¤if;onf a&S;OD; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ cHpm;csufrsm; aysmufuif;

oufomap&efESifhf aemif tem*wfwGif þuJhodkYrw&m;rIrsm; xyfrH vHk;0rjzpfay:&ef

ta&;BuD;aom ajcvSrf;wpfvSrf;jzpfonf/ awmif;yefonfhrdefYcGef;onf MopaMw;vsm;

EdkifiHom; tm;vHk;twGufvnf; a&SUodkYvSrf;onfh ta&;BuD;aom ajcvSrf;wpfvSrf;

jzpfchJygonf/

qpf'eD rdk;aumif;uifay:wGif ]awmif;yefygonf} udk av,mOfESifh pmvHk;az:aeol

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ 0daootm; a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ wefzdk; rjzwfEdkifaom

tusKd;jyKrIjzifh yHhydk;chJjcif;udk ,cktcg todtrSwfjyKMuNyD;? *kPfjyKMuygonf/

tufabmf&pf*sifevf ESifh awm&ufpx&dwfuRef;om;rsm;onf w&m;pD&ifa&;?

EdkifiHa&;&m?tEkynmESifh tm;upm;tygt0if MopaMw;vsm;vkyfom;xk wpf&yfvHk;

twGif; OD;aqmiforIjyKaeMuaom tqifhae&mrsm;wGif &Sdaeygonf/ 'pf*spfw,f

pepfESifh oGufvufpGmjyKvkyfxm;aom ½kyfjy rmAif (MARVIN) tpDtpOfonf

tufabmf&pf*sifevf wDxGifrIwpfckjzpfNyD; qkwHqdyfrsm;pGm&cJhum urÇmwpf0ef;

EdkifiHaygif;(20)ausmfü ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ydkif;vkyfief;rsm;ü toHk;jyKaeMuonf/

ed*Hk;

þpmrsufESmrsm;yg az:jycJhaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;u oifhtm; uREfkyfwdkY\

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtaMumif; tenfi,frQukd od&SdapchJNyDjzpfonf/ þ A[kokw

topfonf oifhywf0ef;usiftay: oifuydkrdkowdjyKrd&ef vrf;zGifh ay;vdkufouhJodkY

jzpfEdkifonf/ oifonf taqmuftODa[mif;rsm;wGif &Sdaeaom &ufpGJrsm;udkMunfh½I

&mü ordkif;aMumif;½Ia'gifhrS oHk;oyfavhvmwwfvdrhfrnf/ Edk0ifbmv 11 &ufaeY

wGif oifhtm; ay:yDyef;wpfyGifhukd wyfqif&efvmay;vQif ¤if;onf usqHk;oGm;aom

uREfkyfwdkY\ppfonfrsm;ESifh ppforD;rsm;udk trSwfw&*kPfjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif; oifod

rnf/ oifonf a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; MopaMw;vsm;vlrsKd;rsm;udkawGUygu olwdkYudk

vrf;ñTefaeaom olwdkY\a&S;,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk owdxm;rdrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYu a'ocHrS

oifhtm;tultnDjzpfaprnfh trSDtjirf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;ESifh c&D;oGm;jcif;tm;jzifh

oifhA[kokwudk wdk;yGm;apyg[k wkdufwGef;vdkygonf/ oifydkrdkodav? oifydkrdk owdjyK

rdav jzpfygvdrhfrnf/

uREfkyfwdkYu oifMopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;jzpfjcif;udk BuKdqdkNyD; uREfkyfwdkY\ Nidrf;csrf;

aom 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfBuD;wGif wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifyg&ef zdwfac:tyfyg

onf/


pmar;yGJ rppfonfhtydkif;wGif yg0ifaom pum;vHk;rsm;\ t"dyÜm,f &Sif;vif;csuf oHtrwf

EdkifiHwpfckodkYr[kwf vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckckudk udk,fpm;jyKol odkYr[kwf trsm;odatmifaqmif&Gufay;ol

bkwftzGJU

qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&ef a&G;cs,fxm;aom vlwpfpk? Oyrm ukrÜPDwpfckudk rnfuJhodkY vkyfudkif&rnf ponf

abmf'gaqmif&Sdaomausmif;

ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf ausmif;wGifaexdkifynmoifMuNyD; pmoifESpf wpfESpfvHk; tdrfodkYrjyefMubJ aeMu&aomausmif;

csHKawmajr½dkif;

obm0twdkif;&Sdaeao;aom MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH awmydkif; aus;vufa'o

EGm;arG;jrLa&;pcef;BuD;

trJom;xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf EGm;rsm;arG;jrLaomjcHBuD;wpfjcH

y#dnmOfpmwrf;

&ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk w&m;0if a&;om;az:jyxm;rI

rsKd;EG,fpk

rsKd;½dk;qif;oufrIaMumifhjzpfap? odkYr[kwf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfap? aqGrsKd;awmfpyfMuNyD; a'owpfcktwGif; twlwlaexdkifMuonfh vlwpfpk

bHk&yfwnfrI

tusKd;pD;yGm;jcif;wlonfh tydkif;t0ef;

t"r®qifhac:cH ppfom;

wyfrawmfxJ 0if&ef ra&G;cs,fvdkaomfvnf; ppfrufumvwGif ppfwyfxJ 0if&aomol

bk&ifrydkif awmf0ifajr

tpdk;&ydkifqdkifaom ajr

oif½dk; ñTef;wrf;

pmayoifMum;&mwGif bmom&yfwpfckcsif;tvdkuf jy|mef;xm;aom oifcef;pm twGJwpfck

pm;p&maep&mr&Sdaom cdkudk;&mrhJ

aiGr&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf aiG&ayguf&vrf;r&Sdjcif;

'pf*s&D'l;(didgeridoo)

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;rsm;u opftvHk;acgif;yGrS jyKvkyfxm;aomwl&d,mypönf;wpfck

w&m;rQwpGmqufqHa&;

vlwdkif; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf oifhwifhaom odkYr[kwf nDrQaom tcGifhta&;

w&m;rQwpGm ,SOfNyKdifa&;

vlwdkif;\tusKd;iSm? pnf;urf;wus toif;tzGJUtvdkuf aumif;rGefpGm yl;aygif;MudK;yrf; aqmif&GufrI

usqHk;ppfonfrsm;ESifh ppforD;rsm;

ppfyGJodkYr[kwf wdkufyGJwGif usqHk;aom ppfonfrsm;ESifh ppforD;rsm;

yHkaz:onf

wnfaqmufonf odkYr[kwf zefwD;onf

trsKd;om;a&; pkpkaygif; ukefxkwfvkyfrI

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHu wpfESpftwGif; xkwfvkyfaomypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; tm;vHk;\ wefzdk;

tylvIdif;

ESpf&ufqufwdkufxufydkMumaom tvGefyltdkufonfh&moDOwk

EdkifiHawmfopömazmufrI

EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs&efBuKd;pm;jcif;yg0ifonfh tvGefjyif;xefaom jypfrI

pmar;yGJ rppfar;aomtydkif;rS pum;vHk; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf 73

txifu& a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om; yef;csDrsm;

a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ wpfrlxl;jcm;NyD;? ¤if;wdkYtm; udk,fpm;jyKaom tEkynm

ajrxk

ajr{&d,myrmPwpfck

ordkif;rSwfwdkif

ordkif;wGif ta&;ygaom jzpf&yfwpfck

a'ocHrsm;\ vkyfydkif&ydkifcGifh

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHOya't& qHk;jzwfNyD;cGifhjyKxm;aom a&S;OD;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIt& ajr? a&ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;

EIwfajym ordkif;

vlrsm;\ EIwfajym trSwfw& a&S;jzpfa[mif;rsm;

a&S;OD;pGefYpm;ol

a&S;OD;tajccsolrsm;xJrS wpfOD;? udkvdkeDtajccsumv apmapmydkif;wGif atmifjrifrI&olwpfOD;

EdkifiHa&;t& udk,fpm;jyKjcif;

EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;u ygvDrefwGif udk,fpm;jyKay;jcif;

oD;oefYajr

tufabmf&pf*sifevf vlrsKd;rsm;aexdkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&u oD;oefY owfrSwfay;xm;aom ajrt0ef;wpfck

jypf'Pfumv

jypf'PfusolwpfOD; uscH&rnfhumvtydkif;tjcm;

vpm owfrSwfcsuf

tvkyform;rsm;udk olwdkYvkyfay;aomtvkyftwGuf rnfrQay;&rnf[k owfrSwfcsuf

vlrIa&;t& jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;

vlrItzGJUtpnf;twGuf awmfvSefa&;wpf&yftoGif r[kwfbJ wajz;ajz; wdk;wufapjcif;

EdkifiHawmf psmye

EdkifiHawmftwGuf ta&;BuD;aom tusKd;jyKrIwpfckckudkvkyfcJhonfh EdkifiHom;wpfOD;tm; EdkifiHawmfu ukefuscHay;aom psmye

cHwyf

opfom;wdkifrsm;? opfom;wkwfcRefrsm;jzifh tumtuG,fjyKxm;aom ckcHonfhae&mwpfckck

EGm;xdef;ausmif;ol

EGm;rsm;udk xdef;ausmif;&ef cefYxm;aomtrsdK;om;rsm;

oydwfarSmufjcif;

tvkyf&Sif\qHk;jzwfcsufudk rauseyfojzifh uefYuGufqE´jyjcif; Oyrm? tvkyform;rsm; tvkyfrvkyfbJ tvkyf&yfqdkif;xm;jcif;

qE´rJay;cGifh

trsm;jynfolqdkif&ma&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqE´ay;ydkifcGifh

usrf;opömusdefqdkjcif;

trsm;jynfolqdkif&m ½Hk;wGifwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef w&m;0if usif;yaom tcrf;tem;

aqG;aEG;&ef wifjyxm;csuf

ygvDrefwGifaqG;aEG;&ef odkYr[kwf twnfjyK&ef w&m;0if wifjyxm;jcif;/ Oyrm? tpD&ifcHpmwpfapmifudk aqG;aEG&ef wifjyxm;onf

vlYtvTm

vlrItqifhtwef; odkYr[kwf aemufcH? tvkyftudkif? &mxl;tqifh


ydkrdkodaumif;p&mrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;jzpfjcif;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom; rnfodkYjzpfEdkifjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; ydkrdkodvdkygu MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;jzpfjcif;qdkif&m 0ufbfqdkuf jzpfaom

www.citizenship.gov.au wGif zwfMunfhyg/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHESifhywfoufNyD; ydkrdkodvdkygu oifhNrKdUe,ftwGif;&Sd pmMunfhwdkufwGif&&SdEdkifygonf/ atmufwGifaz:jyxm;aom 0ufbfqdkufrsm; uvnf;

aemufxyfodaumif;p&mrsm;udk yHhydk;Edkifygonf?

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtaMumif; tusOf;csKyf www.dfat.gov.au/aib

• ,Ofaus;rIESifh tyef;ajza&;qdkif&m rkcf0 www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&\ tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifay;rIrsm;

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&\ tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifay;rIrsm;wdkYESifh ywfoufNyD; odaumif;p&mrsm;udk www.australia.gov.au. 0ufbfqdkufwGif

zwf½IEdkifygonf/

jynfaxmifpktrwf odkYr[kwf txufvTwfawmftrwf

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;&\ tpDtpOfrsm;? 0efaqmifay;rIrsm;wdkYESifh ywfoufNyD; trsdK;pHkvifaom odaumif;p&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk oifhNrKdUe,ff\

jynfaxmifpktrwf odkYr[kwf oifh jynfe,f? odkYr[kwf a'o\ txufvTwfawmftrwfxHrS &&SdEdkifygonf/

atmufvTwfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh txufvTwfawmftrwfrsm;\pm&if;udk www.aph.gov.au wGifawGUEdkifygonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

rSDjirf;pmtkyfwGif &nfñTef;xm;onhf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; aemufxyf odaumif;p&mrsm;udk atmufaz:jyyg

0ufbfqdkufrsm;wGif oifawGU&SdEdkifygonf?

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH wyfrawmf (Australian Defence Force) www.defence.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif

(Australian Electoral Commission) www.aec.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH jynfaxmifpk &JwyfzGJU (Australian Federal Police) www.afp.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH vlUtcGifhta&;qdkif&m aumfr&Sif (Australian Human Rights Commission) www.humanrights.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH tm;upm;aumfr&Sif

(Australian Sports Commission) www.ausport.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH tcGef½Hk; (Australian Taxation Office) www.ato.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ppftxdrf;trSwf (Australian War Memorial) www.awm.gov.au

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmfbPf (Reserve Bank of Australia) www.rba.gov.au

ydkrdkodvdkygu pHkprf;&eff 75

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

rSDjirf;pmtkyfwGif&nfñTef;xm;onhf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; aemufxyf odaumif;p&mrsm;udk atmufaz:jyyg 0ufbfqdkuf

rsm;wGif oifawGU&SdEdkifygonf?

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH b&uf'frJef; azgifa';&Sif; (Bradman Foundation Australia) www.bradman.com.au

• tjynfjynfqdkif&m [,frvif zpfpwsLvm www.fistulatrust.org (Hamlin Fistula International)

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH av,mOfjzifhysHoef;ukorIay;aom awmf0if usef;rma&; 0efaqmifrI (Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia) www.flyingdoctor.net

• avvdIif; pmoifausmif; (School of the Air) www.schoolair-p.schools.nsw.edu.au

• pEdk;0D;armifwdef a&tm;vQyfppf tmPmydkiftzGJU (Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority) www.snowyhydro.com.au

• z&uf'fa[mvdk;pf azgifa';&Sif; www.hollows.org.au (The Fred Hollows Foundation)

• ,leufpudk urÇmh ordkif;tarGtESpfrsm;Xme whc.unesco.org (UNESCO World Heritage Centre)

• ukvor*¾ (United Nations) www.un.org

• Apfufwmcsef; ESvHk;okawoeXme www.victorchang.edu.au (Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute)

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH apwemh0efxrf;aqmif&Gufjcif; www.volunteeringaustralia.org (Volunteering Australia)

tjcm;taMumif;t&mrsm;

atmufaz:jyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;\ aemufxyfodaumif;p&mrsm;twGuf? atmufaz:jyyg 0ufbfqdkufrsm;wGif&SmMunfhyg?

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution

• xl;cRef MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;qkrsm; www.australianoftheyear.org.au

• ]olwdkYtm; tdrfodkY jyefac:vmjcif;} tpD&ifcHpm www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/bth_report/ index.html

• "eo[m, O,smOfrsm;ESifh xdrf;odrf;umuG,f awmrsm; www.environment.gov.au/parks/index.html

• emrnfausmfMum;aom MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm;? http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/adbonline.htm MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH udk,fa&;twK¬yÜwådrsm; tbd"mef

atmfefvdkif; tifwmeufwGifxkwfa0jcif;

• ygvDrefwGif wifxm;qJ Oya'rlMurf;pm&if; www.aph.gov.au/bills/index.htm

• MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmf ygvDref www.aph.gov.au

• ygvDrefqdkif&m ynma&;0efaqmifay;rIrsm; www.peo.gov.au

• trsm;jynfol½Hk;ydwf&ufrsm; www.australia.gov.au/topics/australian-facts-and figures/public-holidays

• tcdk;cH&aom rsKd;qufrsm;udk awmif;yefjcif; www.abc.net.au/news/events/apology/text.htm


aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;

atmufaz:jyyg yHkrsm;udk MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH trsKd;om;armfuGef;wdkufrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf?

p42 - e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfjynfe,f odk;arG;jrLa&;jcHtwGif; uav;rsm;? 1962 ckESpfrS "mwfyHk? avvdIif; pmoifausmif;

(&nfñTef; A1200:L42511)

p51 - xif&Sm;ausmfMum;olrsm; - 'pfcf prpfof? jynfwGif;avaMumif;ydkYaqmifa&; tmPmydkiftzGJU Ouú| 1991 ckESpf

(&nfñTef; A6135:K23/5/91/1)

p56 - wyfpfr,fef \ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHajryHk 1644 ckESpf (&nfñTef; A1200:L13381)

p59 - 1851 ckESpf MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif a&Tudk tvkt,uf&Smaomumv orkdif;0if"mwfyHkrsm; (&nfñTef; A1200:L84868)

p60 - ]tmz*ef}rsm;ESifh olwdkY\ ukvm;tkyfrsm; MopaMw;vsm;wdkuf twGif;ydkif;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeMupOf (&nfñTef; A6180:25/5/78/62)

p67 - xif&Sm;ausmfMum;olrsm;? qmtuf'0yf'f ]0D&D} 'ef;efavmhyf udk ol\½Hk;wGifawGU&pOf? 1986 ckESpf (&nfñTef; A6180:1/9/86/12)

p67 - vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;? MopaMw;vsm;odkY tajccsolrsm; a&mufvmMupOf? uJef;pfNrdKU &Sd zvmrDeD,m oabFmay:rS tDwmvsHvlrsKd;

MuHckwftvkyform;rsm;? 1955 ckESpf (&nfñTef; A12111:1/1955/4/97)

atmufwGifaz:jyxm;aomyHkrsm;udk MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH trsKd;om; pmMunfhwdkufrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf?

p18 - azaz:0g&D 15 &uf? 2003 ckESpf ppfApfcf? u,fefb&mNrdKU *g&Drmyavhpf wGifusif;ychJaom ppfqefYusifa&; qE´jyyGJwGif qE´jyolrsm;u

a[majymolrsm;udkem;axmif&ef pk½Hk;MupOf (&nfñTef; nla.pic-vn3063592)

p44 - 1940 ckESpfrsm;u xkwfa0cJhaom *sL;'pfof ½dkufxf \yHkwl (&nfñTef; nla.pic-an29529596)

p52 - tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH tmacs; ü qlemrD obm0ab;cH&tNyD; u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcsdefwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH wyfrawmfrS wyfzGJU0ifrsm;udk

tif'dkeD;&Sm;trsKd;orD;rsm;u BuKdqdkEIwfqufMupOf? 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 30 &uf? "gwfyHk ',fef [efYxf (&nfñTef; nla.pic-vn3510861)

p56 - 1788 ckESpf ZEé0g&Dv 27 &ufaeY qpf'eDyifv,fauGU yxrqHk;&GufoabFmtkyfpk a&muf&SdpOf? *Refatmvfaumhxf 1888 – 1973 ckESpf a&;qGJonf

(&nfñTef; nla.pic-an7891482)

p57 - u,f½dkvdkif; cspfZefrf\ yHkwlyef;csD? xkwfa0ol – aomrwfpf zJvJef;'f? 1804 - 1852 ckESpf (&nfñTef; nla.pic-an9193363)

p58 - bmhcfESifh 0D;vfpfwdkY ul;yg;pfc&dcf udk jyefvmpOf? a&;qGJol – epfudkvm;pf a&SAm;v,m; 1828 – 1902 ckESpf? 1868 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onf


p61 - uufo&if;ef [,fv,fef pyJefpf \yHkwlyef;csD? 1890 ESpfrsm;u xkwfa0onf (&nfñTef; nla.pic-an14617296)

p63 - *Ref pifrfpef uwfufyufx&pfcf ESifh ol\jrnf;yHk? *vpfyvD 1915 ckESpf (&nfñTef; nla.pic-an24601465)

p65 - qm csm;vfpf tuf'f'0yf'f uif;*fzdkY'f prpfof \yHkwl 1919 ckESpfESifh 1927 ckESpftMum; xkwfa0onf (&nfñTef; nla.pic-vn3302805)

p70 - ajrmufydkif;a'o [mref;pfbmh*f rpf&Sif&Sd tJvfbwf emrwf*sD;&m;\ yHkwl? 1946 odkYr[kwf 1947 ckESpfwGif tmom *½l;rf u xkwfa0onf


urÇmh a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfpm&if;0if ae&mq,fhav;ck\ yHkrsm;udk obm0yef0ef;usif? a&? a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfESifh

tEkynmqdkif&mXmeESifh atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf?

p40 - aumfvif; awmhwm'Jvf xHrS MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH EdkYwdkuf owå0grsm;\ ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;ae&mrsm; "mwfyHk

p40 - rmhcf rdk[,fvf xHrS bvl;armif;wdef; trsKd;om;O,smOf "mwfyHk

p40 - &Smaemfef jrL,m xHrS za&ZmuRef; "mwfyHk

p40 - aygvf uef'vif xHrS a*:ef'Gmem tylydkif;a'oopfawm "mwfyHk

p40 - p,fvD *&D;efefa0; xHrS umu'l; trsKd;om;O,smOf"mwfyHk

aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif; 77

p40 - r,fvifef'g b½l;0g; xHrS avmh'fa[mif;0fuRef; "mwfyHHk

p40 - r,fvifef'g b½l;0g; xHrS rufaumf&DuRef; "mwfyHk

p41 - a&mh'f [mhwfxfApf*fqifef xHrS ygElvl;vl; trsKd;om;O,smOf "mwfyHk

p41 - rD&SJvf rufaumav; xHrS awmf0ifjycef;taqmuftOD ESifh umvfwefO,smOfrsm;"mwfyHk

p41 - u,fvD jrLv,fef xHrS &Smhcfab; "mwfyHk

p41 - epfudkvm b&pf'ifef xHrS wmhpfar;eD;,m; awmuEåm& "mwfyHk

p41 - t,fef'½l; [wfcsifefqef xHrS OD;vl½l;umwm *sLwm trsKd;om;O,smOf "mwfyHk

p41 - aumfvif; awmhwm'Jvf xHrS uGif;pvefjynfe,f&Sd pGwfpdkaom tylydkif;a'o rdk;rsm;opfawm "mwfyHk

p41 - rmhcf rdk[,fvf xHrS 0Dvef'&m a&uef ywf0ef;usifa'o "mwfyHk

az:jyygyHkrsm;udk iStockphoto rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf?

a&SUrsufESmzHk; - 0yfwvf yef;yif? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Ressy (&nfñTef; 3322510)

p14 - MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHxGuf r[l&mzvm;teufa&mif? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Alicat (&nfñTef; 8323912)

p22 - ygvDref taqmuftOD? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Tim Starkey (&nfñTef; 2256743)

p22 - avvHyGJ odkYr[kwf w&m;½Hk;oHk; wl ESifh pmtkyf? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Dem10 (&nfñTef; 2397687)

p27 - pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m Z,m;uGufay:rS aiGta<ursm;? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Robyn Mackenzie (&nfñTef; 2335549)

p27 - q&m0ef pma&;aeyHk? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Carlos Arranz (&nfñTef; 6498434)

p38 - abmfef'dkif; urf;ajc? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Edd Westmacott (&nfñTef; 3048786)

p38 - uif;*fpf u,fef,Gefef? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Francois Marclay (&nfñTef; 5733853)

p51 - oH½dkif;xGuf&mowåKwGif;ae&mrS tavtvGifhrsm;xJrS jyefNyD;&SmazGol? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Christian Uhrig (&nfñTef; 9819736)

p54 - 'pf*s&D'l;rsm;? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Adam Booth (&nfñTef; 834207)

p55 - tufabmf&pf*sifevf ausmufpDyef;csD – pm&mwdk*g ig;? rlydkif ©iStockphoto.com/Alpen Gluehen (ref% 2761924)

tjcm;yHkrsm;udk atmufwGifaz:jyxm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yk*¾dKvfrsm;rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf?

p8 - tpuftaysmufrsm;ygaom opfap;xGuf ,luvpfyifrsm;ESifh bl&m0gef*f xef;yifrsm; Murf;jyifwGifzHk;aeyHk? e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,f?

jrL&mrm&ef*f trsKd;om;O,smOf? "mwfyHkudk 'g&D,dk ayghpfwdkif; rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p20 - rJyHk;xJodkY rdrdwdkY\ rJqE´u'fjym; xnfhaeMuyHk? "mwfyHkudk Apfufwdk;&D;,m; a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&SifrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p24 - MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH "eo[m,zGJUpnf;yHk tajccH tuf Oya' 1900 jynfhESpf? trsm;jynfolU rl&if;rSwfwrf; rdwåL? pkaqmif;xm;&Sdonfhvufaqmifypönf;rsm;?

ygvDreftaqmuftODwGif pkaqmif;xm;&Sdonfh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;? ygvDrefqdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;Xme? u,fefb&m? atpDwDrS þyHkudk aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p27 - uav;rsm; pDwef;xdkifaeyHk? r,fvf a&;wfpf u ½dkuful;NyD; *ufwD "mwfyHkrsm;rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p28 - w&m;½Hk;csKyf"mwfyHk? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHawmfw&m;½Hk;csKyfrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p40 - bpf*f b,fef [mh'f uRef;"mwfyHk? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH tefwmwdwf a'oqdkif&mXmerS aus;Zl;jyKygonf/ rlydkif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH "eo[m,tpdk;&?

"mwfyHk½dkuful;ol t,fvf? tD;? vmh*sf (&nfñTef; 892A2)

p40 - *&dwf b,f&D,m oEåmausmufwef; "mwfyHk? *&dwf b,f&D,m oEåmausmufwef; tPÖ0gO,smOf tmPmydkiftzGJUrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p41 - qpf'eD atmfy&m a[mufpf "mwfyHk ? qpf'eDNrKdUawmfrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf? "mwfyHk½dkuful;ol yufx&pfcf bif*f[,frf a[mvf


aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;

p43 - MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH trsKd;orD;abmvHk;toif; (rmwDvf'g;pf) tzGJU0if\ "mwfyHk? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH tm;upm;aumfr&SifrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p44 - qm a':e,f b&uf'frJef; "mwfyHHk? b&uf'frJef; c&pfuuf jywdkufrSaus;Zl;jyKygonf/ qm a':e,f b&uf'frJef;u ol\ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH

wufpf c&pfuuf OD;xkyfudk aqmif;xm;NyD; 1931 – 1932 MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH c&pfuuf &moDwGif"mwfyHk½dkufxm;onf

p45 - ygarmu© z&uf'f a[mvdk;pf \"mwfyHk? z&uf'f a[mvdk;pf azgifa';&Sif;rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf/ z&,fefYcf AD,dkvD "mwfyHk½dkuful;onf

p50 - ESpfopful;tBuKdaeYn qpf'eD [mbm wHwm;ay:rS rD;½SL; rD;yef;vTwfyGJ? "mwfyHkudk qpf'eD NrKdUawmfrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p52 - a'gufwm uufo&if;[,frfvif AC \"mwfyHk? [,frfvif zpfpfwsLvm ukoa&;ESifh u,fq,fa&; &efyHkaiGtzGJUrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p61 - avmh'f v,frif*fwef u 1901 ckESpf b&pfpbdef;NrKdU z,f'a&;&Sif;aeYtxdrf;trSwf y&dowfBuD;udk rdefYcGef;ajymMum;pOf? "mwfyHkudk uGif;pvefjynfe,f

jynfe,fpmMunfhwdkufrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf/ tdwfcsf? 'AvsL? armhbfpfbD u "mwfyHk½dkuful;onf (&nfñTef; 47417)

p65 - pGyfjyKwfauR;arG;&mae&m "mwfyHk? e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpf jynfe,f jynfe,fpmMunfhwdkuf (rpfwfcs,fvf pmMunfhwdkuf) rS aus;Zl;jyKygonf/ 1934 ckESpf?

Mo*kwfv 2 &ufaeY bJvfrdk; ajrmufydkif; tpdk;&ausmif;? e,l;aqmufofa0;vfpfü ausmif;om;ausmif;oluav;rsm; tcrJhpGyfjyKwfESifh aygifrkefYwpfcsyf&&ef

wef;pDaeMupOf? "mwfyHk½dkuful;ol p,frf [k'f (&nfñTef; H&A 4368)

p66 - udkudk'g awmvrf; "mwfyHk? MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ppfordkif; jywdkufrS aus;Zl;jyKygonf (&nfñTef; - 014028)

p66 - MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH ppfordkif;jywdkufrS ay:yDyef; teDrsm;/ "mwfyHk? wdk&D b&if;rfpf "mwfyHk½dkuful;onf

p70 - a'gufwm Apfufwm csef; "mwfyHk? Apfufwm csef; ESvHk;a&m*guk okawoeXmerS aus;Zl;jyKygonf

p70 - t,f'Drmbdk "mwfyHk? bmeDwm ESifh a*;vf rmbdkwdkY\ cGifhjyKcsufjzifh jyefvnful;,lum az:jyygonf

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