atlantic world 2013 americas, africa
TRANSCRIPT
1450 - 1750
Janet Pareja, Signature School AP World History, Evansville, Indiana, outdoes herself in this now Legendary power point. Re-released in 2015 for your enjoyment.
Spain & Portugal: Kick-off!
Prince Henry the Navigator – 1488
Bartolomeu Diaz – 1488
Vasco da Gama- 1497 Rounded tip of Africa India
Columbus – 1492…
Amerigo Vespucci – 1500
S. America =huge!
Ponce de Leon – 1513
Florida, Spain
Vasco de Balboa – 1513
C. Am., Spain, Pacific!
Ferdinand Magellan – 1519 Around tip of S. Am. – Port.
Died: Phillippines; Crew Circumnavigated
England, Netherlands, France join the game!
Verrazano – 1524 – N. Am for France
Sir Francis Drake – 1578 – 1st English to circumnavigate; Explored Pacific & sought NW passage
John Cabot – 1597 – N. Am coast – Eng.
Henry Hudson – 1609 – Dutch –sought north passage, Hudson River & claimed New York for Dutch
Volta do
Mar
Demonstrates the role / power of the Church
Significance?
New Technologies Available:
Advanced Cartography
Astrolabe
Compass
Sternpost Rudder
Lateen Sails
Three-MastedGalleon & Caravel: Large sails, provision & cargo
space… Faster, lighter than Spanish
Galleon…
Desired luxury goods / wealth Merchants – personal wealth! Crown –tax & prestige & war!
Fierce competition! Prestige, wealth. Wealthy & Strong Monarchs
“Renaissance Effect” - Innovation & Imagination
Humanism:belief that Man CAN do anythingwith God’s help…For God, King and Profit!
Missionary fervor
Desire for more land for growing population?
Nouveau riche?
One of the few crops both hemispheres had in common: COTTON.
Grape vines, peas, beef & dairy cattle,
pigs, fowl, sheep, horses…
Squash, peppers, chilis, yams…
Plants, Animals:
Food…Cash Crops –Wheat, grapes, corn, potatoes… tobacco, sugar…
Food, pack animals, dairy, leather - Horse, cows, sheep, pigs… domestic animals.
PLAGUE of PEOPLE: Colonists Armies & Administrators Slaves
Few: New strains of Syphilis Chagas Disease (S. America) Possibly Tuberculosis
Most of humanity’s worst inflictions:
Smallpox Malaria Yellow Fever Measles Cholera Typhoid Bubonic Plague…
“The Great Dying:”
YOU tell ME… No, SHOW me!
Signature School Community
Service 1 Week
1st encounter
Columbus
Trading Posts
Forced Labor
Smallpox & Death
Meso America
Hernan Cortes – 1519
450 Men
Mexico - Aztec
Tenochtitlan
Quetzacoatl Guests
Aztec tributaries’ role
Montezuma
Gold
Disease!
Francisco Pizarro – 1531 Fewer than 200 Men Overland to Andes Inca civil war Guests Atahualpa Hostage System Gold Conversion & Murder Disease!
South America
Rembrandt:
Man in a Gold Helmet,
1650
Spanish Advantage: Helmets, armor Guns & swords HORSES! Aztec religious beliefs Aztec trust Aztec enemies SMALL POX!
St. Augustine, Fla.
Panama City, Fla.
Concepcion, Chile
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Salvador, Brazil
Exaggeration?
Native Americans were not immune to Old World diseases, notably Small Pox.
Many were worked to death in the mines
and fields.
Others were put to death when they revolted.
Yet others committed suicide, throwing
themselves off cliffs or consuming poisonous leaves, to escape their cruel masters.
Some scholars suggest that by 1531 their
population shrunk between 80% and 90%.
“There were 60,000 people living on this island
[when I arrived in 1508], including the Indians;
so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million
people had perished from war, slavery and the
mines. Who in future generations will believe
this?”
The Spaniards "made bets as to who would slit
a man in two, or cut off his head at one blow; or
they opened up his bowels. They tore the
babes from their mothers breast by their feet,
and dashed their heads against the rocks...they
spitted the bodies of other babes, together with
their mothers and all who were before them, on
their swords....and by thirteens, in honor and
reverence for our Redeemer and the twelve
Apostles they put wood underneath and, with
fire, they burned the Indians alive…"
Convert the indigenous people
Often gathered them on church land, converted, to save from slavery
Interrupted their culture
Infectious European diseases spread
Mexico City & Lima, Peru
Viceroys – “in the name of”-representatives of Spanish King Tremendous power Not royals usually
Audencias – review courts & legislators
Capitancias- military districts countries later
Strictly Hierarchical System
1. Peninsulares select group of Spanish-born
officials governed the colonies
Don Rafael Montero
Born in colonies to Spanish parents
Looked down upon because not born in Spain. Could not hold highest posts.
Educated, wealthy, inherited land…
After many generations demanded recognition
Elena
Alejandro Murrieta
African ---- Spaniard -----Spaniard -----Amerindian -----African
Mulatto Creole Mestizo Zambo
1. De Español y d'India, Mestisa2. De español y Mestiza, Castiza3. De Español y Castiza, Español4. De Español y Negra, Mulata5. De Español y Mulata, Morisca6. De Español y Morisca, Albina7. De Español y Albina, Torna atrás8. De Español y Torna atrás, Tente en el aire9. De Negro y d'India, China cambuja.10. De Chino cambujo y d'India; Loba11. De Lobo y d'India, Albarazado12. De Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino13 De Indio y Barcina; Zambuigua14. De Castizo y Mestiza; Chamizo15. De Mestizo y d'India; Coyote16. Indios gentiles (Heathen Indians)
Peninsulares given: Land & everything
on/under it… mineral rights, agriculture, rivers, etc.
Native workers for Agriculture, Mining, Manufacture… slaves!
Peninsulares required to “Protect” & Convert native workers
Church protested to Viceroys, King, Pope…
Spanish Forced Labor System
Still required to work mines &
haciendas, BUT: Limited work hours, days Minimal Wages
BUT, State projects were still requiredBased on:
MITA Labor/Tribute System
Inca roads SILVER MINES
Abusive, though paid – never returned!
Potosi: Mountain of Silver!
“Rich as Potosi!”
1/5 of silver production directly Spanish Crown
Tax on all mineral products
Funded: Spanish wars in Europe
Hapsburgian Rulers Spanish Armada Trade with China, Europe
Silver Trade
Manila Galleons
Sugar Cane Plantations!
Engenhos Machine
1542 began to “mill”
“engenheiro”
Slaves: indigenous Imported from Africa…
Agricultural goods: - Sugar- Cachaca- Tobacco- Cotton- Wood - Rubber- Gold- Coffee
The Sugar Cycle: 1530-1700
Colonial society created to resemble the IDEAL Europe - ideal, that is, for the Entrepreneur!
Strongly hierarchical government & society, under power of home monarchy: Spain or Portugal
“For God, King and Profit!” - Missionary, Patriotic & Entrepreneurial Motives
Key products: Sugar and Silver (Brazil and New Spain)
Indigenous labor Indenture Slave Labor
EXPLOITATION NATURAL RESOURCES
PEOPLE!!
Did not bring Wives,
Families, Possessions
From Spain…
How did that affect Spanish
Colonial Society?
1450 – 1750
English, Dutch, French…
Under Direct Control of Private Investors, NOT home government! Port Royal, Quebec Jamestown & Massachusetts Bay New Amsterdam
New Spain: North America:- No families/women; - Immigration – women,
- children, families
- Intermingling; - No intermingling;
- More slaves - More Indentured Servants
- Indentured later - Slaves later
“English concept of, and DEMAND for, PRIVATE OWNERSHIP of LAND was a strange & threatening concept for indigenous population.”
WHY?
English Enclosure
Laws1750-1800’s & beforeNo free range farming
Colonists hungry for land…
Church on the side of Entrepreneurs!
Do whatever it takes to earn the most money!
The “Beauty” of a Joint Stock Company: Pools investments – proportional risk & profit
Shares / stock in companies
Church revised ban on lending and
charging interest Banking respectable
Caravel - Huge & FAST
“Free” Goods – exploited…
Large Wealthy Merchant Class
MONOPOLIES granted
on Trade Routes:
British East India Company
VOC – Dutch - Spice Islands (Indonesia)
Royal Muscovy Company –
British to Russia
Original Red Coat
1. Import inexpensive raw materials;
Export expensive finished /manufactured products
2. COLONIZE! Produce raw materials for Mother Buy finished products from Mother
3. Competition between countries: Tariffs on outsider imports No tariffs on imports from/to own
colonies/Mother (part of same family, right?)
Are in competition with all other European countries
You have colonies, and you MUST HAVE COLONIES! You IMPORT RAW MATERIALS ($) and EXPORT
MANUFACTURED GOODS ($$$)
TAX GOODS imported from other countries outside the mother-country-colony system.
Have a powerful, wealthy ruler and a very wealthy new MERCHANT CLASS…
who are also starting to feel
somewhat powerful!
MERCANTILISM
WHO GETS RICH in this system ????
American Revolution Sample…
1763 - 1776Philadelphia
12-16-17731770
1765
1764
17631772
1776
Abigail Adams
1787
1789 signed, 1791 ratified
Looking back, John Adams concluded in 1818:
"The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people....This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution."
USE MLA format!!!
1450 – 1750
Cheap Plantation labor Needed for Mercantilism to work!
(Ghana, Mali) Songhai fell to Moroccan guns small regional kingdoms Portuguese built forts &
churches along coast Began to trade & convert…
and buy slaves.
Swahili City States –> Portuguese cannons &
navy – 1505 Disrupted trade w/ Arabs Portuguese picked up
trade… Swahili City States never
fully recovered.
Centralized state along Congo River 1483- Portuguese began commercial
relations
Emissaries to Portugal from Kongo. Portuguese sent priests, artisans,
European goods, including a printing press.
King converted to Christianity; sent son to school in Portugal, returned as Catholic bishop to Kongo.
Court spoke Portuguese, European etiquette, etc. King changed name to Afonso I .
Sought mutually beneficial trade relationship with Portugal…including a carefully controlled slave trade…
"Each day the traders are kidnapping our
people - children of this country, sons of our
nobles and vassals, even people of our own
family. This corruption and depravity are so
widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise, unless it is wine and flour for Mass. It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves.”
“Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains. To satisfy this inordinate appetite, they seize many of our … free subjects.... They sell them. After having taken these prisoners [to the coast] secretly or at night..... (and) As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red-hot iron….”
By the mid-1600’s European colonists living in
the area went to war with the next King of Kongo…
and beheaded him.
The Portuguese moved on to Angola…
What is the Significance of learning about the Kingdom of Kongo?
Colony for Portuguese slave trade
King Nzinga Allied w/ Dutch to drive out the
Portuguese; then expelled the Dutch!
Wanted to create a vast central African empire
After her death, Angola became the first fully European colony in Africa.
Significance?
Regional Kingdoms
1652 - Dutch trade trading post at Cape Town
1700 – Colonists
Became the most prosperous European colony in Sub-Saharan Africa
Significance??
1745 - 1797
Ex-Slave
Abolitionist
Painting in Royal Albert Museum
Overcrowding Ventilation Sanitation Food Sea Sickness Disease Bedwarmers Death Insanity Suicide- starvation,
jump Revolt
Diversion of trade away from Muslim world: Trans-Atlantic largely replaced trans-
Saharan trade. Europe side-steps Arab “middle man”
for cotton, sugar cane, coffee, gold, etc. Silver mining – trade with China via Europe
& Manila Galleons
European wealth & capital increased. Merchants & Monarchs profited. More economic change, ie:
Industrial Revolution
Some African merchants, rulers, states benefited.
Weakened trade inside Africa: Internal trade not a priority. Trade with Islamic Caliphate
changed/suffered.
Demographics changed : for generations, impacting cultures and economies.
With “guns for slaves” trade, political instability in African slave trading states and nearby states… which continues today.
Nigeria
Darfur
Somalia
?
1771 - James Somerset Escaped slavery in the US and came to England. His
master pursued him, and the British government refused to return him to his previous owner. Somerset was set free. But slaves continued to be sold in Britain and British slaves ships continued taking slaves to the Caribbean.
1780's - Quakers under Granville Sharp publicly campaigned against slavery.
WILLIAM WILBERFORCE became a leading abolitionist, tirelessly lobbying public opinion and parliament.
Abolitionists also resettled freed slaves in Africa.
?
Industrial Revolution in Britain
Efficiency in marketplace of products and jobs Free trade , not Mercantilism Free labor, not slaves who had no purchasing
power and had to be maintained when their health was poor
American Revolution - Britain lost her colonies in N. America – 1776.
French RevolutionUniversal liberty,
brotherhood, and equality
Britain … mechanizing…
1807 the British government declared buying, transporting, selling of slaves illegal. WHY?
1834 – Illegal to OWN slaves &do business with Britain: Freed all children under six in the West Indies. All other ex-slaves were called apprentices and
had to work for nothing for six years. Planters were compensated totaling £20 million.
1838 - Apprenticeships outlawed in Britain as “cruel & repressive” British abolitionists toured the world, speaking out. Great resentment from Americans.
1865 - Slavery abolished in the United States after the Civil War. But the freed slave in the south continued to suffer.
1888 - Brazil was the last country in Americas to abolish slavery.