assessment of rfi measurements for lofar mark bentum, albert-jan boonstra, rob millenaar astron, the...
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Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Mark Bentum, Albert-Jan Boonstra, Rob MillenaarASTRON, The NetherlandsTelecommunication Engineering, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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2Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Content
LOFAR RFI situation Impact of RFI on LOFAR RFI monitoring station Measurements Assessment of the measurements List of LOFAR site requirements Conclusions
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3Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Low Frequency Array: LOFAR
Interferometer for the frequency range of 10 - 250 MHz
Array of 50 stations of 100 dipole antennas
Baselines of 10m to 150 km Fully digital: received waves
are digitized and sent to a central computer cluster
Ideal for observing transient events
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4Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Low Band Antenna (30-80 MHz)
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5Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
High Band Antenna (120-250 MHz)
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6Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
International
Germany Effelsberg Garching Tautenburg Potsdam ..
UK Chilbolton ..
Sweden – Onsala France – Nancay ….
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7Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Typical RFI situation
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8Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Signal level considerations
Sensitivity LOFAR will be sky noise dominated
2 mJy at 10 MHz (1 hour integration time over 4 MHz bandwidth) and 0.03 mJy at 240 MHz
For a typical 1 kHz band, this leads to: 127 mJy at 10 Mhz and 2.1 mJy at 240 MHz
Studies indicated that there are relatively large fractions of the LOFAR band where the RFI environment allowed the production of good quality sky maps.
Linearity Signals should not cause linearity problems for the receiver
systems. Maximum detected signal (NL) is 65 in a 3 kHz band Gives a maximum allowable flux of -115 dBWm-2Hz-1
1VmdB
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9Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Out-of-band filters
Given maximum observed transmitted power, criteria can be made for the out-of-band filter attenuation factors
Soft spurious criterion The integrated power of all spurious in the selected band should remain
10 dB below the integrated noise power of the selected frequency band after whitening the sky noise and before beam forming.
Spurious requirement related to strongest sky source A strong source (eg. Cas.A) can be removed from LOFAR sky images So, a (very) limited amount of spurious signals would be allowed, as long
as they are not stronger than Cas.A.
Focus of the assessment is on the effects of the strongest observed RFI signals, and much less so on the spectrum occupancy of weak signals,
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10Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Digital subband filter (1)
Filter design such that adjacent subband RFI is less than CAS-A type signal.
CAS-A with resolution of 1 kHz: -40 dBμV/m Maximum RFI is 65 dB μV/m
Stopband attenuation is 105 dBμV/m By beam-forming an extra suppression of about 14 dB is
gained, when the RFI is in the side lobe of the beam pattern.
So, filter requirements is 91 dB stopband attenuation
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11Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Digital subband filter (2)
In case of soft spurious requirements:
RFI signal is 65 dBμV/m Sky noise power @ 170 MHz region is ~ -23 dBμV/m (1 kHz
bandwidth) Assuming subband width of 156 kHz and flat sky noise in the
band: sky noise power in the subband is -1 dBμV/m
So, aliased RFI power must -11 dBμV/m (10% below Sky noise power)
So, stopband attenuation : 76 dB Compensate for multiple aliased RFI : + 4 dB
80 dB stopband attenuation
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12Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Subband filters
80 dB stopband attenuation requirement 91 dB “nice to have”
Practice: > 90 dB
In the RFI measurements 65 dBμV/m is requirement
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13Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Process site location
Search for possible locations RFI experts site visit and inventory RFI measurements with LOFAR RFI monitoring station Assessment of the measurements
Current limitations Future limitations
Go/no-go
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14Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Mobile RFI monitoring station
Antennas R&S HE010 :
Active antenna 9 kHz – 80 MHz Single vertical polarization
Schwarzbeck Vulp9118G: Single polarization log-periodic
antenna 35-1500 MHz
Receiver R&S ESMB monitor
receiver Storage on PC Calibrated offline
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15Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
9kHz-80MHz35MHz-1500MHz
Mobile RFI monitoring station
Vulp9118G
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16Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Antenna factor and gain
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17Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
What did we measure
First 5 surveys are within the LOFAR frequency range for assessment of in-band signals
The last three lines survey a larger range at lower resolution to make an inventory of signals that potentially could drive the LOFAR electronics into non-linear regimes.
Measurements last about three hours
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18Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Measurement results
Observed several national and international sites For the international sites multiple locations were identified,
assessment was needed to rank the locations Main sources of RFI:
Analogue TV (disappearing) DVB/DAB Aerospace Pager signals
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19Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Torun - Poland
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20Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Onsala - Sweden
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21Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Potsdam - Germany
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22Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Jodrell Bank – UK
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23Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
DAB and DVB signals - example
Maximum in-band signal is -120 dBWm-2Hz-1, Gives 60 dBμV/m Maximum allowable signal strength is 65 dBμV/m
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24Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Wind turbines measurements
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Time (20 seconds in total)
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25Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Assessment
Linearity, in-band and outside LOFAR bands RFI summary Specific RFI issues Limitations
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26Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Example – site in Germany
One site to be placed in Juelich or in the Hamburg area.
Assessment questions Is it possible from an RFI
point of view to place a LOFAR station at the measured sites?
What is the ranking of measured sites and what are the arguments for such a ranking?
What are the current limitations of the site(s) from an RFI point of view?
What are future limitations?
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27Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Step 1 : Locations in Juelich area
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28Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Step 1 : Locations in Hamburg area
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29Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Step 2 : RFI measurements
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30Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Step 2 – RFI measurements
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31Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Step 3 : Assessment
Linearity In-band interferer levels are below the threshold Interference levels in Juelich are considerable lower Number of interference are more in Hamburg Strongest interference: aerospace Also very strong: digital
signals (DVB/DAB) Strongest interference:
-120 dBWm-2Hz-1 with 3 kHz BW gives60 dBμV/m
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32Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
RFI - summary
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33Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
RFI - summary
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34Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Site requirements - environment
Fairly isolated No power lines within 2 km No highway within 500 meters No urban development within 500 meters No railroad, tramway within 2 km No windmills within 2 km No forest or high trees within 100 meter. At south no trees
within 500 meter No other radio interference sources in the neighbourhood A location in or at the fringe of a nature reserve is favourable
but requires good communication with environmentalists and nature organizations.
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35Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
The other way around
The LOFAR Stations are sensitive to RFI as we discussed before
The international stations are often built next to existing astronomical infrastructure. So, what is the radiated power of the LOFAR station itself?
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36Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Local (NL) shielding
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37Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
International shielding
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38Assessment of RFI measurements for LOFAR
Conclusions
A mobile LOFAR RFI monitoring station is available to measure the RFI situation at possible LOFAR locations
LOFAR is designed such that RFI of ~ 65 dBμV/m can be handled successfully (linearity)
An assessment methodology is presented to assess the possible LOFAR locations
RFI created by the LOFAR equipment is attenuated using shielded cabinets
For international stations the requirements for RFI suppression are very high because of the co-existence with other astronomical instruments special RFI container (> 100 dB)