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TTesting,

Kanchana Prapphal

for Quality Assurance in Teaching

MMeasurement

and EEvaluation

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TTests, ests, MMeasurement easurement and and EEvaluationvaluation

Test: 1. Measurement instrument

2. Designed to elicit specific sample of behavior

Measurement:

1. Quantification: assigning numbers

2. Characteristics: abilities, traits, attributes, constructs

3. Rules and procedures: must be replicable

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Evaluation: 1. Systematic

2. Gathering of information

3. Making decisions: value judgments

Measurement = Testing+ Quantitative Data

Evaluation = Testing + Quantitative Data + Qualitative Data

+ Judgment

(Bachman, 1990)

TTests, ests, MMeasurement easurement and and EEvaluationvaluation

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Uses of tests in Uses of tests in educational educational programsprograms� Individuals

� a. students� b. teachers� c. administrators

� Programs� a. effectiveness� b. appropriateness� c. efficiency� d. revision

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Assumptions Assumptions necessary for using necessary for using teststests

� 1. Information regarding

educational outcomes is essential to

effective formal education.

� 2. Educational outcomes are

measurable.

(Bachman,

1990)

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Learning Learning OutcomesOutcomes

� Learning outcomes are statements of what is expected that a student will be able to DO as a result of a learning activity.

� Quality Assurance:INPUTINPUT PROC

ESSPROCESS

OUTCOMES

OUTCOMES

Descriptors

Descriptors

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Bloom’s Bloom’s TaxonomyTaxonomy

� Three domains of educational activities:

� Cognitive Domain: involves knowledge and the development of intellectual attitudes and skills

� Affective Domain� Psychomotor Domain

(Bloom, 1956)

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Cognitive Cognitive ObjectivesObjectives

� Knowledg

e� Comprehe

nsion

� Application

� Analysis� Synthesis� Evaluation

SimpleSimple

Complex

Complex

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KnowledgeKnowledge

The remembering of previously learned material

Examples of learning objectives:-know common terms

-know specific facts

-know methods and procedures

-know basic concepts

-know principles

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Knowledge Knowledge (Example)(Example)

Who wrote Brave New World?

A. D.H. Lawrence

B. Aldous Huxley

C. Hemmingway

D. Shakespeare

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ComprehensionComprehensionThe ability to grasp the meaning

of material

Examples of learning objectives:

-understand facts and principles

-interpret verbal materials

-interpret charts and graphs

-translate verbal material to mathematical formulae

justify methods and procedures

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Comprehension Comprehension (Example)(Example)

What is the main idea of this

paragraph?

A. Nitrous oxide can cause an

environmental problem.

B. Nitrous oxide is a potent

greenhouse gas.

C. Nitrous oxide destroys the earth’s

ozone layer.

D. Nitrous oxide’s concentration

appears to be rising.

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ApplicatApplicationion

� The ability to use learned material in new and concrete situations

� Examples of learning objectives:� -apply concepts and principles to

new situations� apply laws and theories to practical

situations� solve mathematical problems� construct graphs and charts� demonstrate the correct usage of a

method or procedure

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Application Application (Example)(Example)

Which one of the following values approximates best to the

volume of a sphere with radius 5m?A. 2000 m3

B. 1000 m3

C. 500 m3

D. 250 m3

E. 125 m3 (MCQ)

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AnalyAnalysissis

� The ability to break down material into its component parts

� Examples of learning objectives:� - recognize unstated assumptions� -recognize logical fallacies in

reasoning� distinguish between facts and

inferences� evaluate the relevancy of data� analyze the organizational structure

of a work

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Analysis Analysis (Example)(Example)

Here are the five Basic Needs

determined by Maslow:

1. Comfort and survival

2. Safety

3. Belongingness and love

4. Self-esteem and the esteem of others

5. Self-actualization

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Analysis Analysis (Example)(Example)

Determine in what way the Germans meet these needs and to

what extent the German pattern differs from the American

pattern. Give examples.

(Valette)

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SynthSynthesisesis

� The ability to put parts together to form a new whole

� Examples of learning objectives:� -write a well organized theme� -give a well organize speech� write a creative short story� propose a plan for an experiment� integrate learning from different

areas into a plan for solving a problem

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Synthesis Synthesis (Example)(Example)

Write a paragraph summarizing the text you have read. Your

summary should have a topic sentence defining the problem,

some of the causes, some of the effects, and a conclusion.

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EvaluationEvaluation

The ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose based on definite criteria

Examples of learning objectives:

- judge the logical consistency of written material

-judge the adequacy with which conclusions are supported by data

judge the value of a work by the use of internal criteria (organization) or external standards of excellence

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Evaluation Evaluation (Example)(Example)

“The United States took part in the Gulf War against Irag BECAUSE of the lack of civil liberties imposed on the Kurds by Saddam Hussein’s regime.”A. The assertion and the reason are

both correct and the reason is valid.

B. The assertion and the reason are both correct but the reason is invalid.

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Evaluation Evaluation (Example)(Example)

C. The assertion is correct but the reason is

incorrect.

D. The assertion is incorrect but the reason

is correct.

E. Both the assertion and the reason are

incorrect.

(MCQ)

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Verbs specifying Verbs specifying different sorts of different sorts of outcome (Knowledge)outcome (Knowledge)

arrange order define recognize duplicate

label recall list repeat memorize

state relate reproduce

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ComprehensionComprehension

classify locate describe recognize discuss

report explain restate express review

identify select indicate translate

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ApplicationApplication

apply operate choose practice demonstrate

schedule dramatize sketch employ solve

illustrate use interpret write

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AnalyAnalysissis

analyze differentiate appraise discriminate calculate

distinguish categorize examine compare experiment

contrast question criticize test

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SynthesSynthesisis

arrange formulate assemble manage collect

organize compose plan construct prepare

create propose design write

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EvaluaEvaluationtion

appraise judge argue predict assess

rate attach score choose select

compare support estimate evaluate

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Advantages of Advantages of specifying specifying learning learning outcomesoutcomes� Help students learn more

effectively.� Make it clear what students can

hope to gain from a course.� Help instructors to design their

materials more effectively.� Help instructors select the

appropriate teaching strategy.� Assist in setting examinations

based on the materials delivered.� Ensure that appropriate assessment

strategies are employed.

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Behavioral Behavioral ObjectivesObjectivesBehavioral Behavioral ObjectivesObjectives

Process Process DescriptoDescripto

rsrs

Process Process DescriptoDescripto

rsrs

Product Product DescriptDescript

orsors

Product Product DescriptDescript

orsors

Quality Quality AssuranAssuran

cecein in

TeachinTeachingg

Quality Quality AssuranAssuran

cecein in

TeachinTeachingg

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References

� Bachman, L.F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

� Bloom, B.S. (Ed.) 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals: Handbook I, Cognitive Domain. N.Y.; Toronto: Longmans, Green.

� Cronbach, L.J. 1989. Essentials of Psychological Testing. Fourth Edition. N.Y.: Harper & Row

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References (continued)

� Gronlund, N. and Linn, R.L. 1990. Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching (6th ed.). N.Y.: Macmillan.

� Thorndike, R. L. and Hagen, E. (1969). Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education (3 rd ed.). N.Y. :Wiley.

� http://www..coun.uvic.ca� http://www. reach.ucf.edu� http://www.uct.ac.za

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Chulalongkorn UniversityChulalongkorn University -- Academic Testing Center (CU-ATC)Academic Testing Center (CU-ATC)Http://www.cuatc.chula.ac.th