astro diagnosis virgo

8/17/2019 Astro Diagnosis Virgo

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This Article on Astro Diagnosis is continuing from Jan 2010 issue as a series of 12

Zodiac signs till December 2010 in this Astrovision. Medical Anatomy of the Body& Natal Charts (Courtesy: Dr. Bhamidipati Satyanarayana, MD – KPAF Member &Source: Astrodatabank). Sri K Raghavendra Kumar M.Sc. B.Ed, Member of KPAF

Hyderabad was extended his assistance in preparing this article.

VirgoIn Medical Astrology 6th Cusp ofNatal Chart represents

Virgo rules the abdominal &

Umbilical Regions, Bowls, the largeand small intestines, the lowerlobes of the liver, and the spleen,therefore afflictions in Virgo

produce peritonitis, malnutrition,interference with the absorption of

the chyle, typhoid fever, cholera,and appendicitis, Lose motions,

Vitamin B Deficiency. NervesSystem. Tape worm, Round worm,Hook worm,

Mercury as Lord of Virgo represents Veins, Lungs, Tongue, Arms, Mouth, Hair,Nervous System, Chest, Skin, Naval, Nose, Spinal System & Gall Bladder.

Disease of Chest, Nerves, Nose, disease from poison Itches, Mental disease of aIIkinds, Madness, disease of Gall Bladder, Paralysis, Fits, Ulcers, Indigestion,

Cholera, disease of Mouth & Skin, Neuromas, Leucoderma, Impotence, Vertigodeafness and skin diseases.

Daivagnya SiromaniO V N Murthy, M.Com. FCS.

Company Secretary

Nizam Sugars Limited,

I Floor, Shakkar Bhavan, Basheerbagh,Hyderabad 500004 AP

Ph. Off. 23232212 Res. 27405975

Mobile : 94417-78427

Email: [email protected]

www.saibhavishyavani.com & Sri Raghavender Kumar MSc.B.Ed.

Astro Diagnosis VirgoOM GAJAANANAM NAMAMYAHAM

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.saibhavishyavani.com/http://www.saibhavishyavani.com/http://www.saibhavishyavani.com/mailto:[email protected]


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Virgo is a feminine and negative sign, the second of the earthy triplicity, and hasless power of resistance that the fixed sign of Leo. Virgo may stand considerablestrain, however, being of a nervous and wiry temperament; still when the

Virgoan gives up, he finds it very hard to rise and shake off an illness. Being of anegative disposition he is apt to let circumstances rule him, and does not assert

his will power to overcome. Virgo is the natural sixth house sign, the house whichhas rule over sickness; hence when Virgo people once get into the clutches ofsickness, they are apt to become chronic invalids. Therefore though such people

make excellent nurses, they should be advised against this vocation and avoidsick rooms and hospitals, for they are like sponges and every ready to take on

the disease of their patients.

Virgo rules the abdominal region, intestines (Moon/Rahu/Kethu), the lower lobesof the liver, the spleen, the duodenum (Moon), and the sympathetic nervoussystem.

The afflictions which may be classed under the sign of Virgo are determinedlargely by the planets which may be afflicted in this sign. Cramps in the intestines(Moon), wind, colic (Moon), malnutrition, diarrhoea (Moon/Mars), constipation,

peritonitis (Sun/Moon/Mars), cholera (Mercury/Mars), dysentery, worms(Venus/Mars), catarrh of the bowels, and appendicitis (Moon/Mars/Saturn) may

result from afflictions in Virgo.

Virgo contains Uttara Phalguni 2-4, Hasta & Chitta 1-2 pada who rules thefollowing anatomy of the body:

Uttara 2-4: Intestines (Moon), Bowels & Liver, Obstructions, Stomach disorder

(Sun), Sore Throat and swelling in Neck. Tumours in the Bowels.

Hastha: Bowels, Intestines (Moon), Secreting Glands, Enzymes. Vitamin B

deficiency, Gas formation, Loose Bowels, Pain & disorders in Bowels,Obstructions, short breath, Worms, Mucui, Cholera, Diarrohea (Moon), Typhoid(Sun/Moon/Mars), Amoebic, Dysentery, Fear Complex, Hysteria and Mental

diseases.

Chitra: Belly (Sun), Lower Part. Ulcers (Mercury), Sharp & Acute pains, Worms(Venus), Irritation & itching, Legs pain, Dry gripping pain, wounds from Insects

Mercury rules Gemini and Virgo, therefore his afflictions manifest in diseasesrelated to these signs, as bronchitis, pulmonary and respiratory troubles. He also

rules the right cerebral hemisphere, the motor segment of the spinal cord, andthe vocal cords, hence locomotor ataxia and nervous and vocal disorders are

among his manifestations; so is deafness.

Mercury in Aries gives a tendency to brain fever, nervous headache, vertigo,neuralgia, and, by reflex action in Libra, nervous disorders of the kidneys, and

lumbago.

Mercury in Taurus gives a tendency to stuttering, hoarseness and deafness, and

by reflex action in Scorpio, nervous affections of the genito-urinary system.

Mercury in Gemini gives a tendency to gout in head, arms, and shoulders,bronchitis, asthma, asphyxiation, pleurisy, and, by reflex action in Sagittarius,

nervous pains in the hips.


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Mercury afflicted in Cancer gives a tendency to nervous indigestion, phlegm,flatulence, and drunkenness.

Mercury in Leo gives a tendency to pain in the back, fainting, and palpitation of

the heart.

Mercury in Virgo gives a tendency to flatulence, wind colic, short breath, and

nervous debility.

Mercury in Libra gives a tendency to suppression of urine, renal paroxysms,lumbago, and, by reflex action in Aries, vertigo, nervous headaches and eye

trouble.

Mercury in Scorpio gives a tendency to pains in bladder and genitals, menstrual

trouble, and, by reflex action in Taurus, stuttering or hoarseness and deafness.

Mercury in Sagittarius gives a tendency to pain in the hips and thighs. By reflexaction in Gemini, cough, asthma and pleurisy.

Mercury in Capricorn gives a tendency to rheumatism, especially in the knees;pains in the back, skin diseases, melancholy; by reflex action in Cancer, nervous

indigestion, flatulence.Mercury in Aquarius gives a tendency to shooting or gnawing pains in the whole

body, varicose veins, corrupt blood and, by reflex action in Leo, palpitation, andneuralgia of the heart.

Mercury in Pisces gives a tendency to gout in the feet, or they are tender and

subject to cramp, or, by reflex action in Virgo, a general weakness, lassitude,worry, and sometimes tuberculosis, deafness.

Sun in Virgo gives a tendency to interference with the assimilation, peritonitis, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

Venus in Virgo gives a tendency to weakened peristaltic action of the intestines,tumors, tapeworm, and worms in children.

Moon in Virgo gives a tendency to disorders in the bowels, abdominal tumors,

dysentery, and peritonitis.

Saturn in Virgo gives a tendency to weakened peristalsis of the intestines, abated

absorption of chyle, obstruction of the ileum caecum and transverse colon,appendicitis.

Jupiter in Virgo gives a tendency to enlarged liver, often ulcerated, jaundice.

Mars in Virgo gives a tendency to typhoid, inflammation of the bowels, peritonitis,

worms, diarrhoea, cholera, and ventral hernia, appendicitis.

Uranus in Virgo gives a tendency to flatulence, and abdominal cramps.


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In this issue we are discussing elaborately the concerned medical anatomy anddiseases that are connected with Virgo Sign (Kanya Rasi). As this sign is 6th in

Natural Zodiac Ruler Mercury represents.

Seven different varieties of Diseases (Abdomen/Belly, Intestines, Crohan’sDisease, Typhoid, Peritonitis, Diarrhoea /Cholera/Worms, and Appendicitis) weretaken up with supporting natal charts both from the Members of KPAF,

Hyderabad and Astrodata Bank. Hence the Article seems to be very elaboratelike a Research Paper and readers are requested to offer their suggestions and

also any natal charts to the email id: [email protected] to include theirviews also in the coming articles on this medical subject and the natal charts

given by them would be included at the appropriate topic.

Some of the topics on Medical Astrology were previously written by me published

in Ezine of Ahmadabad by Sri Kanak Bosmia on Appendix are again revisited with

new example charts of Westerns also in this Virgo sign as they represent thesame.

I Virgo Ailments:

a. Abdomen/Belly

b. Jajunam (Small Intestines),c. Crohan’s Disease d. Typhoid

e. Peritonitisf. Diarrhoea/Cholera/Worms

g. Appendicitis

a. Abdomen/Belly:

Abdomen: The belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures

between the chest and the pelvis. The abdomen is separated anatomically fromthe chest by the diaphragm, the powerful muscle spanning the body cavity belowthe lungs. The abdomen includes a host of organs including the stomach, small

intestine, colon,rectum, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, appendix, gallbladder,

and bladder. The word "abdomen" has a curious story behind it. It comes fromthe Latin "abdodere", to hide. The idea was that whatever was eaten was hidden

in the abdomen.

In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of thebody between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the

abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the most distalsection of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax.

The human abdomen (also called the belly) is the part of the body between thepelvis and the thorax. Anatomically, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at

the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretchesfrom the lumbosacral angle (the intervertebral disk between L5 and S1) to the

pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inletand under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary

of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritonealsurface at the rear.

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8124http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4824http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4209http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19103http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5560http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5512http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5512http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2787http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5253http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4179http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5531http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4743http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4103http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2312http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3536http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2472http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_brimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_brimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2472http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3536http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2312http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4103http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4743http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5531http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4179http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5253http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2787http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5512http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5512http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5560http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19103http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4209http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4824http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8124mailto:[email protected]


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In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large cavity enclosed by the abdominalmuscles, ventrally and laterally, and by the vertebral column dorsally. Lower ribscan also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is continuous

with the pelvic cavity. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the

diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by a serousmembrane known as the parietal peritoneum. This membrane is continuous withthe visceral peritoneum lining the organs. The abdomen in vertebrates contains a

number of organs belonging, for instance, to the digestive tract and urinarysystem.

Abdominal organs

Digestive tract: Stomach, small intestine, large intestine with cecum and

appendix Accessory organs of the digestive tract: Liver, gallbladder and

pancreas Urinary system: Kidneys and ureters

Other organs: Spleen

The human rectus abdominis muscle of the

human abdomen

Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of the alimentary tract isplaced and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here.The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower esophagus, thestomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, ileum, the cecum and theappendix, the ascending, transverse and descending colons, the sigmoid

colon and the rectum. Other vital organs inside the abdomen include theliver, the kidneys, the pancreas and the spleen.

The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides) and anterior(front) walls.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uretershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentary_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentary_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uretershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral


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The transversus abdominis muscle is flat and triangular, with its fibers runninghorizontally. It lies between the inner oblique and the underlying transversalis

fascia. It originates from Poupart's ligament, the inner lip of the ilium, the lumbarfascia and the inner surface of the cartilages of the six lower ribs. It inserts into

the linea alba behind the rectus abdominis.

The rectus abdominis muscles are long and flat. The muscle is crossed by three

tendinous intersections called the linae transversae. The rectus abdominis is

enclosed in a thick sheath formed, as described above, by fibers from each of thethree muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. They originate at the pubic bone, run

up the abdomen on either side of the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages ofthe fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.

The pyramidalis muscle is small and triangular. It is located in the lowerabdomen in front of the rectus abdominis. || It originates at the pubic bone and

is inserted into the linea alba half way up to the umbilicus.

The relations of the viscera and large

vessels of the abdomen, seen from

behind.

The abdomen contains most of the tubelikeorgans of the digestive tract, as well as

several solid organs. Hollow abdominal organsinclude the stomach, the small intestine, and

the colon with its attached appendix. Organssuch as the liver, its attached gallbladder, and

the pancreas function in close association withthe digestive tract and communicate with it

via ducts. The spleen, kidneys, and adrenal

glands also lie within the abdomen, along withmany blood vessels including the aorta andinferior vena cava. Anatomists may considerthe urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes,

and ovaries as either abdominal organs or aspelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an

extensive membrane called the peritoneum. A fold of

peritoneum may completely cover certain organs,

whereas it may cover only one side of organs that

usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. Anatomists

call the latter type of organs retroperitoneal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_abdominishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linae_transversaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidalis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venae_cavaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venae_cavaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidalis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linae_transversaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectus_abdominishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_abdominis


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Surface landmarks:

In the mid-line a slight furrow extends from the ensiform cartilage/xiphoidprocess above to the symphysis pubis below, representing the linea alba in the

abdominal wall. At about its midpoint sits the umbilicus or navel. On each side of

it the broad recti muscles stand out in muscular people. The outline of thesemuscles is interrupted by three or more transverse depressions indicating thelineae transversae. There is usually one about the ensiform cartilage, one at theumbilicus, and one between. It is the combination of the linea alba and the linea

transversae which form the abdominal "six-pack" sought after by many people.

The upper lateral limit of the abdomen is the subcostal margin formed by thecartilages of the false ribs (8, 9, 10) joining one another. The lower lateral limit is

the anterior crest of the ilium and Poupart's ligament, which runs from theanterior superior spine of the ilium to the spine of the pubis. These lower limitsare marked by visible grooves. Just above the pubic spines on either side are the

external abdominal rings, which are openings in the muscular wall of theabdomen through which the spermatic cord emerges in the male, and through

which an inguinal hernia may rupture.

One method by which the location of the abdominal contents can be appreciatedis to draw three horizontal and two vertical lines.

Horizontal lines

Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for duodenum, pancreas, and kidneys.

The highest of the former is the transpyloric line of C. Addison, which is situated

half-way between the suprasternal notch and the top of the symphysis pubis, andoften cuts the pyloric opening of the stomach an inch to the right of the mid-line.

The hilum of each kidney is a little below it, while its left end approximatelytouches the lower limit of the spleen. It corresponds to the first lumbar vertebra

behind. The second line is the subcostal line, drawn from the lowest point of the subcostal

arch (tenth rib). It corresponds to the upper part of the third lumbar vertebra, and

it is an inch or so above the umbilicus. It indicates roughly the transverse colon, the lower ends of the kidneys, and the upper limit of the transverse (3rd) part ofthe duodenum.

The third line is called the intertubercular line, and runs across between the two

rough tubercles, which can be felt on the outer lip of the crest of the ilium abouttwo and a half inches (60 mm) from the anterior superior spine. This line

corresponds to the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and passes through or just

above the ileo-caecal valve, where the small intestine joins the large.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphoid_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphoid_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphysis_pubishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineae_transversaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiform_cartilagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poupart%27s_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatic_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_herniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpyloric_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprasternal_notchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_ribhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertubercular_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertubercular_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertubercular_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileo-caecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileo-caecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertubercular_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_ribhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprasternal_notchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpyloric_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_herniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatic_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poupart%27s_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiform_cartilagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineae_transversaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphysis_pubishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphoid_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphoid_process


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Vertical lines

The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway betweenthe anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side, vertically

upward to the costal margin.

The right one is the most valuable, as the ileo-caecal valve is situated where itcuts the intertubercular line. The orifice of the vermiform appendix lies an inchlower, at McBurney's point. In its upper part, the vertical line meets the

transpyloric line at the lower margin of the ribs, usually the ninth, and here thegallbladder is situated.

The left mid-Poupart line corresponds in its upper three-quarters to the inner edge

of the descending colon.

The right subcostal margin corresponds to the lower limit of the liver, while the

right nipple is about half an inch above the upper limit of this viscus.

Regions: 9-region scheme

Surface lines of the front of the thorax and abdomen.

These three horizontal and two vertical lines divide the abdomen into nine "regions."(Note that "hypo" means "below" and "epi" means "above", while "chond" means

"cartilage" (in this case, the cartilage of the rib) and "gast" means stomach. The reversalof "left" and "right" is intentional, because the anatomical designations reflect theposition on the patient. )

right

hypochondriac /hypochondriumepigastric /epigastrium

left

hypochondriac/hypochondrium

right lumbar /flank /latus/lateral umbilical left lumbar/flank/lateral

right inguinal /iliac hypogastric /pubic left inguinal/iliac

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileo-caecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBurney%27s_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigastriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latus_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogastriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogastriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latus_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigastriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBurney%27s_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileo-caecal_valve


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4-region scheme

Another way of dividing the abdomen is by using 4 quadrants:

right upper quadrant (RUQ) left upper quadrant (LUQ)

right lower quadrant (RLQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)

(Courtesy: Dr. Bhadmidipati Satyanarayana, MD – KPAF Member)

ANALYSIS:

1 Jack Kerouac

Date 12/03/1922 Time 17:00:00EST Place Lowell MA DaySunday, Lat 42:38:00 N Long 71:19:00 W Zone75:00:00 West Time Corr 0:14:44, KP-NA 22:40:36 BirthStar: Pubba-3 Rasi: Leo Asc. :Leo 20:33:26.

VI,XII, Pisces &Virgo CSL Me(1,9,12) in Ra(10); VIII CSL &Scorpio Sa(2,4,5) in Me(as above); During Mo-Ve (Jan1914) Mr. Gandhi suffered with acute appendicitis, both Moand Ve are connected Me-Ju. All the above rules arecompiled.

2 Franco Moschino

Date 27/02/1950 Time 14:20:00 MET Place AbbiategrassoItaly Day Monday, Lat 45:24:00 N Long 8:54:00 E TZ15:00:00 East Time Corr - 0:24:24, KP-NA 23:04:01 Birth

Star: Arudra-3 Rasi: Gemini, Asc.: Can 3:22:01.

3 Scott Hamilton M:

Date 28/08/1958 Time 09:00:00 EST Place Toledo OHDay Thursday, Lat 41:39:00 N Long 83:33:00 W TZ

75:00:00 W Time Corr - 0:34:12, KP-NA 23:11:08 BirthStar: Dhanista-4 Rasi: Aquarius Asc. : Vir 16:49:25

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_upper_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_upper_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lower_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_lower_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_lower_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lower_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_upper_quadrant_(abdomen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_upper_quadrant_(abdomen)


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b. Jajunam (Small Intestines),

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most highervertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the

small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may

be used instead of jejunum.The jejunum lies between the duodenum and the ileum. The change from theduodenum to the jejunum is usually defined as the ligament of Treitz. In adult humans, the small intestine is usually between 5.5-6m long, 2.5m of

which is the jejunum.The pH in the jejunum is usually between 7 and 9 (neutral or slightly alkaline).

If the jejunum is impacted by blunt force the emesis reflex will be initiated.

The jejunum and the ileum are suspended by mesentery which gives the bowel

great mobility within the abdomen. It also is wrapped by smooth muscle thathelps to move food along by a process known as peristalsis.

Small intestine

Internal structure

The inner surface of the jejunum, its mucous membrane, is covered in

projections called villi, which increase the surface area of tissue available toabsorb nutrients from the gut contents. The epithelial cells which line these villi

possess even larger numbers of microvilli. The transport of nutrients acrossepithelial cells through the jejunum and ileum includes the passive transport of

sugar fructose and the active transport of amino acids, small peptides, vitamins,and most glucose. The villi in the jejunum are much longer than in the duodenumor ileum.

The jejunum contains very few Brunner's glands (found in the duodenum) or

Peyer's patches (found in the ileum). Instead, it has many large circular folds in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament_of_Treitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunner%27s_glandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer%27s_patcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer%27s_patcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunner%27s_glandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament_of_Treitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine


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its submucosa called plicae circulares which increase the surface area for nutrientabsorption.

Ileum

Small intestine

The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates,

including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the smallintestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine

may be used instead of ileum.

The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum

by the ileocecal valve (ICV). In humans, the ileum is about 2-4 m long, and the

pH is usually between 7 and 8 (neutral or slightly alkaline).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosa


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Function: The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts

and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. The wall

itself is made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections

known as villi on its surface. In turn, the epithelial cells which line these villi

possess even larger numbers of microvilli. Therefore the ileum has an extremelylarge surface area both for the adsorption (attachment) of enzyme molecules and

for the absorption of products of digestion. The DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine

system) cells of the ileum secrete various hormones (gastrin, secretin,

cholecystokinin) into the blood. Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the

protease and carbohydrase enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein

and carbohydrate digestion into the lumen of the intestine. These enzymes are

present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells.

The villi contain large numbers of capillaries which take the amino acids andglucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver. Lacteals

are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb fatty acid and

glycerol, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth

muscle enable the digested food to be pushed along the ileum by waves of

muscle contractions called peristalsis.

Differences between jejunum and ileum

There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum. Thereare, however, subtle differences between the two.

The ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the jejunum. The ileum is a paler color, and tends to be of a smaller caliber as well.

While the length of the intestinal tract contains lymphoid tissue, only the

ileum has abundant Peyer's patches, unencapsulated lymphoid nodulesthat contain large numbers of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune

system.

Diseases

An ileal carcinoid tumor is a carcinoid tumor of the ileum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer%27s_patcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_nodulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_nodulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyer%27s_patcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_saltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12


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Carcinoid

Picture of a carcinoid tumour that encroachesinto lumen of the small bowel (centre of image).Pathology specimen. The prominent folds areplicae circulares, a characteristic of small bowel.

Primary site of a carcinoid cancer of gut

Carcinoid (also carcinoid tumour ) is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine

tumour, originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system.

Gastrointestinal

Carcinoid tumours are apudomas that arise from the enterochromaffin cells

throughout the gut. Over two-thirds of carcinoid tumors are found in thegastrointestinal tract. Some sources list the appendix as the most common site.

Other sites / metastases

In cases of metastases it can lead to carcinoid syndrome. This is due to the over-production of many substances, including serotonin, which is released into thesystemic circulation, and which can lead to symptoms of cutaneous flushing,

diarrhea, bronchoconstriction and right-sided cardiac valve disease. It isestimated that less than 10% of carcinoid patients will develop carcinoid

syndrome. Carcinoid tumors are also found in the lungs.

Symptoms

Most carcinoids are asymptomatic through the natural lifetime and are discoveredonly upon surgery for unrelated reasons; these are called coincidental carcinoids.

But all carcinoids are considered to have malignant potential.About 10% of carcinoids secrete excessive levels of a range of hormones, most

notably serotonin causing:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_bowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plicae_circulareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apudomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoid_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoconstrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoconstrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoid_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apudomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plicae_circulareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_bowel


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Flushing

Diarrhea

Wheezing Abdominal cramping

Peripheral edema

Carcinoid tumors are the most common malignant tumor of the appendix, butthey are most commonly associated with the small intestine, and they can also

be found in the rectum and stomach. They are known to grow in the liver, butthis finding is usually a manifestation of metastatic disease from a primarycarcinoid occurring elsewhere in the body. They have a very slow growth ratecompared to most malignant tumors.

Small intestine cancer

Endoscopic image of adenocarcinoma of duodenum seen in the post-bulbar

duodenum.

In oncology, small intestine cancer, also small bowel cancer and cancer of

the small bowel, is a cancer of the small intestine. It is relatively rarecompared to other gastrointestinal malignancies such as gastric cancer (stomach

cancer) and colorectal cancer.

Small intestine cancer can be subdivided into duodenal cancer (the first part of

the small intestine) and cancer of the jejunum and ileum (the later two parts ofthe small intestine). Duodenal cancer has more in common with stomach cancer,

while cancer of the jejunum and ileum have more in common with colorectalcancer.

Several different subtypes of small intestine cancer exist. These include:

adenocarcinoma

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

lymphoma ileal carcinoid tumor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_%28physiology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_%28physiology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileal_carcinoid_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileal_carcinoid_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_%28physiology%29


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Risk factors for small intestine cancer include.

Crohn's disease

Celiac disease

Radiation exposure

Hereditary GI cancer syndromes: familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditarynonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Benign tumours and conditions that may be mistaken for cancer of the small

bowel:

Hamartoma

Tuberculosis

Ileus

Ileus or gastrointestinal atony is a disruption of the normal propulsive gastrointestinalmotor activity due to non-mechanical causes. In contrast, motility disorders that resultfrom structural abnormalities are termed mechanical bowel obstruction. Some mechanicalobstructions are misnomers, such as gallstone ileus and meconium ileus, and are not true

examples of ileus by the classic definition.

Postoperative Ileus: It is a temporary paralysis of a portion of the intestines typicallyafter an abdominal surgery. Since the intestinal content of this portion is unable to move

forward, food or drink should be avoided until peristaltic sound is heard from auscultation

of the area where this portion lies.

Paralytic Ileus: Paralysis of the intestine. To be termed "paralytic ileus," the intestinalparalysis need not be complete, but it must be sufficient to prohibit the passage of food

through the intestine and lead to intestinal blockage.

Paralytic ileus is a common side effect of some types of surgery. It can also result from

certain drugs and from various injuries and illnesses. Paralytic ileus causes constipation

and bloating. On listening to the abdomen with a stethoscope, no bowel sounds are heard

because the bowel is inactive.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_exposurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_exposurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peutz-Jeghers_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peutz-Jeghers_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peutz-Jeghers_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium_ileushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium_ileushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peutz-Jeghers_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_exposurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease


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Acute colonic pseudoobstruction

Gangrenous ileum.

Inhibitory neural reflexes

Inflammation: Ileus may increase adhesion formation, because intestinal segments have

more prolonged contact, allowing fibrous adhesions to form, and intestinal distention

causes serosal injury and ischemia. Intestinal distention has been shown to cause

adhesions in foals. Some respondents also mentioned the importance of walking horses

postoperatively to stimulate motility. Repeat celiotomy to decompress chronically

distended small intestine and remove fibrinous adhesions is also a useful method of

treating ileus and reducting adhesions, and it has been associated with a good outcome.

Symptoms: Symptoms of ileus include, but are not limited to:

moderate, diffuse abdominal discomfort

constipation

abdominal distension

nausea /vomiting, especially after meals lack of bowel movement and/or flatulence

excessive belching

Coeliac disease (spelled celiac disease in North America is an autoimmunedisorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of allages from middle infancy onward. Symptoms include chronic diarrhoea, failure to

thrive (in children), and fatigue, but these may be absent, and symptoms in

other organ systems have been described. A growing portion of diagnoses arebeing made in asymptomatic persons as a result of increased screening. Coeliac

disease is caused by a reaction to gliadin, a prolamin (gluten protein) found inwheat, and similar proteins found in the crops of the tribe Triticeae (whichincludes other cultivars such as barley and rye). Upon exposure to gliadin, and

certain other prolamins, the enzyme tissue transglutaminase modifies theprotein, and the immune system cross-reacts with the small-bowel tissue,

causing an inflammatory reaction. That leads to a truncating of the villi lining thesmall intestine (called villous atrophy). This interferes with the absorption of

nutrients, because the intestinal villi are responsible for absorption. The onlyknown effective treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. While the disease iscaused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as wheat allergy.

Severe coeliac disease leads to the characteristic symptoms of pale, loose andgreasy stool (steatorrhoea), weight loss or failure to gain weight (in young

children). People with milder coeliac disease may have symptoms that are muchmore subtle and occur in other organs rather than the bowel itself. Finally, it is

possible to have coeliac disease without any symptoms whatsoever. Many adultswith subtle disease only have fatigue or anaemia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_discomforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_predispositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_thrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_thrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliadinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transglutaminasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-free_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhoeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhoeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-free_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transglutaminasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticeaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliadinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_thrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_thrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_predispositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_discomforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiotomy


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Gastrointestinal

The diarrhoea that is characteristic of coeliac disease is (chronic)pale, voluminousand malodorous. Abdominal pain and cramping, bloatedness with abdominal

distension (thought to be due to fermentative production of bowel gas) and mouth

ulcers may be present. As the bowel becomes more damaged, a degree of lactoseintolerance may develop. Frequently, the symptoms are ascribed to irritable bowel

syndrome (IBS), only later to be recognised as coeliac disease; a small proportion

of patients with symptoms of IBS have underlying coeliac disease, and screeningfor coeliac disease is recommended for those with IBS symptoms.

Endoscopy

Endoscopic still of duodenum of patient with coeliac disease showing scalloping of folds

Meckel's diverticulum:

A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a small bulge in the

small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of theomphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct or yolk stalk), and is themost frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is present in

approximately 2% of the population, with males more frequently experiencingsymptoms.

Meckel's diverticulum is located in the distal ileum, usually within about 60-100

cm (2 feet) of the ileocecal valve. It is typically 3-5 cm long, runsantimesenterically and has its own blood supply. It is a remnant of the

connection from the yolk-sac to the small intestine present during embryonicdevelopment.

It can also be present as an indirect hernia, typically on the right side, where it is

known as a "Hernia of Littre". A case report of strangulated umbilical hernia withmeckel's diverticulum has also been published in the literature. Furthermore, it

can be attached to the umbilical region by the vitelline ligament, with thepossibility of vitelline cysts, or even a patent vitelline canal forming a vitellinefistula when the umbilical cord is cut. Torsions of intestine around the intestinal

stalk may also occur, leading to obstruction, ischemia, and necrosis.

Blood HLA tests for coeliac disease

Test sensitivity specificity

HLA-DQ2 94% 73%

HLA-DQ8 12% 81%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhoeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalomesenteric_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_herniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity_(tests)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity_(tests)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity_(tests)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_herniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalomesenteric_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhoea


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Symptoms: The majority of people afflicted with Meckel's diverticulum are

asymptomatic If symptoms do occur, they typically appear before the age of two.

The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as

melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus

and intussusception. Occasionally, Meckel's diverticulitis may present with all thefeatures of acute appendicitis. Also, severe pain in the upper abdomen is

experienced by the patient along with bloating of the stomach region. At times,the symptoms are so painful such that they may cause sleepless nights withextreme pain in the abdominal area.

Treatment is surgical. :In patients with bleeding, strangulation of bowel, bowelperforation or bowel obstruction, treatment involves surgical resection of both

the Meckel's diverticulum itself along with the adjacent bowel segment. Inpatients without any of the aforementioned complications, treatment involves

surgical resection of the Meckel's diverticulum only.

Gastric dumping syndrome

Gastric dumping syndrome, or rapid gastric emptying is a condition where

ingested foods bypass the stomach too rapidly and enter the small intestine

largely undigested. It happens when the upper end of the small intestine, theduodenum, expands too quickly due to the presence of hyperosmolar

(substances with increased osmolarity) food from the stomach. "Early" dumpingbegins concurrently or immediately succeeding a meal. Symptoms of earlydumping include nausea, vomiting, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, dizziness and

fatigue. "Late" dumping happens 1 to 3 hours after eating. Symptoms of latedumping include weakness, sweating, and dizziness. Many people have both

types. The syndrome is most often associated with gastric surgery.

It is speculated that "early" dumping is associated with difficulty digesting fatswhile "late" dumping is associated with carbohydrates. Rapid loading of the small

intestine with hypertonic stomach contents can lead to rapid entry of water intothe intestinal lumen. Osmotic diarrhea, distension of the small bowel (leading to

crampy abdominal pain), and hypovolemia can result. In addition, people withthis syndrome often suffer from low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, because the

rapid "dumping" of food triggers the pancreas to release excessive amounts ofinsulin into the bloodstream. This type of hypoglycemia is referred to as

"alimentary hypoglycemia".

Mesenteric ischemia:

This article concerns ischemia of the small bowel. See ischemic colitis forischemia of the large bowel. Mesenteric ischemia (Mesenteric ischaemia - BritishEnglish) is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury of the small

intestine result from inadequate blood supply. Causes of the reduced blood flowcan include changes in the systemic circulation (e.g. low blood pressure) or local

factors such as constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot. It is more common inthe elderly. Three progressive phases of ischemic colitis have been described:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_bleedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_appendicitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_appendicitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_bleedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic


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A hyper active occurs first, in which the primary symptoms are severe abdominal pain andthe passage of bloody stools. Many patients get better and do not progress beyond this

phase.

A paralytic phase can follow if ischemia continues; in this phase, the abdominal painbecomes more widespread, the belly becomes more tender to the touch, and bowel motilitydecreases, resulting in abdominal bloating, no further bloody stools, and absent bowelsounds on exam.

Finally, a shock phase can develop as fluids start to leak through the damaged colon lining.This can result in shock and metabolic acidosis with dehydration, low blood pressure, rapid

heart rate, and confusion. Patients who progress to this phase are often critically ill andrequire intensive care.

Short bowel syndrome:

Short bowel syndrome (SBS, also short gut syndrome or simply short gut) is amalabsorption disorder caused by the surgical removal of the small intestine, or

rarely due to the complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel. Most cases

are acquired, although some children are born with a congenital short bowel. Itusually does not develop unless a person has lost more than two thirds of theirsmall intestine.

The symptoms of short bowel syndrome can include:

Abdominal pain

Diarrhea and steatorrhea (oily or sticky stool, which can be malodorous) Fluid retention

Weight loss and malnutrition

Fatigue

Short bowel syndrome in adults is usually caused by surgery for:

Crohn's disease, an inflammatory disorder of the digestive tract

Volvulus, a spontaneous twisting of the small intestine that cuts off the blood supply andleads to tissue death

Tumors of the small intestine

Injury or trauma to the small intestine

Necrotizing enterocolitis (premature newborn)

Bypass surgery to treat obesity, a now commonly performed surgical procedure

Surgery to remove diseases or damaged portion of the small intestine

Uttara 2-4: Intestines, Bowels & Liver. Tumours in the Bowels,

Obstructions, Stomach disorder.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motility


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ANALYSIS:

4 Edwin E Steinbrecher:

Date 11/02/1906 Time 16:45:00 CST Place Chicago ILDay Sunday, Lat 41:51:00 N Long 87:39:00 W TZ90:00:00 W Time Corr 0:09:24, KP-NA 22:27:08 BirthStar: Uttaraphalguni-3 Rasi: Virgo Asc. : Can 24:26:23

VI,XII, Pisces &Virgo CSL Me(1,9,12) in Ra(10); VIII CSL &Scorpio Sa(2,4,5) in Me(as above); During Mo-Ve (Jan1914) Mr. Gandhi suffered with acute appendicitis, both Moand Ve are connected Me-Ju. All the above rules arecompiled.

5 Edith Custer:

Date 05/01/1923 Time 13:00:00 EST Place Whitestone NY Day FridayLat 40:47:00 N Long 73:49:00 W TZ 75:00:00 W Time Corr 0:04:44KP-NA 22:41:17 Birth Star: Ashlesha-3 Rasi: Cancer Asc. : Ari 25:54:42

6 Sam Mills:

Date 03/06/1959 Time 08:27:00 EST Place Neptune NJDay Wednesday, Lat 40:13:00 N Long 74:02:00 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr - 0:56:08, KP-NA 23:11:46 BirthStar: Bharani-1 Rasi: Aries Asc. : Gem 28:37:03

7 Eric Turner CI Gem:

Date 20/09/1968 Time 00:29:00 PST Place Ventura CADay Friday, Lat 34:16:00 N Long 119:17:00 W TZ120:00:00 W Time Corr - 0:57:08, KP-NA 23:19:33 BirthStar: Makha-3 Rasi: Leo Asc. : Gem 15:06:20


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8 Lovecraft:

Date 20/08/1890 Time 09:00:00 EST Place Providence RIDay Wednesday, Lat 41:50:00 N Long 71:25:00 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr 0:14:20; KP-NA 22:14:10 Birth

Star: Chitra-2 Rasi: Virgo, Asc. : Vir 21:26:39.VI,XII, Pisces &Virgo CSL Me(1,9,12) in Ra(10); VIII CSL &Scorpio Sa(2,4,5) in Me(as above); During Mo-Ve (Jan1914) Mr. Gandhi suffered with acute appendicitis, both Moand Ve are connected Me-Ju. All the above rules arecompiled.

9 Willy Brandt:

Date 18/12/1913 Time 12:45:00 MET Place Lubeck GermanyDay Thursday, Lat 53:52:00 N Long 10:40:00 E TZ15:00:00 E Time Corr - 0:17:20; KP-NA 22:33:42 Birth

Star: Makha-2 Rasi: Leo Asc. : Pis 16:31:31

10 Claude Dauphin:

Date 19/08/1903 Time 14:10:00 MET PlaceCorbeilessonnes France Day Wednesday, Lat 48:36:00 N

Long 2:29:00 E TZ 2:15:00 E Time Corr 0:00:56KP-NA 22:25:03 Birth Star: Arudra-4 Rasi: Gemini Asc. :Sco 12:53:17

11 Frank Sinatra:

Date 12/12/1915 Time 03:00:00 EST Place Hoboken NJ

Day Sunday, Lat 40:44:00 North Long 74:02:00 WestZone 75:00:00 West Time Corr 0:03:52; KP-NA 22:35:22Birth Star: Satabisham-2 Rasi: Aquarius Asc. : Lib 5:47:01


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12 Alan Alda:

Date 28/01/1936 Time 05:07:00 EST Place Manhattan NYDay Tuesday, Lat 40:45:00 N Long 73:59:00 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr 0:04:04; KP-NA 22:52:13 Birth Star:Uttarabadhra-3 Rasi: Pisces, Asc. : Sag 9:16:49

13 Colin Clive:

Date 20/01/1900 Time 01:51:00 GMT Place St. Malo FranceDay Saturday, Lat 48:39:00 N Long 2:01:00 W TZ 0:00:00East Time Corr - 0:08:04; KP-NA 22:22:04 Birth Star:Bharani-4 Rasi: Leo Asc. : Lib 17:22:03

c. Crohan’s Disease

Crohn’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the digestive tractor GI tract. Crohn’s disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from the mouth to the

anus and mostly affects the lower part of the small intestine. Crohn's disease isan autoimmune disease and classified as a type of inflammatory bowel disease. It

primarily causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting or weight loss but may also causecomplications such as skin rashes, arthritis and inflammation of the eye. The symptomsof Crohn’s disease are similar to other intestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel

syndrome and ulcerative colitis.

Afflicted Aries and Virgo signs create abdominal problems. In stars, last quarter of

Punarvasu and Pushya create abdominal troubles. Uttra and Hastha stars control theintestines. Sun controls stomach pain, intestine troubles, diarrhea and other stomachproblems.


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The three most common sites of intestinal involvement in

Crohn's disease are ileal, ileocolic and colonic.

Crohn's disease (also known as granulomatous, and colitis) is an

inflammatory disease of the intestines that may affect any part of thegastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms. It

primarily causes abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody), vomiting, orweight loss, but may also cause complications outside of the gastrointestinaltract such as skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack

of concentration.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocolichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocolichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocolichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_rasheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_rasheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_losshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocolichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum


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Crohn's disease is thought to be an autoimmune disease, in which the body'simmune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract, causing inflammation; it is

classified as a type of inflammatory bowel disease. There has been evidence of a

genetic link to Crohn's disease, putting individuals with siblings afflicted with thedisease at higher risk. It is understood to have a large environmental componentas evidenced by the higher number of cases in western industrialized nations.Males and females are equally affected. Smokers are three times more likely to

develop Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease is one type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It affects the

gastrointestinal tract and can be categorized by the area of the gastrointestinaltract which it affects. Ileocolic Crohn's disease, which affects both the ileum (the

last part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine) and the large

intestine, accounts for fifty percent of cases. Crohn's ileitis, affecting the ileum

only, accounts for thirty percent of cases, and Crohn's colitis, affecting the largeintestine, accounts for the remaining twenty percent of cases and may beparticularly difficult to distinguish from ulcerative colitis. Gastroduodenal Crohn'sdisease causes inflammation in the stomach and first part of the small intestine,

called the duodenum. Jejunoileitis causes spotty patches of inflammation in thetop half of the small intestine, called the jejunum (MedlinePlus 2010). The

disease can attack any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus. However,individuals affected by the disease rarely fall outside these three classifications,

being affected in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the stomachand esophagus.

Gastrointestinal symptoms

Endoscopy image of colon showing serpiginous ulcer, a classic finding in Crohn'sdisease.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocolichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpiginoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpiginoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocolichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease


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Abdominal pain may be the initial symptom of Crohn's disease. It is oftenaccompanied by diarrhea, especially in those who have had surgery. The diarrhea

may or may not be bloody. People who have had surgery or multiple surgeriesoften end up with short bowel syndrome of the gastrointestinal tract. The nature

of the diarrhea in Crohn's disease depends on the part of the small intestine orcolon that is involved. Ileitis typically results in large-volume watery feces. Colitismay result in a smaller volume of feces of higher frequency. Fecal consistency

may range from solid to watery. In severe cases, an individual may have morethan 20 bowel movements per day and may need to awaken at night to defecate.

Visible bleeding in the feces is less common in Crohn's disease than in ulcerativecolitis, but may be seen in the setting of Crohn's colitis. Bloody bowel movements

are typically intermittent, and may be bright or dark red in colour. In the settingof severe Crohn's colitis, bleeding may be copious. Flatulence and bloating may

also add to the intestinal discomfort.

Extraintestinal symptoms

Erythema nodosum on the back of a person with

Crohn's disease.

Endoscopic image of colon cancer identified inthe sigmoid colon on screening colonoscopy forCrohn's disease.

Crohn's disease can lead to several mechanical complications within the

intestines, including obstruction, fistulae, and abscesses. Obstruction typicallyoccurs from strictures or adhesions which narrow the lumen, blocking the

passage of the intestinal contents. Fistulae can develop between two loops ofbowel, between the bowel and bladder, between the bowel and vagina, andbetween the bowel and skin. Abscesses are walled off collections of infection, which can occur in the abdomen or in the perianal area in Crohn's disease

sufferers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bowel_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_nodosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perianalhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perianalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_nodosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome


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Crohn's disease also increases the risk of cancer in the area of inflammation. Forexample, individuals with Crohn's disease involving the small bowel are at higher

risk for small intestinal cancer. Similarly, people with Crohn's colitis have arelative risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer. Screening for colon cancer with

colonoscopy is recommended for anyone who has had Crohn's colitis for at leasteight years. Some studies suggest that there is a role for chemoprotection in theprevention of colorectal cancer in Crohn's involving the colon; two agents have

been suggested, folate and mesalamine preparations. Individuals with Crohn'sdisease are at risk of malnutrition for many reasons, including decreased food

intake and malabsorption. Crohn's disease can cause significant complicationsincluding bowel obstruction, abscesses, free perforation and hemorrhage.

Endoscopic image of Crohn's colitis showing

deep ulceration

Crohn's disease can mimic ulcerative colitis on endoscopy. This endoscopic image

is of Crohn's colitis showing diffuse loss of mucosal architecture, friability ofmucosa in sigmoid colon and exudate on wall, all of which can be found withulcerative colitis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_bowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesalaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_perforationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_perforationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesalaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinal_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_bowel


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14 Thomas Menino

Date 27/12/1942 Time 03:18:00 EST Place Boston MADay Sunday, Lat 42:21:00 N Long 71:03:00 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr - 0:44:12; KP-NA 22:58:01 BirthStar: Makha-1 Rasi:Leo Asc. : Lib 10:54:36

15 Robin Kaplan:

Date 15/05/

astro diagnosis virgo

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