ATOMIC THEORY of ATOMIC THEORY of MATTERMATTER

The The Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory states that all states that all matter is made up of tiny particles matter is made up of tiny particles called called AtomsAtoms..

DefinitionsDefinitions

Atoms-Atoms- the smallest particle of an the smallest particle of an element with all of the properties of that element with all of the properties of that element.element.

Element-Element- a part of a substance not able a part of a substance not able to be separated into smaller substances to be separated into smaller substances by chemical means.by chemical means.

Nucleus-Nucleus- the center of an atom that the center of an atom that accounts for most of the atom’s mass.accounts for most of the atom’s mass.

Sub- Atomic ParticlesSub- Atomic Particles

ProtonsProtons (+) – positively charged particles (+) – positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.found in the nucleus of an atom.

NeutronsNeutrons (o) – neutrally charged particles (o) – neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.found in the nucleus of an atom.

ElectronsElectrons (-) – negatively charged (-) – negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom. Symbol for electrons (of an atom. Symbol for electrons (e-e-).).

Rules for Rules for AtomicAtomic ConfigurationsConfigurations using the using the

PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE1.1. The The Atomic NumberAtomic Number is equal to the is equal to the

number of number of ProtonsProtons in the nucleus of an in the nucleus of an atom.atom.

2.2. The number of The number of ProtonsProtons is equal to the is equal to the number of number of ElectronsElectrons..

3.3. To find the number of To find the number of NeutronsNeutrons, you , you must subtract the must subtract the Atomic NumberAtomic Number from from the the Atomic MassAtomic Mass..

Rules (Continued)Rules (Continued)

4) The 4) The PeriodPeriod is equal to the number of is equal to the number of Electron ShellsElectron Shells for an atom. for an atom.

5) The 5) The Group NumberGroup Number is equal to the is equal to the number of electrons in the outer shell number of electrons in the outer shell ((ValenceValence shell). shell).

6) Use the correct number of 6) Use the correct number of Electrons perElectrons per shellshell to do to do Atomic ConfigurationsAtomic Configurations (see (see Max # e-/shell chart). Max # e-/shell chart).

Maximum Number of Maximum Number of Electrons/Shell ChartElectrons/Shell Chart

Shell NumberShell Number Maximum Number of e-Maximum Number of e-

1 21 2

2 82 8

3 8 or 183 8 or 18

4 8, 18 or 324 8, 18 or 32

5 8 or 185 8 or 18

6 86 8

7 Whatever is needed!7 Whatever is needed!

Match the Names of the Match the Names of the Elements with the Elements with the Elemental SymbolsElemental Symbols

1. H 2. Li 3. Be. 4. Na 5. Mg 6. K 7. Ca1. H 2. Li 3. Be. 4. Na 5. Mg 6. K 7. Ca

8. Ti 9. Cr 10. Mn 11. Fe 12. Co 13. Ni 8. Ti 9. Cr 10. Mn 11. Fe 12. Co 13. Ni

14. Cu 15. Zn 16. He 17. B 18. C 19. N14. Cu 15. Zn 16. He 17. B 18. C 19. N

20. O 21. F 22. Ne 23. Al 24. Si 25. P 20. O 21. F 22. Ne 23. Al 24. Si 25. P

26. S 27. Cl 28. Ar 29. As 30. Rb 31. Zr 26. S 27. Cl 28. Ar 29. As 30. Rb 31. Zr

32. Ag 33. Sn 34. Br 35. Kr 36. Sb 37. I32. Ag 33. Sn 34. Br 35. Kr 36. Sb 37. I

38. Xe 39. Cs. 40. Ba 41. W 42. Pt 38. Xe 39. Cs. 40. Ba 41. W 42. Pt

43. Au 44. Hg 45. Pb 46. Rn 47. Fr 48. Ra43. Au 44. Hg 45. Pb 46. Rn 47. Fr 48. Ra

Elemental ClassificationElemental Classification

Elements are classified as Metals, Non-Elements are classified as Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids, Halogens or Noble metals, Metalloids, Halogens or Noble Gases depending on where they are Gases depending on where they are located on the Periodic Table.located on the Periodic Table.

METALSMETALS

These make up the majority of the These make up the majority of the Periodic Table and are located on the Periodic Table and are located on the LEFT side. Most are solids at room LEFT side. Most are solids at room temperature. They are hard, have luster temperature. They are hard, have luster (shine), conduct heat and electricity. (shine), conduct heat and electricity. They usually will give up an e- because They usually will give up an e- because they only have a few in the outer shell.they only have a few in the outer shell.

NON-METALSNON-METALS

These are found on the right side of the These are found on the right side of the Periodic Table and are gases or dull, Periodic Table and are gases or dull, brittle solids at room temperature. Non-brittle solids at room temperature. Non-metals tend to gain electrons in order to metals tend to gain electrons in order to fill their outermost shell.fill their outermost shell.

METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS

Elements that are found diagonally Elements that are found diagonally between the Metals and Non-metals are between the Metals and Non-metals are called METALLOIDS. They have the called METALLOIDS. They have the properties of metals and non-metals and properties of metals and non-metals and are used in computer chip applications. are used in computer chip applications. Some act naturally as semi-conductor Some act naturally as semi-conductor material to conduct electricity at high material to conduct electricity at high temperatures.temperatures.

HALOGENSHALOGENS

A series of non-metal elements in Group A series of non-metal elements in Group 17 which is the only group to contain 17 which is the only group to contain elements in all three (3) familiar states of elements in all three (3) familiar states of matter. The elements are Fluorine, matter. The elements are Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Astatine.Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Astatine.

NOBLE GASESNOBLE GASES

Rare gases to the far right on the Rare gases to the far right on the Periodic Table that are non-reactive Periodic Table that are non-reactive (INERT) with other elements. These (INERT) with other elements. These elements are in Group VIII B or Group elements are in Group VIII B or Group 18.18.

Chemical ReactivityChemical Reactivity

This refers to the ability to lose or gain This refers to the ability to lose or gain electrons.electrons.

FAMILY REACTIVITY- when removing an FAMILY REACTIVITY- when removing an electron this is IONIZATION, when electron this is IONIZATION, when gaining an electron this is electron gaining an electron this is electron affinity.affinity.

Family ReactivityFamily Reactivity

Group IA (Alkali Metals)- only have to give up Group IA (Alkali Metals)- only have to give up one electron to be stable, very reactive. +1 one electron to be stable, very reactive. +1 Charge.Charge.

Group IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals)- a little less Group IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals)- a little less reactive, but will give up 2 e- to have a +2 reactive, but will give up 2 e- to have a +2 charge.charge.

Group VIA- has to gain 2e- to become stable, Group VIA- has to gain 2e- to become stable, so it has a -2 charge.so it has a -2 charge.

Group VIIB (Halogens)- will pick up 1e- to be Group VIIB (Halogens)- will pick up 1e- to be stable so it will have a -1 charge. The most stable so it will have a -1 charge. The most reactive non-metal elements.reactive non-metal elements.

RULES of EIGHT (8)RULES of EIGHT (8)

It takes eight e- in the outer shell for an It takes eight e- in the outer shell for an element to become STABLE.element to become STABLE.

IONS – when an element loses or gains IONS – when an element loses or gains an electron.an electron.

CATION – Positive Ions, positively CATION – Positive Ions, positively charged element.charged element.

ANION – Negative Ion, negatively ANION – Negative Ion, negatively charged element. charged element.

Periodic TablePeriodic Table and the and the 4 Blocks 4 Blocks

GROUPS 1& 2 fill GROUPS 1& 2 fill the S-block.the S-block.

GROUPS 13 – 18 GROUPS 13 – 18 fill the P-block.fill the P-block.

GROUPS 3 – 12 fill GROUPS 3 – 12 fill the D-block.the D-block.

F-block is at the F-block is at the bottom of the bottom of the Periodic Table. Periodic Table. Lanthanide #58-Lanthanide #58-71 and Actinide 71 and Actinide (radioactive) # (radioactive) # 90-103.90-103.