atm ocn 100 summer 2002 1 atm ocn 100 - spring 2002 lecture 20 (con’t.) the theory of winds: part...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 22
A 89 - 100AB 85 - 88B 75 - 84BC 69 - 74C 51 - 68D 40 - 50F < 39
Mean = 70
![Page 2: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERMADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER
Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT 30 JUL 2002 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25
Sky/Weather: SUNNY Temperature: 80 F (26 C) Dew Point: 69 F (20 C) Relative Humidity: 69% Wind: SW8 MPH Barometer: 30.00F (1015.9 mb)
![Page 3: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1515
Last 24 hrs in MadisonLast 24 hrs in Madison
FOGFOG
![Page 4: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1717
CURRENT CURRENT VISIBLEVISIBLE
![Page 5: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1919
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar
Tight Isobar PackingTight Isobar Packing
![Page 6: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2020
Current Surface Winds Current Surface Winds with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed)with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed)
LL
LLHH
LL
LLLL
HH
LLHH
HHHH
LLLLHH
LL
Strong winds withStrong winds withTight Isobar PackingTight Isobar Packing
HHLL
LL
HH
HH
![Page 7: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2121
Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)
![Page 8: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2323
Current Dewpoints Current Dewpoints ((ooF) F)
![Page 9: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2424
Tomorrow AM Forecast MapTomorrow AM Forecast Map
![Page 10: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2525
AnnouncementsAnnouncements
22ndnd Hour Exam has been returned. Hour Exam has been returned. See exam statistics on See exam statistics on
http://www.http://www.aosaos..wiscwisc..eduedu/~/~hopkinshopkins/aos100/exams/aos100/exams
Homework #4 also has been returned. Homework #4 also has been returned. Answer Key is posted atAnswer Key is posted athttp://www.aos.wisc.edu/~hopkins/aos100/homeworkhttp://www.aos.wisc.edu/~hopkins/aos100/homework
If you have ??, please see me.If you have ??, please see me.
![Page 11: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2727
ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 LECTURE 20 (con’t.)(con’t.)
THE THEORY OF WINDS: THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS MOTIONS (con’t.)(con’t.)
A.A. Introduction & AssumptionsIntroduction & AssumptionsBuys-Ballot LawBuys-Ballot Law
![Page 12: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2929
Buys Ballot RuleBuys Ballot Rule
![Page 13: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3131
Current Midwest Weather PlotCurrent Midwest Weather Plot
![Page 14: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3434
Current Midwest Weather AnalysisCurrent Midwest Weather Analysis
LL
HH
![Page 15: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3838
GoalGoal
Attempt to develop simple models to Attempt to develop simple models to explain atmospheric motions explain atmospheric motions appearing on surface weather mapsappearing on surface weather maps
![Page 16: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3939
ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS
For convenience, assume that:For convenience, assume that: Define motion in terms of Define motion in terms of
horizontal & vertical components. horizontal & vertical components. RationaleRationale::
– Winds are nearly horizontal;Winds are nearly horizontal;– Vertical motions typically much smaller.Vertical motions typically much smaller.
Make assumptions about the balance of forces:Make assumptions about the balance of forces:
![Page 17: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4040
Summary of Forces for selected modelsSummary of Forces for selected modelsSee Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Forces Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Geostrophic Wind
Gradient Wind
Surface Winds
Pressure Gradient
Vertical X Horizontal X X X
Centripetal X X
Coriolis X X X
Friction X
Gravity X
MODELSMODELS
![Page 18: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4242
B. HORIZONTAL EQUATION OF B. HORIZONTAL EQUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONATMOSPHERIC MOTION
The 3-D vector Equation of Atmospheric The 3-D vector Equation of Atmospheric Motion can be written in terms of horizontal Motion can be written in terms of horizontal and vertical components: and vertical components:
Net force = Net force = Horizontal Pressure gradient force Horizontal Pressure gradient force + Vertical Pressure gradient force + Vertical Pressure gradient force + gravity + Coriolis force + friction + gravity + Coriolis force + friction..
![Page 19: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4343
HYDROSTATIC BALANCE CONCEPTHYDROSTATIC BALANCE CONCEPT
A Fundamental Assumption:A Fundamental Assumption:
– Earth’s atmosphere remains and is Earth’s atmosphere remains and is essentially in “hydrostatic balance”.essentially in “hydrostatic balance”.
The Model –The Model –
– This balance is between the vertically This balance is between the vertically oriented vector quantities:oriented vector quantities:
– gravity, gravity, &&
– acceleration due to acceleration due to vertical component of vertical component of pressure gradient forcepressure gradient force..
![Page 20: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4444
Concept of Hydrostatic BalanceConcept of Hydrostatic BalanceFig. 9.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)Fig. 9.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 21: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4545
Components in Hydrostatic Balance ModelComponents in Hydrostatic Balance ModelFig. 9.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)Fig. 9.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Gravity Vector Direction:Gravity Vector Direction:“Down” toward Earth center“Down” toward Earth center Gravity Vector Magnitude:Gravity Vector Magnitude:
Decreases with altitude... Decreases with altitude... But But 9.8 m/s 9.8 m/s2 2 or 32 ft/sor 32 ft/s22
![Page 22: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4646
Components in Hydrostatic Balance ModelComponents in Hydrostatic Balance ModelFig. 9.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)Fig. 9.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Gravity Vector Direction:Gravity Vector Direction:“Down” toward Earth center“Down” toward Earth center Gravity Vector Magnitude:Gravity Vector Magnitude:
Decreases with altitude... Decreases with altitude... But But 9.8 m/s 9.8 m/s2 2 or 32 ft/sor 32 ft/s22
Vert. Press. Grad. Force Vert. Press. Grad. Force Vector Direction:Vector Direction:“Up” from High “Up” from High to Low Pressureto Low Pressure
Vert. Press. Grad. Force Vert. Press. Grad. Force Vector Magnitude:Vector Magnitude:
Depends upon Depends upon Vert. Pressure Grad. &Vert. Pressure Grad. &
DensityDensity
![Page 23: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4747
Summary of Forces for selected modelsSummary of Forces for selected modelsSee Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Forces Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Geostrophic Wind
Gradient Wind
Surface Winds
Pressure Gradient
Vertical X Horizontal X X X
Centripetal X X
Coriolis X X X
Friction X
Gravity X
MODELSMODELS
![Page 24: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5555
HYDROSTATIC BALANCE CONCEPT HYDROSTATIC BALANCE CONCEPT (con’t.)(con’t.)
As a resultAs a result– The atmosphere is maintained;The atmosphere is maintained;– Convection is somewhat limited.Convection is somewhat limited.
![Page 25: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5757
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE GRADIENT HORIZONTAL PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCEFORCE
Horiz. Press. Grad. ForceHoriz. Press. Grad. ForceVector Direction:Vector Direction:
High to Low & Perpendicular to the Isobars!
![Page 26: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5858
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCEHORIZONTAL PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE (con’t.)(con’t.)
See Fig. 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Magnitude of Pressure Gradient Magnitude of Pressure Gradient depends on isobar spacing!depends on isobar spacing!
![Page 27: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5959
As a Result of the HORIZONTAL As a Result of the HORIZONTAL PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE (con’t.)(con’t.)
Horiz. Press. Grad. Force Horiz. Press. Grad. Force Vector Magnitude:Vector Magnitude:
Depends upon Depends upon Horiz. Pressure Gradient Horiz. Pressure Gradient
(i.e., isobar spacing)(i.e., isobar spacing)
![Page 28: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6464
C. FLOW RESPONDING TO C. FLOW RESPONDING TO PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE - PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE -
LOCAL WINDSLOCAL WINDS
Assumptions:Assumptions:– Only Pressure gradient force operates due to Only Pressure gradient force operates due to
local pressure differences;local pressure differences;– Horizontal flow.Horizontal flow. Net force = pressure gradient forceNet force = pressure gradient force
Examples:Examples:– Sea-Land Breeze CirculationSea-Land Breeze Circulation– Mountain-Valley Breeze CirculationMountain-Valley Breeze Circulation– City-Country CirculationCity-Country Circulation
![Page 29: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6565
VERTICAL PRESSURE GRADIENTS - VERTICAL PRESSURE GRADIENTS - Dependency on density (temperature)Dependency on density (temperature)
![Page 30: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6666
Sea-Land Breeze Circulation RegimeSea-Land Breeze Circulation RegimeFigure 12.2 Moran & Morgan (1997)Figure 12.2 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 31: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6767
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze(Graphics from UIUC WW2010)(Graphics from UIUC WW2010)
![Page 32: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6868
REASONS FOR LAND-SEA REASONS FOR LAND-SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCESTEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES
Water has higher heat capacityWater has higher heat capacity– Smaller temperature response for heat addedSmaller temperature response for heat added
Water is a fluidWater is a fluid– Mixing warm water downwardMixing warm water downward
Water is transparentWater is transparent– Sunlight penetrates to depthSunlight penetrates to depth
Water surface experiences evaporationWater surface experiences evaporation– Evaporative coolingEvaporative cooling
![Page 33: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6969
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 34: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7070
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 35: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7171
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 36: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7272
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 37: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7373
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 38: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7474
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
(Lake)
![Page 39: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7575
Sea (Lake) BreezeSea (Lake) Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
See Fig. 12.2 A Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 12.2 A Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 40: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7676
Lake Breeze Circulation over Lake MichiganLake Breeze Circulation over Lake MichiganFigure 12.3 Moran & Morgan (1997)Figure 12.3 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 41: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7777
Edge of lake breeze Edge of lake breeze on southern Lake Michiganon southern Lake Michigan Modis 21 May 2002Modis 21 May 2002
![Page 42: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7878
Land BreezeLand Breeze
![Page 43: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7979
Land BreezeLand Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 44: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8080
Land BreezeLand Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
![Page 45: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8181
Land BreezeLand Breeze (con’t.)(con’t.)
See Fig. 12.2 See Fig. 12.2 BB Moran & Morgan (1997) Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 46: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8282
Mountain BreezeMountain Breeze
See Fig. 12.14 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 12.14 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 47: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8383
Valley BreezeValley Breeze
See Fig. 12.14 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 12.14 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 48: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8484
D. STRAIGHT-LINE, BALANCED, D. STRAIGHT-LINE, BALANCED, FRICTIONLESS MOTIONFRICTIONLESS MOTION
- “GEOSTROPHIC FLOW” - “GEOSTROPHIC FLOW”
A powerful conceptual modelA powerful conceptual model involving horizontal motion on involving horizontal motion on rotating planet; rotating planet;
Background & Word Derivation:Background & Word Derivation:– Named by Sir Napier Shaw in 1916:Named by Sir Napier Shaw in 1916:
““Geo” = earth + “strephein” = to turn.Geo” = earth + “strephein” = to turn.
![Page 49: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8585
Summary of Forces for selected modelsSummary of Forces for selected modelsSee Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Forces Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Geostrophic Wind
Gradient Wind
Surface Winds
Pressure Gradient
Vertical X Horizontal X X X
Centripetal X X
Coriolis X X X
Friction X
Gravity X
MODELSMODELS
![Page 50: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8787
““GEOSTROPHIC FLOW” GEOSTROPHIC FLOW” (con’t.)(con’t.)
AssumptionsAssumptions
Straight isobars
Parallel isobars
No friction
Horizontal flow
![Page 51: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8888
Geostrophic AdjustmentGeostrophic Adjustment See Fig. 9.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 52: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8989
Geostrophic AdjustmentGeostrophic Adjustmenthttp://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/geos.rxmlhttp://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/geos.rxml
![Page 53: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9090
Geostrophic WindGeostrophic Wind See Fig. 9.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Represents a balance betweenRepresents a balance between
Horiz. Pressure Gradient ForceHoriz. Pressure Gradient Force
Horiz. Coriolis ForceHoriz. Coriolis Force
![Page 54: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9292
Geostrophic Wind VectorGeostrophic Wind Vector See Fig. 9.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Vector Direction:Vector Direction:•Parallels isobarsParallels isobars•LowLow to left in NH to left in NH
Vector Magnitude Vector Magnitude depends ondepends on::1. 1. Pressure GradientPressure Gradient2. 2. LatitudeLatitude
![Page 55: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9494
““GEOSTROPHIC FLOW” GEOSTROPHIC FLOW” (con’t.)(con’t.)
Implications of Geostrophic BalanceImplications of Geostrophic Balance– Geostrophic wind (VGeostrophic wind (Vgg) is:) is:
a hypothetical winda hypothetical wind a balance between a balance between
– horizontal pressure gradient horizontal pressure gradient (isobar spacing) (isobar spacing)
– latitude (latitude (oror Coriolis effect) Coriolis effect) DilemmaDilemma
![Page 56: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9595
Current Midwest Weather AnalysisCurrent Midwest Weather Analysis
LL
HH
![Page 57: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9696
E. BALANCED FLOW E. BALANCED FLOW in FRICTION LAYER in FRICTION LAYER
The Nature of FrictionThe Nature of Friction The Friction LayerThe Friction Layer The Effect of Friction upon the The Effect of Friction upon the
Geostrophic WindGeostrophic Wind AssumptionsAssumptions
– Same as for geostrophic wind case, Same as for geostrophic wind case, exceptexcept F FFriction Friction is is not not zero. zero.
![Page 58: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9797
Flow in Friction LayerFlow in Friction LayerSee Fig. 9.15 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.15 Moran & Morgan (1997)
FrictionFrictionSubgeostrophicSubgeostrophic
No FrictionNo FrictionGeostrophicGeostrophic
![Page 59: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9898
Wind Vector in Friction LayerWind Vector in Friction LayerSee Fig. 9.15 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.15 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Vector Direction:Vector Direction:•Angles across isobarsAngles across isobars
•TowardToward Low Low in in either hemisphereeither hemisphere
Vector MagnitudeVector Magnitude1. 1. Depends on FrictionDepends on Friction2. 2. Less than Less than
Geostrophic WindGeostrophic Wind
![Page 60: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 100100
Buys Ballot RuleBuys Ballot Rule
![Page 61: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 101101
Observation:Observation:““Right with Height”Right with Height”
![Page 62: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 102102
Variation of Friction Effects with HeightVariation of Friction Effects with HeightSee Fig. 9.16 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.16 Moran & Morgan (1997)
NOTE: “Right with height”NOTE: “Right with height”
![Page 63: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 104104
Varying effects of Surface RoughnessVarying effects of Surface Roughness
![Page 64: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 105105
Variations in Surface Roughness leads Variations in Surface Roughness leads to divergence/convergence patternsto divergence/convergence patterns
See Fig. 9.22 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 9.22 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 65: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 107107
F. CURVED, HORIZONTAL BALANCED F. CURVED, HORIZONTAL BALANCED MOTIONMOTION - -
“GRADIENT FLOW” “GRADIENT FLOW”
AssumptionsAssumptions– Without FrictionWithout Friction
Two CasesTwo Cases
![Page 66: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 109109
Summary of Forces for selected modelsSummary of Forces for selected modelsSee Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Forces Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Geostrophic Wind
Gradient Wind
Surface Winds
Pressure Gradient
Vertical X Horizontal X X X
Centripetal X X
Coriolis X X X
Friction X
Gravity X
MODELSMODELS
![Page 67: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 110110
““GRADIENT” FLOW: ANTICYCLONIC CaseGRADIENT” FLOW: ANTICYCLONIC CaseSee Fig. 9.13 Moran and Morgan (1997):See Fig. 9.13 Moran and Morgan (1997):
![Page 68: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 111111
““GRADIENT” FLOW: ANTICYCLONIC CaseGRADIENT” FLOW: ANTICYCLONIC CaseSee Fig. 9.13 Moran and Morgan (1997):See Fig. 9.13 Moran and Morgan (1997):
![Page 69: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 112112
““GRADIENT” FLOW: CYCLONIC CaseGRADIENT” FLOW: CYCLONIC Case See Fig. 9.14 Moran and Morgan (1997):See Fig. 9.14 Moran and Morgan (1997):
![Page 70: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 113113
““GRADIENT” FLOW: CYCLONIC CaseGRADIENT” FLOW: CYCLONIC Case See Fig. 9.14 Moran and Morgan (1997):See Fig. 9.14 Moran and Morgan (1997):
![Page 71: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 116116
G. GRADIENT FLOW WITH FRICTIONG. GRADIENT FLOW WITH FRICTION
Resultant flow with FrictionResultant flow with Friction F FCentripetalCentripetal = = FFPG,HPG,H + F + FCor Cor + F+ FFriction Friction
(A vector summation)(A vector summation)..
![Page 72: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 117117
Summary of Forces for selected modelsSummary of Forces for selected modelsSee Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Forces Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Geostrophic Wind
Gradient Wind
Surface Winds
Pressure Gradient
Vertical X Horizontal X X X
Centripetal X X
Coriolis X X X
Friction X
Gravity X
![Page 73: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 118118
G. GRADIENT FLOW WITH FRICTIONG. GRADIENT FLOW WITH FRICTION
Resultant flow with FrictionResultant flow with Friction F FCentripetalCentripetal = = FFPG,HPG,H + F + FCor Cor + F+ FFriction Friction
(A vector summation)(A vector summation).. Applicability to the AtmosphereApplicability to the Atmosphere SituationSituation Resultant DiagramsResultant Diagrams
![Page 74: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 119119
Anticyclonic Flow in Friction LayerAnticyclonic Flow in Friction LayerFig. 9.17 Moran & Morgan (1997)Fig. 9.17 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 75: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 120120
Cyclonic Flow in Friction LayerCyclonic Flow in Friction LayerFig. 9.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)Fig. 9.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 76: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 121121
Near-Surface WindsNear-Surface Winds in each Hemispherein each Hemisphere See Figs. 9.17 & 9.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Figs. 9.17 & 9.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)
![Page 77: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 122122
Summary of Forces for selected modelsSummary of Forces for selected modelsSee Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 9.1 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Forces Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Geostrophic Wind
Gradient Wind
Surface Winds
Pressure Gradient
Vertical X Horizontal X X X
Centripetal X X
Coriolis X X X
Friction X
Gravity X
MODELSMODELS
![Page 78: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 123123
H. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN H. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL && VERTICAL MOTIONS VERTICAL MOTIONS
DilemmaDilemma Convergence / DivergenceConvergence / Divergence Principle of Mass ContinuityPrinciple of Mass Continuity
![Page 79: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 124124
Features in a Surface Low Features in a Surface Low (Convergence & Ascent)(Convergence & Ascent)
![Page 80: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 125125
Features in a Surface High Features in a Surface High (Sinking & Divergence)(Sinking & Divergence)
![Page 81: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 126126
H. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN H. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL && VERTICAL MOTIONS VERTICAL MOTIONS (con’t.)(con’t.)
Dines’ CompensationDines’ Compensation Resultant Vertical MotionsResultant Vertical Motions
Implications of Dines' CompensationImplications of Dines' Compensation
![Page 82: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 128128
I. VORTICES & VORTICITYI. VORTICES & VORTICITY
DefinitionsDefinitions Characteristic Vortex FeaturesCharacteristic Vortex Features
![Page 83: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 129129
VorticityVorticity
Types of VorticityTypes of Vorticity
Cyclonic VorticityCyclonic Vorticity
Anticyclonic VorticityAnticyclonic Vorticity
![Page 84: ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Spring 2002 LECTURE 20 (con’t.) THE THEORY OF WINDS: PART III - RESULTANT ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS (con’t.) A. Introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697bff21a28abf838cbbf06/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 130130
VorticityVorticity
Conservation of VorticityConservation of Vorticity