Assessment of National Accounts Practices

inESCWA Region

Majed Skaini, UN-ESCWA

Expert Group Meeting on National AccountsCairo, 12-14 May 2009

Questionnaire

• A questionnaire on “Sources and methodologies followed in compiling National Accounts Statistics in Western Asia countries” was sent to all ESCWA countries in the end of March 2009;

• The questionnaire covered the following topics:- General Questions on implementation status, classifications, and National Accounts Compilation; - Understanding of NA concepts and definitions;- Sources of data and methods of estimation;- Coverage of production and asset boundaries;- Compilation of institutional sector accounts;- Other related issues.

Objective of Questionnaire

• The responses to the questionnaire constitute the cornerstone for the overall assessment of the regional status of National Accounts compilation in ESCWA region;

• The assessment will form the basic input for a regional booklet on sources and methods of compiling National Accounts in the ESCWA region;

• The assessment will shape the implementation strategy plan of the ESCWA region.

Responses

• 13/14 countries responded to the questionnaire;• Some questionnaires were partially answered;• Most of the countries did not provide sufficient info

on sources and methods used in production-side, expenditure-side and income side estimation;

• Some responses need to be clarified and validated;

• Missing responses and vague ones will be discussed in this meeting.

General status of SNA implementation in the ESCWA region

SNA followed

• There are differences between the ESCWA member countries in terms of application of many of the recommendations, definitions, concepts and calculations recommended by the System of National Accounts 1993

• 7/13 reported that they already are following SNA 1993

1968 SNA, but in the process of adopting 1993 SNA

1993 SNA

Saudi, Syria, UAE, Sudan, Iraq, Jordan Egypt, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Bahrain, Palestine, Oman

ISIC and CPC

• Most of ESCWA countries (8/13)* are following ISIC Rev 3.1, and almost half (6/13)* are following CPC Ver. 1.1

• Industrial Classification followed:

• Product Classification followed:

ISIC Rev.2 ISIC Rev. 3 ISIC Rev. 3.1 ISIC Rev 4 Other

Jordan* Sudan, Syria*, Jordan*, Yemen

Qatar, Oman, Iraq, Saudi, Syria*, UAE, Bahrain, Egypt

Palestine Lebanon

CPC Ver. 1 CPC Ver. 1.1 CPC Ver. 2 Other

Jordan*, UAE, Qatar Bahrain, Jordan*, Saudi, Oman, Egypt, Yemen

  Lebanon, Palestine

COICOP and COFOG

• Only Lebanon and Qatar are not using Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) to classify consumption;

• Lebanon, Palestine, Qatar and UAE are not using Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG) to classify government transactions.

Assessment in terms of …

Concepts, definitions and

methodology used

On Production…

• Theoretically, all the countries agree on the concept of production, but the practical application of the concept of production often varies from:

- one activity to another, - one sector to another, and - one country to another. • The main reason might be attributed to

deficiencies in the available data and difficulties in measurement or accessibility

Barriers and variation

• In many ESCWA countries, social values and perceptions stand as barriers to the inclusion of illegal activities within the production boundary, and hence do not estimate the production of these illegal activities as they do not admit its existence

• Informal or statistically non-covered activities face many constraints in its calculation and inclusion within the production boundary

• Countries differ in the valuation of expenditure on research and development and its treatment whether it is undertaken under own-account or outsourced by specialized research units

• Military expenditure presents a major weak point in the estimation of government expenditure and therefore of output and final consumption expenditure in most of ESCWA countries

• It appears that ESCWA member states that are still in the process of adopting SNA’93 are focusing on the concept of production and output and its components from the expenditure side, whereas countries that already started application and dissemination of data as per SNA’93 are trying to commit to the recommended concepts and definitions as much as possible, but still are facing many problems which they are addressing as a priority for improving their status of implementation of the NA system

Barriers and variation (cont)

On Institutional sectors…

• 7/12 (excl. Yemen) of the countries reported that the household sector includes unincorporated businesses, while only Bahrain and Oman compile separate estimates of mixed income for unincorporated enterprises

• Only Bahrain, Jordan, Oman and Qatar distinguish quasi-corporate bodies from other household sector units

• None of the 13 countries treats the ‘Issue Department of Central Bank’ as producer of government services

On Household sector…

Yes No

Does the household sector include unincorporated businesses?

Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Saudi, UAE

Lebanon, Palestine, Qatar, Sudan, Syria

Are there any production activities reported under Household sector other than “Ownership of dwelling” and “Activities of private households as employers and undifferentiated production activities of private households”?

Bahrain, Egypt, Qatar, Yemen Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi, Sudan, Syria

Only Qatar reported that it includes some agriculture, transportation and construction activities under the household sector, other than ‘Ownership of dwelling’ or ‘private household employment’.

On FISIM…

• 5/13* of ESCWA countries have started to address the financial intermediation services indirectly measured according to the recommendations of the SNA’93, by allocating it to the users of these services as intermediate consumption to industries and as final consumption to final users, whereas the remaining countries are still dealing with FISIM on an aggregate basis as a notional industry;

Countries where financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) are allocated to the users of these services (as IC and FC)

Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen, Jordan

On CFC…

• ESCWA countries differ in the approach used to estimate the Consumption of Fixed Capital;

• Most of the countries estimate CFC based on data on reported depreciation;

• Only Bahrain, Jordan and Oman follow Perpetual Inventory Method in estimating CFC.

The approach followed for estimating consumption of fixed capital (CFC) PIM Based on data on reported depreciation Other method

Bahrain, Jordan, Oman Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Saudi, Sudan, Syria, UAE Lebanon, Qatar, Yemen

Compilation of GDP aggregates (1)

• All 13 ESCWA countries compile GVA by type of economic activity at both current and constant prices;

• Whereas all 13* compile GDP main expenditure aggregates at current prices, only Iraq, Jordan and Yemen do not compile it at constant prices;

• Whereas all 13* compile GDP main income aggregates at current prices, only Bahrain, Oman and Palestine compile it at constant prices**;

• Only Lebanon and Syria do not compile current price expenditure at the disaggregated level of NPISHs;

• Only Egypt and Syria do not do valuation of output and value added at basic prices.

* Egypt and UAE did not reply** Qatar and Syria compile GNI only

Compilation of GDP aggregates (2)

GDP aggregates that are compiled at present Yes

Aggregates At Current Prices

At Constant Prices

Gross value added by type of economic activity 13 12

Private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) 13 8

of which Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE)

11 6

of which Final Consumption Expenditure of NPISHs 11 6

Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE) 13 8

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) 13 8

Change in Inventory 13 8

Gross National Income 13 5

Gross National Disposable Income 13 3

Gross Saving 13 3

Assessment in terms of …

Coverage

On Production Boundary…

• Whereas only 3 countries reported that they do not include ‘non-market agricultural crops’ under their production boundary, 6 countries in the region do not include ‘other household production for own final use’;

Included in Production Boundary

Not included in Production Boundary

Partly included

Non-market agricultural crops Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi, Syria, UAE, Yemen

Bahrain, Palestine, Qatar Sudan

Other household production for own final use

Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, UAE, Yemen

Bahrain, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi, Sudan, Syria  

Informal Production… • Results of the questionnaire show that there are

problems in establishing production coverage especially in the scope of unregistered businesses, informal sector activities or illegal activities. Most countries are posting these issues at the center of attention as a priority;

• Only 5 countries reported that their production boundary covers informal activities and hence include informal production;

Included in Production Boundary

Not included in Production Boundary

Partly included

Informal production Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Oman, UAE

Bahrain, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi,Sudan, Syria

Jordan, Yemen

Own account servicing… • 3/13 ESCWA countries do not include ‘services of

owner-occupied dwellings’ under their production boundary;

• Only 6 countries include ‘domestic services produced by employed staff’ under their production boundary;

• 7 countries include ‘own-account fixed capital formation’ within production coverage;

Included in Production Boundary

Not included in Production Boundary

Partly included

Own-account production of housing services by owner-occupiers

Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi, Syria, UAE, Yemen

Bahrain, Palestine, Sudan  

Production of domestic and personal services by employing paid domestic staff for own use*/**

Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Saudi, UAE

Bahrain, Lebanon, Palestine, Sudan, Syria

 

Own-account fixed capital formation**

Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi, UAE

Bahrain, Palestine, Qatar,Sudan

Syria

* Jordan did not answer** Yemen did not answer

On Asset Boundary…• Many of the region’s countries estimate the value of gross fixed

capital formation as an aggregate without disaggregating at the level of asset industrial type (Buildings/ machinery/ ...... etc.) or engaging in the classification at the level of economic activity or beneficiary sector;

• 8 countries include expenditures on mineral exploration under capital formation, whereas only 3 countries treat expenditure on R&D as capital formation;

Included under Capital Formation

Not included under Capital Formation

Expenditures on mineral exploration Oman, Iraq, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Syria, Egypt, Saudi

Sudan, Palestine, Lebanon, Yemen, Jordan

Expenditure on research & development activity – both for market and own use

UAE, Egypt, Saudi Oman, Iraq, Sudan, Palestine, Bahrain, Qatar, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Jordan

Own-account fixed capital formation Oman, Iraq, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi

Sudan, Palestine, Syria, Yemen, Jordan

Justifications!

• Why are some activities not covered?

• What is needed to ensure coverage of these activities?

• What is needed to get estimates and compile statistics for these activities?

• How much time is needed?

Assessment in terms of …

Sequencing of Accounts

Inquiry on Compilation status…

• All 13 ESCWA countries were requested to fill in the following table, specifying which of the following institutional sector accounts are being compiled at present. Responses confirming compilation out of 13 countries were as such:

Yes

Accounts Whole Economy

Financial Corporations

Non-financial

Corporations

General Government

Households NPISH Rest of the

World

Production account 11 10 10 11 10 10  

Generation of income account 10 8 8 9 8 7  

Allocation of primary income account 9 8 8 9 7 7 8

Secondary distribution of income account 9 8 7 9 7 7

Use of disposable income account 9 8 7 9 7 7  

Capital account 9 8 7 9 7 7 7

External transactions of Goods & Services             7

Institutional Sector Accounts… • Sudan, Syria and UAE do not compile a sequence of accounts for any of the

institutional sectors; • Palestine compiles a full sequence of accounts for whole economy only while Bahrain

compiles for Financial Corporations and General Government; • Lebanon compiles a full sequence of accounts for whole economy, General

Government and ROW;• All the rest (7/13 countries) compile full sequence of accounts for all institutional

sectors, except for Qatar which does not compile for ROW.

Assessment in terms of …

General Challenges

and

Drawbacks

On transactions…

• Problems in estimating gross and net values due to the lack of reliable estimates of the consumption of fixed assets;

• The estimation of some transactions as residuals as is the case with treating ‘Change in inventory’ in most of the countries; (Worth mentioning that 6/13 countries reported that they do attempt to balance GDP estimates from demand, supply and income sides; how is it done?)

• The estimation of GFCF as an aggregate without trying to estimate its components at the lower level.

• Non separation of NPISH as a separate sector and non differentiation between private sector under local/foreign authority.

Possible obstacles…

• Non availability of recurrent statistical data covering all economic activities in all sectors;

• Ignorance of the importance of the use of National Accounts Statistics for economic and social analysis and its significance for policy making;

• Lack of capacity building and storage of national and international expertise at the National Accounts departments within countries due to frequent turnover of staff and the lack of practical training capabilities;

• Confidentiality restrictions on many important sets of statistical data such as oil and gas, military expenditure, infrastructure, etc…

More obstacles…

• Lack of strict statistical laws obliging the various units to provide the statistical bureau with the requested data;

• Lack of technology and the know-how to use advanced software for compiling sequential accounts and input/output tables;

• Difficulties in understanding certain recommended definitions and concepts;

Missing Questionnaire

Information

Economic activity Current Prices Constant Prices

(ISIC 3.1) sources methods sources methods

Cat. A: Agriculture: Main field crops

Cat. A: Other crops        

Cat. A: Livestock products        

Cat. B: Fishing        

Cat. C: Mining and quarrying: Extraction of Crude Oil and gas        

Cat. C: Others under mining and quarrying        

Cat. D: Manufacturing        

Cat. E: Electricity, Gas and Water Supply        

Cat. F: Construction        

Cat. G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of goods        

Cat. H: Hotels and restaurants        

Cat. I: Transport & storage        

Cat. I: Communication        

Cat. J: Financial Intermediation        

Cat. K: Owner-ship of dwellings        

Cat. K: others under real estate, renting and business activities        

Cat. L: Public administration and defense; compulsory social security        

Cat. M: Education        

Cat. N: Health social work        

Cat. O: Other community, social and personal service activities        

Cat. P: Activities of private households as employers & other        

Cat. Q: Extraterritorial organizations and bodies        

Production side estimation…

Expenditure and Income side estimation…

Expenditure-side aggregates

Current Prices Constant Prices

sources methods sources methods

PFCE        

of which, HFCE        

of which, NPISHs’ consumption        

GFCE        

GFCF        

Agriculture        

Machinery & equipment        

Transport equipment        

Construction: residence        

Construction: others        

Others        

Changes in inventories        

Exports & Imports        

Income-side aggregates

Current Prices Constant Prices

sources methods sources methods

Compensation of employees        

Operating surplus        

Mixed income        

Taxes & subsidies        

Majed Skaini, UN-ESCWA

Expert Group Meeting on National AccountsCairo, 12-14 May 2009

Thank you