AFRICA AND AMERICAS

I. KUSHITES CONQUER THE NILE

A. PEOPLE OF NUBIA (KUSH) 1. LOCATION

a. SOUTH OF EGYPTb. BETWEEN FIRST

CATARACT AND FORK OF BLUE AND WHITE NILE

2. LINK FOR TRADE

a. NORTH – EGYPT AND MED.b. SOUTH – INTERIOR AFRICA

AND RED SEA

3. INTERACTION OF EGYPT AND NUBIA

a. NAPATA – CAPITAL, BECAME CENTER FOR SPREAD OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE

b. ADOPTION OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE

1.) LANGUAGE2.) RELIGION3.) CULTURE AND CLOTHING

c. EGYPT’S DECLINE

1.) KUSH TRIED TO RESTORE EGYPTIAN CULTURE

2.) CONQUERED PARTS OF EGYPT

II. AKSUM (AXUM)

A. LOCATION1. ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS NEAR THE RED SEA AND NILE RIVER2. LOCATED ON TRADE ROUTES CONNECTING THE ARABIAN PENINSULA, KUSH & EGYPT, AND INDIAN OCEAN MARITIME ROUTES

B. GROWTH AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION

1. CONQUERED KUSH AND NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

2. RELIGION INITIALLY POLYTHEISTIC WITH NATURE SPIRITS

3. CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AROUND 4TH CENTURY A.D.

III. SOUTH AFRICA AND GREAT ZIMBABWE

A. LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY1. BETWEEN ZAMBEZI (NORTH) AND LIMPOPO (SOUTH) RIVERS2. ON WELL WATERED PLATEAU

B. GREAT ZIMBABWE

1. CONTROLLED TRADE ROUTES TO GOLD FIELDS

2. TAXES - TAXED TRADERS USING TRADE ROUTES

...ZIMBABWE

3. EFFECT – BECAME ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, & RELIGIOUS CENTER

4. AREA EVENTUALLY ADOPTED ISLAM THROUGH TRADE ROUTES

IV. GHANA

A. LOCATION1. CENTRAL WESTERN AFRICA2. NORTH OF NIGER RIVER3. SOUTH OF SAHARAN DESERT

B. GOLD FOR SALT TRADE

1. GOLDa. LOCATION – FROM FORESTED AREA BETWEEN NIGER AND SENEGAL RIVERS

...GOLD

b. MINED OR TAKEN FROM RIVERS

c. TRADE – TRADED FOR SALT AND GOODS

2. SALT

a. LOCATION – SALT FROM SAHARAN DESERT

b. TRADE1.) CARAVANS CARRIED SALT & MED. GOODS

…SALT

2.) TRADED FOR GOODS FROM MED. AND GOLD FROM GHANA

...SALT

c. ESTABLISHED TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTES FROM N. AFRICA TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

C. ISLAMIC INFLUENCES

1. SPREAD – BY TRADE AND CONQUEST

2. CONVERSIONa. RULERS AND UPPER CLASS CONVERTED (NOT LOWER CLASSES)

b. POLYTHEISTIC BELIEFS IN ISLAM

1.) ANIMISM – BELIEF THAT SPIRITS ARE PRESENT IN PLANT, ANIMAL, AND OTHER NATURAL FORCES INCLUDING SOULS OF THE DEAD ANCESTORS

2.) OBSERVED BY LOWER CLASSES ALONG WITH ISLAM

V. MALI

A. LOCATION1. SOUTH OF SAHARA2. SOUTHERN BORDER BOTH SIDES OF NIGER RIVER

B. GOLD-SALT TRADE

1. MALI BUILT WEALTH ON GOLD

2. FOUND NEW DEPOSITS TO THE EAST

3. SHIFTED TRADE ROUTES EAST

C. MANSA MUSA

1. MANSA – EMPEROR2. EXPANDED EMPIRE AND

DIVIDED INTO PROVINCES

3. EFFECTS OF HAJJ

a. BUILT MOSQUES IN CITYb. TIMBUKTU

1.) BECAME IMPORTANT CITY

...HAJJ

2.) ATTRACTED JUDGES, DOCTORS, RELIGIOUS LEADERS, &SCHOLARS

3.) EFFECT – SPREAD ISLAM THROUGHOUT REGION

VI. SONGHAI

A. LOCATION1. SOUTH OF SAHARAN DESERT2. SOUTHERN BORDER BOTH SIDES OF NIGER RIVER

...LOCATION

3. FURTHEST EAST ALONG NIGER RIVER

4. TRADE ROUTES – GAINED CONTROL OVER ALL MAJOR TRADE ROUTES

B. GOLD FOR SALT TRADE

1. CONTINUED TRADE ACROSS SAHARA

2. CONTINUED SPREAD OF ISLAM

VII. MAYAN

A. LOCATION1. FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO TO NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA2. CONTROLLED YUCATAN PENINSULA

B. URBAN CENTERS

1. CITY STATES – STARTED AS COLLECTION OF INDEPENDENT CITY-STATESa. RULED BY A GOD-KINGb. CENTERS FOR TRADE & RELIGIONc. CHICHEN ITZA – MAJOR CITY STATE

2. ARCHITECTURE

a. GIANT PYRAMIDSb. TEMPLESc. PALACESd. ELABORATE STONE

CARVINGS

C. AGRICULTURE AND TRADE

1. LINKS – THROUGH TRADE AND ALLIANCES

2. GOODS TRADED – SALT, FLINT, FEATHERS, SHELLS, CLOTH, HONEY, SHELLS

...AGRICULTURE

3. MONEY – CACAO BEANS (CHOCOLATE)

4. BASIS OF MAYAN LIFEa. AGRICULTUREb. CROPS – 1.) MAIZE 2.) BEANS 3.) SQUASH

D. RELIGION

1. POLYTHEISTIC WITH NATURE SPIRITS

2. PERFORMED SOME HUMAN SACRIFICE

VIII. AZTEC

A. LOCATION & GEOGRAPHY1. VALLEY OF MEXICO2. MODERN DAY MEXICO CITY3. SEVERAL LARGE, SHALLOW LAKES

B. URBAN CENTERS

1. TEOTIHUACÁNa. FIRST MAJOR CITY STATEb. CENTER OF TRADE NETWORK

C. AZTECS BUILD AN EMPIRE

1. AZTECS GROW STRONGERa. TRIPLE ALLIANCE

1.) JOINED WITH TWO OTHER CITY-STATES

2.) BECAME LEADING POWER IN VALLEY

D. TRADE BRINGS WEALTH

1. TRADE BASED ON AGRICULTURAL ITEMS

E. RELIGION

1. TYPE – POLYTHEISTIC2. SACRIFICE

a. HUMAN SACRIFICE ON MASSIVE SCALEb. PYRAMID TEMPLES USED FOR SACRIFICE

IX. INCAN

A. LOCATION1. SOUTH AMERICA2. HIGH PLATEAU OF ANDES3. MODERN DAY PERU

B. PACHACUTI BUILDS AN EMPIRE

1. EXPANSIONa. CONQUERED ALL OF PERUb. STRETCHED 2500 MILES ALONG WEST COAST OF S. AMERICA

2. INCAN CITIES SHOW GOVERNMENT

a. ARCHITECTURE OF GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS THE SAME

b. ROADS BUILT THROUGHOUT EMPIRE

3. ROADS LINK EMPIRE

a. 14,000 MILE NETWORK OF ROADS AND BRIDGES

b. PAVED STONE TO SIMPLE PATHS

c. GUEST HOUSES BUILT TO PROVIDE SHELTER

4. ECONOMY

a. BASED ON HIGH ALTITUDE AGRICULTURE

b. INCORPORATED TERRACING

C. RELIGION SUPPORTS THE STATE

1. TYPEa. POLYTHEISTICb. BELIEF IN NATURE SPIRITS

X. ACHIEVEMENTS

A. CALENDARB. MATHEMATICSC. WRITING SYSTEMS