astro diagnosis libra part a

8/17/2019 Astro Diagnosis Libra Part A

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This Article on Astro Diagnosis is continuing from Jan 2010 issue as a series of 12Zodiac signs till December 2010 in this Astrovision. Medical Anatomy of the Body

& Natal Charts (Courtesy: Dr. Bhamidipati Satyanarayana, MD – KPAF Member &Source: Astrodatabank). Sri K Raghavendra Kumar M.Sc. B.Ed, Member of KPAF

Hyderabad was extended his assistance in preparing this article.

Libra In Medical Astrology 7th Cusp ofNatal Chart represents

Libra rules the Lumbar Region &

Skin, Kidneys & Bones of LumbarRegions, Uterus of the Lady

Polyuria, Suppression of the Urine,Inflammation of the Uterus, Brights

disease, Lumbago, RheumaticPains, Eczema, Skin disease, Affect

ion of Vasomotor system, KidneyAppendicitis, Hernia.

Venus as Lord of Libra represents Face, Vision, Genital Organs, Semen, Urine,

Luster of Body, Throat, Water in Body, Glands, Ovaries, Gullet, Chin, Cheeks,Navel, Left Bar & Productive Organ.

Eye troubles, Venereal diseases, Disease in face, Urinal disease, fading away ofLuster of body, Indigestion, Throat troub1es, Diabetes, Dropsy fever and disease

concerning glands, carbuncles, stricture Urethra, Stone in Bladder and Kidneys,

Kidney troubles, Cataract and weakness of sexual organs, tonsillitis, disease of Ovaries, Mucous disease, skin disease, gonorrhea. syphilis, goiter, gout andanemia and Brights disease Cysts etc.

Daivagnya SiromaniO V N Murthy, M.Com. FCS.

Company Secretary

Nizam Sugars Limited,

I Floor, Shakkar Bhavan, Basheerbagh,Hyderabad 500004 AP

Ph. Off. 23232212 Res. 27405975

Mobile : 94417-78427

Email: [email protected]

www.saibhavishyavani.com & Sri Raghavender Kumar MSc.B.Ed.

Astro Diagnosis Libra Part AOM GAJAANANAM NAMAMYAHAM

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Physiologically this sign rules the kidneys, the lumbar region of the spine, theskin, the ureters, which are the tiny ducts running between the kidneys and thebladder, and the vaso-motor system. The afflictions from with the Libran is most

likely to suffer are Bright's disease, lumbago, disturbed urine. The diseasedepends greatly upon the planets afflicting: if Saturn, there is a scarcity of urine;

if Jupiter, an excess, etc. Nephritis, eczema, and diabetes are also diseases fromwhich the Libran is likely to suffer.

VENUS-Throat, kidneys, thymus gland, venous circulation.MOON-Esophagus, uterus, ovaries, lymphatics, sympathetic nervous system

synovial fluid, alimentary canal, lymph, chyle, nerve sheaths.JUPITER-Liver, glycogen, suprarenals, arterial circulation, fibrin of blood,

disposition of fats.MARS-Iron in blood, red coloring matter in blood, genitals, motor nerves, leftcerebral hemisphere, muscular movements, desire body, rectum.

Airy signs rising (Libra) give a nervous temperament and make the person liableto disorders of the lungs, heart and kidneys. Many planets in these signs givepeople literary and artistic inclinations.

The main indicators of health and disease are the Sun, Moon and Ascendant,together with the planets in the First House or just above the Ascendant. The

twelve signs of the Zodiac confer a vitality of differing degrees and when there

are no planets near the rising sign it is of much greater importance thanotherwise. The signs may be classified as follows:

Aries, Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Sagittarius are strongly vital signs.

Gemini, Virgo, Libra and Aquarius are moderately vital.Cancer, Capricorn and Pisces are signs of weak vitality.

The afflictions from Cardinal Signs, Aries, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn, indicateacute ailments which usually run their course and leave no particular trace.

The afflictions from Fixed Signs, Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Aquarius, indicateorganic or hereditary tendencies which are difficult to conquer and usually

become chronic.

The diseases indicated by Common Signs, Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces,

are convertible. They may be entirely overcome or run their course until theybecome chronic, according to the mental temperament of the person in whose

figure these are found.

Libra contains Chithra-3-4, Swathi & Visakha 1-3 pada who rules the followinganatomy of the body:

Chitra 3-4: Kidneys, Loins, Hernia, Lumbar Region of Spine, Vase Motor system.Polyuria, Inflammation of Urethra connecting Kidneys & Bladder, Brights

diseases, Lumbago, Kidneys troubles Excess of Urine, Hemorrhage of thekidneys, Renal stones, Reflux to Aries Sunstroke, Brain fever, pains in head.


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Swathi: Skin, Kidneys, Urethra, Bladder, Polyuria, Urinary troubles, UrethraUlcerated, Pus Formation, Brights disease, eczema, skin trouble, Leprosy.

Visakha 1-3: Lower Abdomen, Parts near Bladder, Kidneys, and PancreaticGlands. Deficiency of Adrenal secretion, Renal abscess, skin eruption, diabetes,

kidney sluggish, insulin deficiency. Congestion of Brain, Coma, Vertigo.

On account of her rulership of Taurus and Libra, Venus is responsible for anumber of affections of the throat and kidneys, also maladies due to

gastronomical indiscretions, lack of exercise, sedentary habits, poor circulation ofthe venous blood, excess of amorous indulgence and dissolute living, hence she

brings obesity, tumors, cysts, poor circulation, venereal diseases, tonsillitis, and

various other disorders. Her general effect when placed in the twelve signs maybe classed as follows:

Venus afflicted in Aries gives a tendency to catarrh in the head, mucus, and, by

reflex action in Libra congestion of the kidneys.

Taurus gives a tendency to mumps, headaches affecting the occipital region,goiter, tonsillitis, and glandular swellings of the throat. By reflect action inScorpio this also brings venereal diseases or other troubles peculiar to the

genitals.

125 Ma-Me Lumbar last rib (12th) L5 Tuberculosis

126 Ma-Ke Inguinal ring, the right at

abdomen and thigh Hernia

Pain/swelling at this part

127 Ma-Ve Cocicys muscle Pain at this region

128 Ma-Su Hypo gastric part below the

stomach

Pain/swelling in stomach

129 Ma-Mo Capsule (enclosed to adrenal) Failure of adrenal

130 Ra-Ra Inguinal ring (abdomen and thigh

duct) Sweating glands

Pain/swelling Hernia

131 Ra-Ju Lumbar Trig on triangular area Tumor and extra growth

132 Ra-Sa Pelvis-bone below abdomen Chronic ailment in pelvis bone

133 Ra-Me Cortex-external layer of adrenal Infection of the layer - Adrenal 134 Ra-Ke Medulla- Inner most portion o f hair Falling of hair

135 Ra-Ve Pear shaped muscle Pain and swelling

136 Ra-Su Pyramid renal part Burning and shooting pains in pyramid

137 Ra-Mo Kidney Ailment of kidney

138 Ra-Ma Mesenteric (memberan attaching to

intestines wall )

Sudden intestinal problem

139 Ju-Ju Appendicular Shooting pain Appendix

140 Ju-Sa Renal Chronicalment of kidney

141 Ju-Me Nipple like duct Convulsions in this duct142 Ju-Ke Urethra (urine track) Complications

143 Ju-Ve Portal (nervous structure aroundurethra)

Puss and swelling in urethra

144 Ju-Su Spleen Swelling and pain

145 Ju-Mo Appendix Swelling appendix


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Gemini gives a tendency to corrupt blood, pulmonary inefficiency, whitlows,warts, and dropsy.

Cancer gives a tendency to distended stomach, gastric tumor, and nausea.

Leo gives a tendency to spinal affections, backache and enlarged heart.

Virgo gives a tendency to weakened peristaltic action of the intestines, tumors,

tapeworm, and worms in children.

Libra gives a tendency to uremia and polyuria; by reflex action in Aries,headaches.

Scorpio gives a tendency to varicocele, venereal diseases, uterine prolapsis ortumours, painful menstruation and other female complaints, and by reflex action

in Taurus, throat affections.

Sagittarius gives a tendency to tumors and kindred diseases in the hips, and byreflex action in Gemini, bronchial and pulmonary affections.

Capricorn gives a tendency to gout in the limbs, and, by reflex action in Cancer,digestive troubles, nausea and vomiting.

Aquarius gives a tendency to varicose veins, and, by reflex action in Leo, hearttrouble.

Pisces gives a tendency to tender feet, bunions, chilblains, gout, and, by reflex

action in Virgo, abdominal tumors and intestinal disorders.

The Sun afflicted in Libra gives a tendency to Bright's disease and eruptions of

the skin through overheated blood, for Saturn rules the skin and Libra is hisexaltation sign.

Mercury afflicted in Libra gives a tendency to suppression of urine, renalparoxysms, lumbago, and, by reflex action in Aries, vertigo, nervous headaches

and eye trouble.

The Moon afflicted in Libra gives a tendency to Bright's disease, abscess of the

kidneys, uremia; by reflex action in Aries, headache or insomnia.

Saturn in Libra gives a tendency to locomotor ataxia, renal stones, gravel andsand, Bright's disease, suppression of urine, malnutrition, and, by reflex action in

Aries, headache, toothache, and other disorders of the head.

Jupiter afflicted in Libra gives a tendency to melancholy due to diminishedadrenal secretion, renal abscess, diabetes, skin eruptions due to sluggish actionof kidneys; by reflex action in Aries, congestion of brain, coma and vertigo.

Mars in Libra gives a tendency to inflammation of the kidneys, excess of urine,

hemorrhage of the kidneys, and renal stones; by reflex action in Aries, brain-fever, sunstroke, pains in the head.


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Uranus in Libra gives a tendency to intermittent action of the kidneys andvenereal eruptions of the skin; by reflex action in Aries, sudden and violentheadaches, shooting pains in the head, and hallucinations.

The two adrenals, ruled by Jupiter.

In Medical Astrology and as per the “Medical Astrology for All” written by Sri KSubramaniam S/o Sri KSK Guruji has given all medical terms relating to Libra

thru sublords which are displayed in table for the reference of readers. (Source:Medical Astrology - Message of the Stars by Max Heindel and Augusta Foss

Heindel.)

In this issue we are discussing elaborately the concerned medical anatomy anddiseases that are connected with Libra Sign (Thula Rasi). As this sign is 7th inNatural Zodiac Ruler Venus represents.

Five different varieties of Diseases (Adrenal Gland, Renal Problems, KidneyFailures, Kidney Cancers and Transplantations) were taken up with supportingnatal charts both from the Members of KPAF, Hyderabad and Astrodata Bank.

Hence the Article seems to be very elaborate like a Research Paper and readersare requested to offer their suggestions and also any natal charts to the email id:[email protected] to include their views also in the coming articles on this

medical subject and the natal charts given by them would be included at the

appropriate topic.

I Libra Ailments:

a. Adrenal Glandb. Kidney Failure, Cancer, Renal Problemsc. Kidney Transplantation

d. Ovaries Cyst/Cancer (will be discussed in next issue) e. Uterus Cancer (will be discussed in next issue)

f. Hysterectomy (will be discussed in next issue)

g. Lumbar (will be discussed in next issue)

h. Eczema (will be discussed in next issue)

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a. Adrenal Gland:

Endocrine system Adrenal gland

In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are thetriangular-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They arechiefly responsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the

synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline(epinephrine), respectively.

Anatomy and function;

Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum situated atopthe kidneys, one on each side. They are surrounded by an adipose capsule and

renal fascia. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12ththoracic vertebra. Each adrenal gland is separated into two distinct structures,

the adrenal cortex and medulla, both of which produce hormones. The cortexmainly produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, while the medulla chiefly

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. The average combined weight of theadrenal glands in an adult is 7 to 10 grams.

Cortex:

The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from

cholesterol. Some cells belong to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and arethe source of cortisol and corticosterone synthesis. Under normal unstressed

conditions, the human adrenal glands produce the equivalent of 35–40 mg ofcortisone acetate per day. Other cortical cells produce androgens such as

testosterone, while some regulate water and electrolyte concentrations bysecreting aldosterone. In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla, thecortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

and hypothalamus, as well as by the renin-angiotensin system.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin-angiotensin_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin-angiotensin_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosteronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system


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The adrenal cortex comprises three zones, or layers. This anatomic zonation canbe appreciated at the microscopic level, where each zone can be recognized anddistinguished from one another based on structural and anatomic characteristics.

The adrenal cortex exhibits functional zonation as well: by virtue of thecharacteristic enzymes present in each zone, the zones produce and secrete

distinct hormones.

Medulla:

The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, and is surrounded by the

adrenal cortex. The chromaffin cells of the medulla, named for their characteristicbrown staining with chromic acid salts, are the body's main source of the

circulating catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline(norepinephrine). Derived from the amino acid tyrosine, these water-solublehormones are major hormones underlying the fight-or-flight response.

To carry out its part of this response, the adrenal medulla receives input from the

sympathetic nervous system through preganglionic fibers originating in thethoracic spinal cord from T5–T11. Because it is innervated by preganglionic nervefibers, the adrenal medulla can be considered as a specialized sympathetic

ganglion.[4] Unlike other sympathetic ganglia, however, the adrenal medullalacks distinct synapses and releases its secretions directly into the blood.

Cortisol also promotes epinephrine synthesis in the medulla. Produced in the

cortex, cortisol reaches the adrenal medulla and at high levels, the hormone canpromote the upregulation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT),

thereby increasing epinephrine synthesis and secretion.

(Courtesy: Dr. Bhadmidipati Satyanarayana, MD – KPAF Member)

The

ANALYSIS: (two adrenals, ruled by Jupiter)

01 Evans Linda

Date 18/11/1942 Time 07:06:00 EWT Place Hartford CTDay Wednesday; Lat 41:45:00 N Long : 72:41:00 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr - 0:50:44; KP-NA 22:57:55 BirthStar: Uttara Bhadhra- 3 Rasi: Pisces Asc. : Lib 24:20:26

American actress, probably best known for the role of KrystleCarrington in "Dynasty," a TV night-time soap that aired from1981-1989. Tall at 5'8", with a serene beauty, she enteredshow business through commercials while still in high school.During Su-Me (Jan 1998) idiopathic edema, which causedAdrenal gland problems.

VI CSL Su(1,Sco,10) in Ju(9,3,5); VIII CSL Ra(10) inKe(4,7/Sa); XII & Lib CSL Ve(1 Sco 1,8) in Ju(as above.During Su-Me(1/1988) the native suffered adrenal failure. Suas VI CSL conj with Venus in the star of karaka Jupiter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaffin_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ganglionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ganglionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland#cite_note-essentialneuroscience-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland#cite_note-essentialneuroscience-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ganglionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ganglionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preganglionic_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaffin_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla


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02 Keith Brain

Date 14/11/1921 Time 02:00:00 EST Place Bayonne NJ *Day Monday Lat 40:40:00 N Long 74:06:00 W TZ 75:00:00W Time Corr 0:03:36 KP-NA 22:40:20 Birth Star: Aswini-4Rasi: Aries Asc. : Vir 2:21:19

American movie and TV actor, who appeared in 80 films,versatile enough to portray everything from a homicidalmaniac to a burly military man to a kindly parent.

VI CSL Mo (8,11) in Ke(7-2 Lib,1,10/Me); VIII CSL Sa(1,5,6)in Mo(8,11; XII CSL Ra(1 conj Ju) in Ma(1,9/Ma); Lib CSLVe(2 Lib) in Ra(1 as above).

During Ju-Ra (May 1997) the native suffered Lung cancerspread to adrenal glands as karaka Jupiter and Rahuindicated the aliment.

03 Rudhyar Dane:

Date 23/03/1895 Time 00:42:00 LMT Place Paris, FranceDay Saturday Lat 48:52:00 N Long 2:20:00 E TZ 2:20:00

E Time Corr 0:00:00 KP-NA 22:18:01 Birth Star: Aswini-4Rasi: Aries Asc. : Sco 21:32:49.

French-American astrologer, one of most noted andrespected astrologers of the 20th century.

VI CSL Sa (10 Lib 3) in Ra(3-7,2,4/Ju); VIII & Libra CSLVe(4,6,7,11) in Ke(9-3/Su); XII CSL Sa(as above);

During Ra-Me (1907-12yrs) the native underwent surgery toremove his left kidney and adrenal gland. Saturn being

karaka for amputation (6&12 CSL) Rahu in Saturn sign in Ju

(who is another karaka for amputation)has given removal ofadrenal/kidney (Ve VIII CSL-Sa Lib).

b. Kidney Failure, Cancer, Renal Problems:

Renal failure (formerly called renal insufficiency or chronic renal insufficiency) isa situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately. There are two forms:

acute (acute kidney injury) and chronic (chronic kidney disease); either formmay be due to a large number of other medical problems.

Biochemically, it is typically detected by an elevated serum creatinine. In

the science of physiology, renal failure is described as a decrease inthe glomerular filtration rate. When the kidneys malfunction, problems frequently

encountered are abnormal fluid levels in the body, deranged acid levels, abnormal levels of potassium, calcium, phosphate, hematuria (blood in the urine)

and (in the longer term) anemia. Long-term kidney problems have significantrepercussions on other diseases, such as cardiovascular.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney


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RENAL:

Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed

The kidneys are paired organs with several functions. They are seen in manytypes of animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are an

essential part of the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such asthe regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation

of blood pressure. They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, andremove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, thekidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium; the kidneys also are

responsible for the re-absorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneysalso produce hormones including calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin.

Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneum, the kidneysreceive blood from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired renal veins.

Each kidney excretes urine into a ureter, itself a paired structure that emptiesinto the urinary bladder.

Renal physiology is the study of kidney function, while nephrology is the medicalspecialty concerned with kidney diseases. Diseases of the kidney are diverse, but

individuals with kidney disease frequently display characteristic clinical features.Common clinical conditions involving the kidney include the nephritic andnephrotic syndromes, renal cysts, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease,

urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis, and urinary tract obstruction. Variouscancers of the kidney exist; the most common adult renal cancer is renal cell

carcinoma. Cancers, cysts, and some other renal conditions can be managed withremoval of the kidney, or nephrectomy. When renal function, measured by

glomerular filtration rate, is persistently poor, dialysis and kidney transplantationmay be treatment options. Although they are not severely harmful, kidney stones can be a pain and a nuisance. The removal of kidney stones includes sound wave

treatment, which breaks up the stones into smaller pieces which are then passedthrough the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp pain

in the medial/lateral segments of the lower back.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitriolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrolithiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrolithiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitriolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)


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Location:

In humans, the kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, in a space called theretroperitoneum. There are two, one on each side of the spine; they are

approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3. The right kidney sits just belowthe diaphragm and posterior to the liver, the left below the diaphragm andposterior to the spleen. Resting on top of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The

asymmetry within the abdominal cavity caused by the liver typically results in theright kidney being slightly lower than the left, and left kidney being located

slightly more medial than the right. The upper (cranial) parts of the kidneys arepartially protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs, and each whole kidney and

adrenal gland are surrounded by two layers of fat (the perirenal and pararenalfat) and the renal fascia. Each adult kidney weighs between 125 and 170 gramsin males and between 115 and 155 grams in females. The left kidney is typically

slightly larger than the right.

Structure:

1. Renal pyramid • 2. Interlobar artery• 3. Renal artery • 4. Renal vein5. Renal hilum • 6. Renal pelvis •

7. Ureter • 8. Minor calyx • 9. Renal capsule • 10. Inferior renal

capsule • 11. Superior renal capsule •12. Interlobar vein • 13. Nephron •14. Minor calyx • 15. Major calyx •

16. Renal papilla • 17. Renal column

The kidney has a bean-shaped structure, each kidney has concave and convex

surfaces. The concave surface, the renal hilum, is the point at which the renal

artery enters the organ, and the renal vein and ureter leave. The kidney issurrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal capsule, which is itself surroundedby perinephric fat, renal fascia (of Gerota) and paranephric fat. The anterior

(front) border of these tissues is the peritoneum, while the posterior (rear)border is the transversalis fascia.

The superior border of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver; and the spleen,for the left border. Therefore, both move down on inspiration.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlobar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_hilumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlobar_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_papillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_hilumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinephric_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Gerotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranephric_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversalis_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversalis_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranephric_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Gerotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinephric_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_hilumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_papillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlobar_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_hilumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlobar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavity


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The kidney is approximately 11–14 cm in length, 6 cm wide and 3 cm thick.The substance, or parenchyma, of the kidney is divided into two major

structures: superficial is the renal cortex and deep is the renal medulla. Grossly,these structures take the shape of 8 to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes, each

containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid(of Malpighi). Between the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called renalcolumns (of Bertin). Nephrons, the urine-producing functional structures of the

kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion of a nephron isthe renal corpuscle, located in the cortex, which is followed by a renal tubule that

passes from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids. Part of the renalcortex, a medullary ray is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single

collecting duct.

The tip, or papilla, of each pyramid empties urine into a minor calyx, minor

calyces empty into major calyces, and major calyces empty into the renal pelvis,

which becomes the ureter.

Diseases and disorders - Nephropathy

Congenital:

Congenital hydronephrosis

Congenital obstruction of urinary tract

Duplicated ureter

Horseshoe kidney

Polycystic kidney disease

Renal agenesis

Renal dysplasia

Unilateral small kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Acquired

Drawing of an enlarged kidney by John Hunter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_medullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exup%C3%A8re_Joseph_Bertin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_corpusclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_papillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_calyceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congenital_hydronephrosis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congenital_hydronephrosis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congenital_obstruction_of_urinary_tract&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congenital_obstruction_of_urinary_tract&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicated_ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicated_ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_agenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_agenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_dysplasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_dysplasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unilateral_small_kidney&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unilateral_small_kidney&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicystic_dysplastic_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicystic_dysplastic_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicystic_dysplastic_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unilateral_small_kidney&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_dysplasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_agenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicated_ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congenital_obstruction_of_urinary_tract&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congenital_hydronephrosis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_calyceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_papillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_corpusclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exup%C3%A8re_Joseph_Bertin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_medullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma


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Diabetic nephropathy

Glomerulonephritis

Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of

the flow of urine.

Interstitial nephritis

Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder.

Kidney tumorso Wilms tumor o Renal cell carcinoma

Lupus nephritis

Minimal change disease

In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerulus has been damaged so that a large amount of

protein in the blood enters the urine. Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome

include swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol. Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a

urinary tract infection.

Renal failure o Acute renal failure o Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease

Kidney failure:

Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney, as one has more

functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive. Only when the amount offunctioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished will chronic kidney disease

develop. Renal replacement therapy, in the form of dialysis or kidneytransplantation, is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate has fallen verylow or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms.

Duplicated ureter

Duplicated ureter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilms_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilms_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_change_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_change_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_replacement_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_replacement_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_change_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilms_tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy


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Duplicated ureter is a congenital condition in which the ureteric bud, theembryological origin of the ureter, splits (or arises twice), resulting in two uretersdraining a single kidney. It is the most common renal abnormality, occurring in

approximately 1% of the population. The additional ureter may result in aureterocele, or an ectopic ureter.

Horseshoe kidney:

Horseshoe kidney, also known as renal fusion, is a congenital disorder affecting

about 1 in 400 people. In this disorder, the patient's kidneys fuse together toform a horseshoe-shape during development in the womb. Fusion abnormalitiesof the kidney can be categorized into two groups: horseshoe kidney and crossed

fused ectopia. The horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly.

Polycystic kidney disease:

Polycystic kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidneysyndrome) is a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys. It occurs in humans and

other animals. PKD is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts (hence,"polycystic") in both kidneys. The cysts are numerous and are fluid-filled

resulting in massive enlargement of the kidneys. The disease can also damagethe liver, pancreas, and in some rare cases, the heart and brain. The two majorforms of polycystic kidney disease are distinguished by their patterns of

inheritance.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureteric_budhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterocelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterocelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureteric_budhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorder


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Diabetic nephropathy:

Photomicrography of nodular glomerulosclerosis in

Kimmelstein-Wilson syndrome. Source: CDC

Diabetic nephropathy (nephropatia diabetica), also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson

syndrome, or nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis and intercapillaryglomerulonephritis, is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy ofcapillaries in the kidney glomeruli. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome anddiffuse glomerulosclerosis. It is due to longstanding diabetes mellitus, and is a

prime indication for dialysis in many Western countries.

Throughout its early course, diabetic nephropathy has no symptoms. Theydevelop in late stages and may be a result of excretion of high amounts ofprotein in the urine or due to renal failure:

edema: swelling, usually around the eyes in the mornings; later, general body swelling may result,

such as swelling of the legs

foamy appearance or excessive frothing of the urine (caused by the proteinura)

unintentional weight gain (from fluid accumulation)

anorexia (poor appetite)

nausea and vomiting

malaise (general ill feeling)

fatigue

headache

frequent hiccups

generalized itching

A kidney biopsy confirms the diagnosis, although it is not always necessary if thecase is straightforward, with a documented progression of proteinuria over timeand presence of diabetic retinopathy on examination of the retina of the eyes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_disease


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Hydronephrosis:

Specimen of a kidney that has undergone extensive dilation

due to hydronephrosis. Note the extensive atrophy and

thinning of the renal cortex.

Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually

caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney, leading toprogressive atrophy of the kidney. In case of hydroureteronephrosis, there is

distention of both the ureter and the renal pelvis and calices.

Renal cell carcinoma: kidney cancer:

Micrograph of the most common type of renal cell carcinoma

(clear cell) - on right of the image; non-tumour kidney is on

the left of the image. Nephrectomy specimen. H&E stain.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26E_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26E_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26E_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26E_stainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyx_(kidney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distend


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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC, also known as hypernephroma) is a kidney cancer

that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, the very smalltubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products. RCC is the

most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 80%of cases. It is also known to be the most lethal of all the genitourinary tumors.Initial treatment is most commonly a radical or partial nephrectomy and remains

the mainstay of curative treatment. Where the tumour is confined to the renalparenchyma, the 5-year survival rate is 60-70%, but this is lowered considerably

where metastases have spread. It is resistant to radiation therapy andchemotherapy, although some cases respond to immunotherapy. Targeted cancer

therapies such as sunitinib, temsirolimus, bevacizumab, interferon-alpha, andpossibly sorafenib have improved the outlook for RCC (progression-free survival),although they have not yet demonstrated improved survival.

A wide range of symptoms can be present with renal carcinoma depending onwhich areas of the body have been affected. The classic triad is hematuria (bloodin the urine), flank pain and an abdominal mass. This triad only occurs in 10-15%

of cases, and is generally indicative of more advanced disease. Today, themajority of renal tumors are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally onimaging, usually for an unrelated cause.

Renal cell carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma

The gross and microscopic appearance of renal cell carcinomas is highly variable.

The following describes a typical clear cell carcinoma, which is the most commontype.

The renal cell carcinoma may present reddened areas where blood vessels have

bled, and cysts containing watery fluids. The body of the tumor shows large bloodvessels that have walls composed of cancerous cells.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunitinibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temsirolimushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevacizumabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorafenibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorafenibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevacizumabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temsirolimushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunitinibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_tubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer


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Wilms' tumor:

Cut section showing two halves of a nephroblastoma specimen. Note

the prominent septa subdividing the sectioned surface and the

protrusion of tumor into the renal pelvis, resembling botryoid

rhabdomyosarcoma.

Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma is cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in

children, rarely in adults. Its common name is an eponym, referring to Dr. MaxWilms, the German surgeon (1867–1918) who first described this kind of tumor.

Lupus nephritis:

Lupus nephritis is an inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE), a disease of the immune system. Apart from the kidneys,

SLE can also damage the skin, joints, nervous system and virtually any organ orsystem in the body.

Minimal change disease:

The three hallmarks of minimal change disease: diffuse loss of podocyte

foot processes, vacuolation, and the appearance of microvilli.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wilmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wilmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wilmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wilmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer


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Minimal change disease or nil disease (lipoid nephrosis) is a disease of the kidneythat causes nephrotic syndrome and usually affects children (peak incidence at2–3 years of age).

Pyelonephritis:

Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum(pelvis) of the kidney (nephros in Greek). If the infection is severe, the term

"urosepsis" is used interchangeably (sepsis being a systemic inflammatoryresponse syndrome due to infection). It requires antibiotics as therapy, and

treatment of any underlying causes to prevent recurrence. It is a form ofnephritis. It can also be called pyelitis.

It presents with dysuria (painful voiding of urine), abdominal pain (radiating tothe back on the affected side) and tenderness of the bladder area and the side of

the involved kidney (costovertebral angle tenderness) which may be elicited by

performing the kidney punch. In many cases there are systemic symptoms in theform of fever, rigors (violent shivering while the temperature rises), headache, and vomiting. In severe cases, delirium may be present.

Chronic kidney disease:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can develop slowly and show few initial symptoms,

be the long term result of irreversible acute disease, or be part of a diseaseprogression.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a

progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years. Thesymptoms of worsening kidney function are unspecific, and might include feelinggenerally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney

disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk ofkidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and thosewith a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may

also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such ascardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.

Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of

creatinine indicate a falling glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased

capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products. Creatinine levels may benormal in the early stages of CKD, and the condition is discovered if urinalysis

(testing of a urine sample) shows that the kidney is allowing the loss of protein orred blood cells into the urine. To fully investigate the underlying cause of kidney

damage, various forms of medical imaging, blood tests and often renal biopsy(removing a small sample of kidney tissue) are employed to find out if there is a

reversible cause for the kidney malfunction. CKD is initially without specific symptoms and can only be detected as anincrease in serum creatinine or protein in the urine. As the kidney function

decreases:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_punchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_punchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney


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blood pressure is increased due to fluid overload and production of vasoactive

hormones, increasing one's risk of developing hypertension and/or suffering fromcongestive heart failure

Urea accumulates, leading to azotemia and ultimately uremia (symptoms rangingfrom lethargy to pericarditis and encephalopathy). Urea is excreted by sweating

and crystallizes on skin ("uremic frost").

Potassium accumulates in the blood (known as hyperkalemia with a range ofsymptoms including malaise and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias)Erythropoietin synthesis is decreased (potentially leading to anemia, which

causes fatigue)

Fluid volume overload - symptoms may range from mild edema to life-threatening pulmonary edema

Hyperphosphatemia - due to reduced phosphate excretion, associated withhypocalcemia (due to vitamin D3 deficiency). The major sign of hypocalcemia

being tetany.

Later this progresses to tertiary hyperparathyroidism, with hypercalcaemia, renal

osteodystrophy and vascular calcification that further impairs cardiac function.Metabolic acidosis, due to accumulation of sulfates, phosphates, uric acid etc.

This may cause altered enzyme activity by excess acid acting on enzymes andalso increased excitability of cardiac and neuronal membranes by the promotionof hyperkalemia due to excess acid (acidemia)

ANALYSIS:

RENAL FAILURE:

04 Norman Mailer:

Date 31/01/1923 Time 09:05:00 EST Place Long Branch NJDay Wednesday Lat 40:18:17 N Long 73:59:20 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr 0:04:03 KP-NA 22:41:21 Birth

Star:Pushyami-2 Rasi: Cancer Asc. : Pis 2:11:44American novelist, journalist, poet, playwright, film maker,philosopher, lover and pugilist, considered a prodigious talentof the 20th century.

VI CSL Mo(5,6) in Sa(7,12); VIII and Libra CSL Ke(1) inJu(8,Lib,1,10,11); XII CSL Ve(10,8,3) in Ke(as above).

During Ma-Mo (Nov 2007)the native suffered acute renalfailure. Both Mars and Moon are in Saturn star who is lord of12 in Bhadhaka in 7th house death by renal failure. Venuskaraka for kidneys in Kethu star who is in turn 8th cusp.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany_(medical_sign)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_hyperparathyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_osteodystrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_osteodystrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_acidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_osteodystrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_osteodystrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_hyperparathyroidismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany_(medical_sign)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure


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05 Helen Steinbrecher:

Date 10/07/1904 Time 19:00:00 CST Place Chicago IL *Day Sunday Lat 41:51:00 N Long 87:39:00 W TZ90:00:00 W Time Corr 0:09:24 KP-NA 22:25:48 Birth

Star:Mrigashira-4 Rasi: Taurus Asc. : Sag 20:09:41.

American physical education teacher, noted family, mother ofSteinbrecher; grandmother of Stephen Connors.

VI & XII CSL Sa(1,2) in Ma(6,4,11,12); VIII CSL Su(7 Bh,8)in Ju(3,1); Lib CSL Ve(7Bh,5,6) in Ju(3,1).

During Ve-Ju (3 July 1997) the native died due to Renalinfection/ heart failure. As Venus and Jupiter are wellconnected to the disease.

06 Arthur Conan:

Date 22/05/1859 Time 04:55:00 LMT/GMT Place Edinburgh UK

Day Sunday Lat 55:57:00 N Long 3:13:00 W TZ 3:13:00 WTime Corr 0:00:00 KP-NA 21:48:01 Birth Star: Uttarashada-4Rasi: Capricorn Asc. : Gem 1:24:35.

Scottish writer best known as creator of the modern detectivestory, and of the characters Sherlock Holmes and hiscolleague Dr. Watson.

VI & Lib CSL Ke(4-12,5/Su); VIII CSL Mo(9,4) in Su(12,5);XII CSL Ve(12,6) in Ke(as above).

During Me-Me (7 July 1930) the native died due to kidney /heart failure, age 71. Mercury in Venus who is kidney karakain 12th house as Lord of 6.

07 James Levine:

Date 23/06/1943 Time 17:33:00 CST Place Cincinnati DayWednesday Lat 39:09:00 N Long 84:27:00 W TZ 90:00:00 WTime Corr - 0:37:48 KP-NA 22:58:25 BirthStar:Purvabhadara-4Rasi: Aquarius Asc. : Sco 6:52:36.

American pianist and conductor, a musical wunderkind.

VI CSL Mo(4,9 Bh) in Ju(8,2,5); VIII CSL Ra(9, conj Ve) inMe(7,8,11); XII CSL Ve(12 & Lib CSL Ve 9 Bh) Conj Ra, lordof (7,12 ) in Me(7,8,11).

During Ve-Sa (July 2008) he underwent surgery to removerenal cyst. Venus as karaka connection to 8th house thruMercury, Saturn in Mars star given surgery.

08 John Woodruff:

Date 05/07/1915 Time 09:00:00 EST Place Connellsville PADay Monday Lat 40:01:00 N Long 79:35:00 W TZ 75:00:00 WTime Corr - 0:18:20 KP-NA 22:35:00 Birth Star:Ashwini-2Rasi: Aries Asc.: Leo 7:54:23.

American Olympian in track and field; he won the gold at the1936 games.

VI & XII CSL Ve(10) in Ma(10,4); VIII CSL Ma(10,4) inSu(11,1). During Sa-Su (Oct 30 2007) he died at age 92 byatria fibrillation and chronic renal failure. Both Saturn & Sunare conj in Rahu star who is in 6th house.


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09 Dee Sandra:

Date 23/04/1942 Time 05:35:00 EST Place Bayonne NJ * DayThursday Lat 40:40:00 N Long 74:06:00 W TZ 75:00:00 W TimeCorr - 0:56:24 KP-SA 22:57:26 Birth Star: Pushyami-1 Rasi:

Cancer Asc : Pis 24:58:44.American actress and teenage film idol of the late 50s andearly 60s.

VI & XII CSL Ju(3,1,10)in Ma(3,8,9); VIII CSL Ma(3,8,9) inown star. During Su-Sa (20 Feb 2005) died of kidney failure.Sun is connected thru Ke-Ra-Ve and Saturn is in Sun’s starindicates; finally Venus who is karaka for kidneys in 12th house with Kethu.

10 Barry White:

Date 12/09/1944 Time 16:42:00 CWT Place Galveston TX DayTuesday Lat 29:18:00 N Long 94:48:00 W TZ 90:00:00 W

Time Corr - 1:19:12 KP-NA 22:59:26 Birth Star: Pushyami-1Rasi: Cancer Asc : Cap 5:14:48.

American musician. Raised in the tough streets of SouthCentral Los Angeles.

VI CSL Ju(8,3,12) in Ve(9,5,10 conj Ma); VIII CSL Ve(9,5,10)in Mo(7); XII & Lib CSL Sa(6,1,2) in Ra(6-8,3,12/Ju).

During Ve-Ju (Oct 1995) the native had kidney failureresulted in coma. Both Venus and Jupiter are well connected.

11 Bob Hayes:

Date 20/12/1942 Time 15:29:00 EST Place Jackson FL* DaySunday Lat 30:19:00 N Long 81:39:00 W TZ 75:00:00 WTime Corr - 1:26:36 KP-NA 22:58:00 0 Birth Star:Rohini-4Rasi: Taurus Asc : Ari 17:52:21.

American pro football player and Olympic gold medallist intrack and field (1972).

VI,VIII and XII CSL Me(9,3,6) in Ve(9,2,7); Lib CSL Su(8,5)in Ke(11-7,1,8); During Sa-Ma (16 Sept 2002) the nativedied due to kidney failure, age 59. Sa and Ma are Bhadhakaand lagna lords connected to 7th house and Scorpio.

12 Lawford Peter:

Date 07/09/1923 Time 08:00:00 GMT Place London Day Friday

Lat 51:30:00 N Long 0:10:00 W TZ 0:00:00 E Time Corr -1:00:40 KP-NA 22:41:51 Birth Star: Pushyami-1 Rasi: CancerAsc : Vir 7:25:18.

British-American star of some 57 movies and severaltelevision series, also prominent for being brother-in-law tothe late U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

VI & Lib CSL Me(1,10) in Mo(10,11); VIII & XII CSLVe(12,2,9) in own star. During Su-Su (16 Dec1984) nativedied due to kidney/Liver failure. Dasa lord Sun(12) inVenus(12,2,9 karaka for kidney) in the sub of Jupiter who isin Libra as lord of Bhadaka.


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13 Robert Cummings :

Date 09/06/1910 Time 19:30:00 CST Place Joplin Day ThursdayLat 37:05:00 N Long 94:30:00 W TZ 90:00:00 W Time Corr

- 0:18:00 KP-NA 22:30:45 Birth Star: Punurvasu-3 Rasi:Gemini Asc : Sco 25:26:43.

American actor, an eternal juvenile who was still youthfullooking at 60. He made a Broadway debut in 1931.

VI,XII and Lib CSL Sa(3,5) in Ke(12 Sco-8,1,5,12/Ma); VIIICSL Mo(8) in Ju(10,2,4); During Mo-Me (2 Dec 1990) he diedof kidney failure, age 80. Moon connection to VIII andMercury as lord of 8th connected to Snu as Bhadhaka lord-CI.

14 Joan Negus :

Date 30/07/1930 Time 06:04:00 EST Place Trenton DayWednesday Lat 40:14:00 N Long 74:44:00 W TZ 75:00:00 WTime Corr - 0:58:56 KP-NA 22:47:37 Birth Star:Hasta-3 Rasi:Virgo Asc. : Can 14:43:43.

American astrologer and author who was co-director ofeducation for NCGR in 1983.

VI CSL Ve(2,4,11 Bh) in own star; VIII CSL Mo(3,1) in ownstar; XII CSL Me(1,3,12) in own star; Lib CSL Ke(4) inMa(11,5,10Bh). During Me-Me (Feb 1997) the native diedKidney cancer. Mercury as lord of 12 is sub of Saturn(Maraka) who is in the star of Venus (2,4,11/Maraka &Bhadhaka)has given death.

15 Steven Spielberg :

Date 18/12/1946 Time 18:16:00 EST Place Cincinnati Ohio*Day Wednesday Lat 39:09:00 N Long 84:27:00 W TZ75:00:00 W Time Corr - 0:37:48 KP-NA 23:01:20 BirthStar:Swati-3 Rasi: Libra Asc : Gem 17:46:11.

American film producer and director, the winner of anAcademy Award on 3/21/1994 for his direction of the BestPicture of the year, "Schindler's List.

VI CSL Ma(6,11) in Ke(6 conj Me); VIII CSL Ke(6) inMe(6,1); XII CSL Ra(12) in Mo(5,2); Lib CSL Ve(5,Lib,12) inJu(5,Lib,7 Bh). During Me-Ra (7 Feb 2000) the native hadkidney removal surgery. Both Mercury and Rahu are wellconnected for amputation.

16 Henson Jim:

Date 24/09/1936 Time 00:10:00 CST Place Greenville MA DayThursday Lat 33:24:00 N Long 91:03:00 W TZ 90:00:00 WTime Corr - 0:04:12 KP-NA 22:52:46 Birth Star: Mula-4 Rasi:Sagittarius Asc: Gem 25:31:52.

American puppeteer, producer, director, writer and performinggenius. Winner of seven Emmys, Henson was inducted into theAcademy of TV Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame 1987.

VI & XII CSL Ma(2,6,11) in Ke(12-2,6,11/Ma); VIII CSLSa(9,8) in Ju(6,7,10Bh); Lib CSL Ve(4,5,12) in Ma(2,6,11):During Ra-Me (15/5/1990) the native died due to Kidney

failure. Rahu in Kethu star(6,12) Mercury in Mo-Ve indicateddeath.


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CONCLUSION: Libra, Venus, 7th Cusp are connected to Venus, for Adrenals Jupiter is

Karaka, Kidney problems, failures, cancers along with Venus, Rahu, Mars, Saturn plays avital role. Kidney Stones compulsorily indicates the connection of Saturn Mars and Rahu.Jupiter for Hydronepharosis, enlargements, etc. Suppression and obstructions are causedby Saturn/Rahu.

c. Kidney Transplantation

Kidney transplantation is replacement of nonworking kidneys with a healthy

kidney from another person (the donor). The healthy kidney (the "graft") takesover the functions of your nonworking kidneys. You can live normally with onlyone kidney as long as it functions properly.

The transplantation itself is a surgical operation. The surgeon places the new

kidney in your abdomen and attaches it to the artery that supplied blood to oneof your kidneys and to the vein that carries blood away from the kidney. The

kidney is also attached to the ureter, which carries urine from the kidney tothe bladder. Your own kidneys are usually left in place unless they are causingyou problems, such as infection.

Every operation has risks, but kidney transplantation is not a particularly difficult

or complicated operation. It is the period after the surgery that is most critical.Your medical team will watch very carefully to make sure that your new kidney isfunctioning properly and that your body is not rejecting the kidney.

17 Natalie Cole:

Date 06/02/1950 Time 18:07:00 Place Los Angeles * DayMonday Lat 34:03:00 N Long 118:14:00 W TZ 120:00:00 WTime Corr 0:07:04 KP-NA 23:03:58 Birth Star: Hasta-3 Rasi:Virgo Asc. : Leo 3:34:16.

American singer and noted family, the daughter of popular musicentertainer of the '50s, Nat "King" Cole. She won Grammy's in1975 as "Best New Artist" and "Best Female R&B Vocalist.

VI CSL Sa(2,6,7,8) in Ve(6,4); VIII & XI CSL Ve(6,4) inMo(2,12); XI CSL (as the native gets kidney from donor 11 th cusp is considered); Lib CSL Mo(2,12) in own star. During Sa-Ra (19 Mar 2009) the native had Kidney transplanted. Saturnin Venus star Rahu in Mercury who is lord of duality has givena chance for transplantation thru kidney donor.

18 Paul Anderson :Date 17/10/1932 Time 05:30:00 Place Taccoa GA DayMonday Lat 34:34:00 N Long 83:19:00 W TZ 75:00:00 WTime Corr - 0:33:16 KP-NA 22:49:28 BirthStar:Kritika-1Rasi: Taurus Asc : Vir 15:28:37.

American weight lifter known as "the world's strongest man.

VI CSL Mo(8,11) in Su(1,12); VIII and Lib CSL Me(2,1,10) inRa(6-12,4,7Bh); XI CSL Ke(12 conj Ju 12,4,7/Ju Bh) inVe(2,9,12). During Sa-Ve (15 Aug 1994) the native died dueto complication in transplantation. Sa-Ve indicates positive butbecause of 11th CSL Kethu the native’s body did not acceptedthe new organ.

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19 Lopez George:

Date 23/04/1961 Time 03:44:00 Place Los Angeles CA DaySunday Lat 34:03:00 N Long 118:14:00 W TZ 120:00:00 WTime Corr 0:07:04 KP-NA 23:13:21 Birth Star: Pushamy-2 Rasi:

Cancer Asc : Pis 5:18:35.Mexican-American actor, stand-up comedian and former disc jockeyon MEGA 92.3 in Los Angeles, best known for his TV sitcom “TheGeorge Lopez Show”.

VI CSL Ju(10,11,1) in Mo(5,6); VIII & Lib CSL Ke(12) inRa(6); XI CSL Ma(2,9,5) in Ju(1,10,11). During Ve-Ke (25Apr 2005) the native had Kidney transplanted. Venus-Kethuis well connected.

20 Jonah Lomu:

Date 12/05/1975 Time 11:30:00 Place Auckland Day MondayLat 36:52:00 S Long 174:46:00 E TZ 180:00:00 E Time Corr -0:20:56 KP-NA 23:25:07 Birth Star: Krithika-2 Rasi: TaurusAsc. : Gem 23:34:11.

New Zealander legendary Rugby Union Player with endorsementsfor US products.

VI, VIII, XI, Lib CSL Ve (12, 4, 11) in Ju (9, 7, 6, Bh). DuringRa-Me (29 June 2004) Kidney transplanted. Venus connectionto Rahu who is on V cusp, Mercury Bhukthi as lord of 1 in 11has given longevity.

21 Erma Bombeck :

Date 21/02/1927 Time 04:40:00 Place Dayton OH DayMonday Lat 39:45:00 N Long 84:12:00 W TZ 90:00:00 WTime Corr 0:23:12 KP-NA 22:44:44 Birth Star: Chitra-1 Rasi:

Libra; Asc. : Cap 2:46:43.

American journalist and humorist, the author of 11 books and acolumn read by millions in 700 cities.

VI CSL Ju(2,3,12) in Ra(6-2,6,9/Me); VIII CSL Ma(4,11Bh) inSu(1,8); Lib CSL Ke(12) in Ra(6); XI CSL Me(2,6,9) inJu(2,3,12). During Me-Ju (3 April 1996) the native hadKidney transplanted. Which was unsuccessful? Me and Juconnection to Ra did not favoured.

22 Ken 1944 Howard:

Date 28/03/1944 Time 11:21:00 Place El Centro CA * DayTuesday Lat 32:48:00 N Long 115:34:00 W TZ 120:00:00

W Time Corr - 0:42:16 KP-NA 22:59:03 BirthStar: Rohini-1Rasi: Taurus Asc. : Gem 8:48:04.

American actor, writer, musician, producer and star of theTV series "White Shadow" in 1978.

VI CSL Sa(12,8,9,10) in Ma(12,6); VIII & XI CSL Ra(2) inSa(12,8,9,10). During Sa-Ve (26 July 2000) the native hadkidney transplanted. As nobody in Ve star has given anopportunity to survive.


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23 Lucio Battisti :

Date 05/03/1943 Time 13:30:00 MET Place Poggiko Italy DayFriday Lat 42:30:00 N Long 12:53:00 E TZ 15:00:00 E TimeCorr - 0:08:28 KP-NA 22:58:10 BirthStar:Satabhisha-1Rasi:Kumbha Asc : Gem 29:17:39:

Italian singer and songwriter, well known and beloved.

VI CSL Ra(2)in Ke(8-7,6,11Bh); VIII CSL Me(8,1,4) in Ma (asabove); XI CSL Mo(9,2) in Ra(2,8); Lib CSL Ve(10,5,12) inMe(8,1,4); During Me-Ve (1997) the native kidneytransplanted, was unsuccessful/rejected. Me/Ve connectionto Ma who is occupant of Bhadhaka did not give longevity.

24 Manjira:

Date 22/05/1967 Time 13:07:00 IST Place HYDERABAD * Day Monday; Lat 17:23:00No Long 78:28:00 E TZ 82:30:00 E Time Corr - 0:16:08; KP-NA 23:18:26 Birth

Star: Swathi-3 Rasi: Libra Asc. : Leo 19:26:28.

VI & VIII CSL Ke(2 conj Mo 2,12/Mo) in Ra(8-11,3,10/Ve); XI CSL Ju(11,5,8) inSa(8,6,7); Lib CSL Ma(2,4,9-Mother’ s kidney ) in Mo(2,12). During Me- Sa the Nativehad kidney transplantation successfully, donor mother. Me as lord of 2 and 11 in 10 th inMo star has giving the opportunity to sustain her life thru transplantation.

25 Peddinti congenital kidney transplantation:

Date 26/08/1992 Time 14:20:40 IST Place Hyderabad IN* Day Wednesday Lat17:21:00 N Long 78:32:00 E TZ 82:30:00 E Time Corr - 0:15:52 KP-NA 23:39:36Birth Star: Pushyami-4 Rasi: Kartaka Asc. : Sag 4:45:16;

VI CSL Ve (9, 6, 11) in Su (9); VIII and XI and Lib CSL Me (8, 7, 10-Bhadaka lord in 8 th house along with 8th house Mo diluted the effect) in own star. During Me- Su (2/2002)

the native had successful kidney transplantation (donor mother). VIII CSL connection to8th along with Mo indicated congenital defect. Su though connected to occupant ofBhadhaka I CSL Mo in 8th house has given extension of life.

26 Ayalasomayajula congenital kidney transplantation:

Date 07/07/1972 Time 06:10:00 IST Place Sitaphalmandi HYD * Day Friday; Lat17:25:00 N Long 78:31:00 E TZ 82:30:00 E Time Corr - 0:15:56; KP-NA 23:22:44Birth Star: Krittika-2 Rasi: Vrishabham Asc. : Gem 25:55:39.

VI CSL Ju(6,7,12Bh) in Ke(1 conj Ma 1,6,11/Ma); VIII CSL Ve(12,5) in Ma(1,6,11 conjKe); XI and Lib CSL Me(12,1,4) in own star. During Ma-Sa (5/1990) the native hadsuccessful kidney transplantation (donor father) Ma & Sa both are connected to 11th house thru Sa –Mo has given extension of life. IX CSL Ma has given extension of life thru

father.

27 Krishnaiah:

Date 22/06/1943 Time 10:55:00 IST Place Undisclosed Day Tuesday; Lat 16:42:00N Long 81:07:00 E TZ 82:30:00 E Time Corr - 1:05:32; KP- NA 22:58:25 BirthStar: Dhanista-3 Rasi: Aquarius Asc: Leo 5:23:29.

VI CSL Me(10,2,11) in Mo(6,12); VIII CSL Sa(10,6,7) in Ma(8,4,9-Bh in 8th house); XICSL Mo(as above); Lib & III CSL Ve(12 conj Ra 3,10) in Me(10,2,11). During Me-Ra(28/6/2010) the native had successful kidney transplantation (donor younger brother)both Me and Ra are connected to 2, 11 and Ra conj to Ve who is karaka for kidneys hasgiven successful transplantation.


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CONCLUSION: Venus is karaka for kidneys. 2nd cusp addition/ 11th cusp gainindicates new kidney from donor instead of the existing non functional kidneys.

8th cusp indicates congenital kidney problems. There is no amputation in Kidneytransplant hence 12th cusp and Saturn’s role is minimum. Donor is the connectedrelative as per the cusps connection. In our charts 4th cusp connection mother

donor, 9th cusp connection father donor, 3rd cusp connection younger brotherdonor in whose charts the amputation rules would reflect.

Pranams to Guru Prof. KSK.

astro diagnosis libra part a

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