F R A G M E N T A T I O NA L O N G 3 0 ⁰ E

E i m e a r T y n a n

A S S I G N M E N T # 4

# 1

THE QUEST:

PASSWORD: FRAGMENTATION STRATEGY: A LINE LINE OF LONGITUDE : 40,008 km Study area 32km; Location: Finnmark

PURPOSE OF LINE: LINE OF EXPLORATION + RANDOM FINDINGS

INTENDED USE: TO MAP THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE TO FIND CONNECTIONS ON MACRO, MESO AND MICRO LEVEL

CONSIDERATIONS: TIME, DISTANCE, MOVEMENT, SCALE

To continue exploring the theme of fragmentation through the use of a line of longitude. Layers will be examined, along longitude 30⁰ E in Finnmark, at different scales. These layers may hold a powerful charge for seeing the north

in a different light. It will help to evaluate the conditions that made these places exist and to understand the dynamic relationship between activity and place.

30⁰ E

FINNMARK

LINE OF LONGITUDE - BACKGROUND

Lon·gi·tude - from Latin longitudo Long = length

tudo= state or condition

# 2 Images: L:Board of Longitude c.1714, London; R: Harrison’s prize-winning longitude watch, completed in 1759. Source: Cambridge Digital Library

Compass by Edw

ard Chafe. Source: Cambridge Digital Library

M

ap So

urce: B

arents

Porta

l web

site.

Accesse

d 20-10-2013

30

⁰ E

GREENWICH MERIDIAN LINE

The first coloured aerial photograph of the South Pole by Emil Schulthess, The Exact geographic position of the South Pole, near the Amundsen-Scott Station, 1958.Superimposing a graphic of longitudinal lines radiating from the South Pole was used to make sense of such an isotropic environment (Cosgrove, D and Fox, William, L., 2010)

LONGITUDINAL LINE 30⁰ E

5⁰ E

5⁰ E

10⁰ E

10⁰ E

GLOBAL SCALE NATIONAL SCALE15⁰ E

15⁰ E

20⁰ E

20⁰ E

25⁰ E

25⁰ E

GREENWICH MERIDIEN LINE

Map Source: Google Earth

Map Source: Google Earth

# 3

30⁰ E

30⁰ E - APPROACH

STUDY AREA

30⁰ E

Map Source: Norge Digitalt

S ø r V a r a n g e r

The study area, 30⁰ E, will be examined as follows:

1. Perspectives of different users

2. Territory analysis

3. Focus areas or “Hot Spots” along the line

4. Conclusion

# 4

30⁰ E

Original source: www.slowresearch.org; Illustrations using AutoCAD and Photoshop

Illustrations using AutoCAD

USER PERSPECTIVE

DRIVING SPEEDS AND FIELD OF VISION: what we see depends on speed of movement

1.5m

15m(but varies) 1.8m

1.2m 0.2m

3m

25 kmh 35 kmh 40 kmh 50 kmh

ABILITY TO SEE 270⁰ - 360⁰ DURING MOVEMENT

THE BUMBLEBEE

THE LEMMING

chubby

AVERAGE SPEEDS:

AVERAGE HEIGHT:

RESTRICTED VIEWS

THE REINDEER

THE SNOWY OWL

THE HIKER

THE DRIVER

# 5

1.2m

USERS AND DIFFERENT FIELDS OF VISION ALONG 30⁰ E

Source: Contour Data from Norge Digitalt; Analysis in Autodesk Civil 3D

Analysis of 360⁰ sight lines around each user with a 2km radius.

The user is placed in the centre of each circle and lines of sight are calculated.

THE BUMBLEBEE

THE LEMMING

LEGEND

Full view

Partial view

No view

THE REINDEERTHE SNOWY OWL THE HIKER

# 6

32 elevations at 1km intervals

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

# 7

WALK THE LINE: TOPOGRAPHY ALONG 30⁰ E

0 1000 m

Source: Norge Digitalt; Profiles produced using Autodesk Civil 3D

LESSER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE

MIGRATORY ROUTES

ELECTRICITY LINES

KIRKENES

LANGFJØRDEN

BJØRNVATN

SVANVIK

PASVIK ELVA

HESSENGBJØRNEVATN

BJØRNEVATN IRON-ORE MINE

SANDNES

OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS

PROMENANT PLACES ALONG 30⁰ E

FLIGHT PATHS

kirkenes airport

# 8

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: OVERGROUND ELEMENTS

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: FlightRadar 24; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: http://www.piskulka.net/

International flight pathsDomestic flight paths

10km0

# 9

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: SURFACE ELEMENTS

WATER SYSTEMS

ROAD AND RAIL TOPOGRAPHY

BUILDINGSOVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

Different elements were mapped with information given 1km on either side of longitude 30⁰ E

2km

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

Main roadsBjørnevaten mine roadsRail

5km

5km 5km

5km

10km0

# 10

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

5km

AutoCAD tracings using Autodesk Map 3D

Source: Norgeskart; re-drawn in AutoCAD

LOW

HER

BACE

OU

S LA

YER

SHRU

B LA

YER

MAR

SH/P

EATL

ANDS

30⁰ E PROFILE SHOWING LANDSCAPE TYPES

FIEL

D SY

STEM

S

Open area (Åpent område)

Woodland (Skog)

Marsh/peat (Myr)

Lake (Innsjø)

Cropland (Dyrket mark)

0

50

100moh

km

North South

150

5 10 15 20 25 30

10km0

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: MAIN ACTIVITIES

SUB-SURFACE LAYERS

MINING MILITARYREINDEER SUMMER GRAZINGOVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

Mine tailings dumped into Langfjorden (2010)

Mine area (2010)Map source: Bing Maps; Illustra-tions using AutoCAD Map 3D

Map source: www.ngu.no; re-worked in Adobe Illustrator Map source: www.ngu.no; re-worked in Adobe Illustrator

# 11

GEOLOGY PERMAFROST

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: SUB-SURFACE LAYERS

Øyegneis-granitt Thin moraine

Kvarsitt

Ambifolit og glimmerskifer Bare rock

Klonglomerat

Basalt Thick marine depositsGranitt-granodioritt Thick strand depositsGlimmer gneis Fill materialGabbro Peat-Marsh

10km0

# 12

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: MAPPING THE INVISIBLE

NORWAY/RUSSIA BORDER (Estd. 1826) PROTECTION AREA (1961 DESIGNATION)MINING + MINERAL LICENCES

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: www.ngu.no; Diagram produced in AutoCAD Source: NorgeDigitalt; Diagram produced in AutoCAD

TERRITORY ANALYSIS: COMBINATIONS AND CONFLICTS

MINING + WATER COURSES MINING + URBANISATION +REINDEER GRAZINGOVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD

5km 5km

Bjornevatn Mine

Water

Bjornevatn Mine waste

Urban area

Bjornevatn mine

Mining licences

Summer reindeer grazing areas10km0

“HOT SPOTS” ALONG 30⁰ E

OVERVIEW: “HOT SPOTS” BASED ON LAND USE

# 13

Source: Bing Maps

RUSSIA

NORWAY

THE FARM

THE BORDER

30⁰

AGRICULTURE

BORDER

MINE

VILLAGES

FJORD

REINDEER GRAZING

THE VILLAGE AND THE MINE

THE FJORD

# 14

HOT SPOT #1 : THE BORDER

HOT SPOT #2 : THE FARM

Source: http://www.pasvikelva.no/index.php?page_id=2&lang_id=2&article_id=125

The border between Norway and Russia was established.

The Norwegian-Finnish border was closed for the movement of reindeer. This had conse-quences for reindeer-herding Sami, as new grazing lands had to be found. It was howev-er difficult for the authorities to enforce the agreement along the border.

Finland and the Soviet Union signed the peace treaty in Dorpat. Petsamo-Suenjel be-came a Finnish area when the border was drawn between Soviet-Russia and Finland inas-much as Finland was independent. Russia was now no longer a neighbour of Norway.

The Finnish-Russian War between Finland and the Soviet Union. Finland had to surren-der parts of its territory to the Soviet Union.

World War II begins. Norway is occupied by Germany.

Finland’s border with the Soviet Union was changed. Petsamo and Suenjel became Soviet territory. Norway acquired the Soviet Union as its neighbour in the east. Movement across the border was strictly limited. Sør-Varanger was liberated by the Red Army as the first area to be liberated in Norway.

The Soviet Union is dissolved. Russia becomes an independent republic.

The drawing of the border in 1826 between Norway and Russia cut right across the siida areas. Three siidas were inside the Norwegian-Russian communal district:•The Njavddam siida (Neiden siida) had its summer settlement in Neiden and its winter settlement in what is now Finland. •The Paccvei siida (Pasvik siida) used both sides of the Pasvik river•The Peisen siida (Petsjenga siida) was in Russia

THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSThe terrestrial environment in the High North is generally less affected by local activity than areas further south. This is partly because the cold climate results in low biological production in much of the region, and in consequence population density is low and there is little human activity.

http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770

1920

-194

4

1751

1826

1852

1920

1939

1940

1944

1991

1809

1826

3km

HOT SPOT #3 : THE VILLAGE AND THE MINE

HOT SPOT #4 : THE FJØRD

THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSThere is growing global demand for mineral raw materials, and their prices are rising, and this is creating opportunities for new activities and value creation. However, the extraction of metals and minerals involves physical disturbance of the natural environment and requires sound management of waste and pol-lutants, and can result in environmental problems.

http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770

THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSThe conservation of the wild salmon stocks in North Norway is an important issue, and the cumulative environmental effects on these stocks must not be allowed to increase. These stocks contribute to value creation in the region, and they are an important part of the natural resource base for Sami culture.

http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770

# 15

3km

3km

CONCLUSION

1. ACTIVITY MORE CONCENTRATED ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THIS LINE OF STUDY2. DIFFERENT PRESSURES ON VULNERABLE LANDSCAPES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT AC-

TIVITIES/LAND USES3. LITTLE PROTECTION FOR PLANT HABITATS THAT ARE SEEN TO HAVE LOW VALUE

BUT VITALLY IMPORTANT FOR REINDEER GRAZING AND WILDLIFE4. URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPEARS INCOHERENT AND DISJOINTED : THE THREE

VILLAGES: BJORNEVATN, HESSING AND SANDNES ARE GRADUALLY MERGING. NO CLEAR IDENTITY.

AGRICULTURE

MINING

DUMPING

REINDEER HERDING

URBAN

SETTLEMENT

REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND READING

Arctic Portal website, http://arcticportal.org/

Barents Portal website, http://barentsportal.com/barentsportal_v2.5/index.php/en/ (accessed 11 Nov 2013)

Cambridge Digital Library, http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/longitude (accessed 15 Nov 2013)

Cosgrove, D and Fox, William, L (2010) Photography and Flight. Reaktion Books Ltd., London.

Desvigne, M (2009) Intermediate Natures. Birkhäuser. Basel Boston Berlin

Jones, M. and Olwig, K. (2008) Nordic Landscapes. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis London

Kartverket website, http://beta.norgeskart.no/#10/1077226/7798606/+land (accessed 27 Oct 2013)

Miljø Direktoratet website, http://www.miljødirektoratet.no/no/Tjenester-og-verktoy/Kart/ (accessed 14 Oct 2013)

McHarg, Ian. L (1992) Design with Nature. Wiley . Canada

Norge Digitalt website, http://159.162.103.4/norgedigitalt.no/?_to=914 (accessed 12 Oct 2013)

Norges geologiske undersøkelse website, http://www.ngu.no/no/hm/Kart-og-data/ (accessed 20 Nov 2013)

Norsk Ornitologisk Forening website, http://www.birdlife.no/ (accessed 30 Nov 2013)

Sobel, D. (2005) Longitude-The true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time. Walker & Company.