assessing of water quality of al-kufa river for drinking...
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International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161 ©2017 INPRESSCO®, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet
Research Article
1566| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
Assessing of Water Quality of Al-Kufa River for Drinking Water using WQI and GIS Mohammed Ali Alanbari, Saif Salah Alqizweeni and Rusul Ali Abdalwahed*
*Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq **Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq Received 30 May 2017, Accepted 05 Aug 2017, Available online 14 Aug 2017, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
Abstract Traditional methods do not fulfill the demands for study quality and situation of water of great areas which need enough time and money therefore, Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographical Information System (GIS) were employed to evaluation the quality of raw water of Kufa river for drinking water because of its important in Najaf province. Water samples from seven different stations along Kufa river for twelve months from July – 2013 to June – 2014 were collected. Eleven water quality parameters were analyzed including total hardness(TH), turbidity, (pH), electrical conductivity (Ec), total dissolved solids (TDS), alklinity (Alk.), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), sodium(Na), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K). The use of Water Quality Index (WQI) to offer a useful representation of the overall quality of water for public or any intended use as well as indicating pollution, which are useful in water quality management and decision making. The application of Water Quality Index (WQI) with several physicochemical water quality parameters was performed to evaluate the quality of Kufa River water for human uses. The average annual overall WQI for drinking water was found to be (77.895) through the study period. From this analysis the quality of the Kufa River is classified as Very poor quality ranging Poor water at the river upstream near station (K1) and Very poor for drinking at the river downstream near station (K7). The monthly WQI variation ranged higher value (106.49) at December_2013 and lower value (65.92) at March_2014 along Kufa River, and classify from (Unfit and unsuitable for drinking to Poor water quality) . The high WQI obtained is a result of the various human activities taking place along the river banks. Results suggest that, the use of (GIS) and water quality index (WQI) methods could provide a very useful and efficient tool to show the pollution in the river for different uses and to water resource management. Keywords: Kufa River, Drinking water quality, Water quality parameters, WQI and GIS . Introduction
1 The river is defined as a large natural stream of water emptying into an ocean, lake, or other body of water and usually fed along its course by converging-tributaries. Rivers and streams drain water that falls in upland areas. Moving water dilutes and decomposes pollutants more rapidly than standing water, but many rivers and streams are significantly polluted all around the-world. A primary reason for this is that all three major sources of pollution (industry, agriculture and domestic) are concentrated along the rivers. Industries and cities have historically been located along rivers because the rivers provide transportation and have traditionally been a convenient place to discharge waste. Agricultural activities have tended to be concentrated near rivers, because river floodplains are exceptionally fertile due to the many nutrients that are deposited in the soil when the river overflows *Corresponding author’s ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4661-6241
[Lenntech, 2014]. The definition of water quality is very much depending on the desired use of water. Therefore, different uses require different criteria of water quality as well as standard methods for reporting and comparing results of water analysis [Khodapanah,L., et al, 2009].
On the other hand, GIS is very helpful tool for developing solutions for water resources problems to assess in water quality, determining water availability and understanding the natural environment on a local and / or regional scale. From GIS, spatial distribution mapping for various pollutants can be done. The resulting information is very useful for policy makers to take remedial measures [Swarna Latha, P., and Nageswara Rao, K., 2010]. Kufa River passes through Al-Najaf province, the source of water for Al-Najaf province is from this river. Due to the population growth, agriculture and urbanization, municipal wastes and agricultural wastes have been increased considerably into the river. The problems of water
Mohammed Ali Alanbari et al Assessing of Water Quality of Al-Kufa River for Drinking Water using WQI and GIS
1567| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
quality have become more important than the quantity. Therefore, the present study focuses on the water quality analysis of Kufa River using GIS. In addition, water quality index (WQI) is used to identify the suitability of water samples from various sampling locations for human utility. Materials and Methods Description of the study area Kufa is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres south of Baghdad (capital of Iraq), and 10 kilometres northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. Euphrates river branches after Al-Kifil town directly about )1Km) to two branches (first one is Al-Kufa river with a length of 73 km and width about 100 m and another branch named Al-Abbasia river). The main source of water for Al-Kufa river is rain water, stored water as lake and reservoirs. The water level is not stable at the river, according to the season of the year, in the summer decline is attributed to its lowest level so that the bottom of the river can be seen in some areas and even in winter the water levels are not rising as required, and the center of the river is not covered with water even in winter and the rainy season .The nature of the land surrounding the river is agricultural land, with some residential buildings and farming land on the other side.(Abdulmuttaleb H., 2012). Figure (1) shows study area of Kufa River and figure (2) shows the elevations of Kufa River.
Fig. 1 Shows study area (Abdulmuttaleb H., 2012)
Fig. 2 Shows the elevations of Kufa River by using (GPS) and measured by researcher
Samples collection In order to give a comprehensive idea of the overall
water quality and to determine the water quality index
of the river, water samples were collected from seven
stations along the Kufa River near by the Al-Najaf
station to the Qadesyia Bridge. These stations were
selected to carry out the present study a long 58.859
km stretch of Kufa River situated in AI-Najaf city.
According to the readings of GPS instrument (Garmin
modal GPS 72H) the coordinates (x,y,z) for the
locations of water samples along Kufa River are
described in table (1) and shown in fig.(3). The data
used in this study covered the period from July 2013 to
June 2014 which represent the monthly values for
eleven water parameters. These eleven parameters are
shown in table (2).
Table 1 Description of the monitoring stations along
the Kufa River within Al-Najaf province
Stations Location
Coordinates
Dis
tan
ce b
etw
een
st
atio
ns
(km
)
Acc
um
ula
ted
d
ista
nce
(k
m)
X Y Z
K1
Near the water
project of Najaf 4
41
26
3
35
50
16
7
14
m
0
K2
Near the water
project of Kufa 4
43
40
6
35
45
39
4
13
m
6.9
16
6.9
16
K3
Near the water
project of Issa 4
48
07
6
35
38
94
9
12
m
11
.11
5
18
.03
1
K4
Near the water
project of Manathira 4
52
23
0
35
29
78
7
11
m
13
.31
6
31
.34
7
K5 Near the
Mashkhab bridge 4
52
28
3
35
18
81
5
11
m
11
42
.34
7
K6 Near the Shaalan market 4
53
97
9
35
14
77
2
11
m
5.7
39
48
.08
6
K7 Near the
Qadisiyah bridge 4
50
87
3
35
07
10
5
11
m
10
.77
3
58
.85
9
Mohammed Ali Alanbari et al Assessing of Water Quality of Al-Kufa River for Drinking Water using WQI and GIS
1568| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
Fig. 3 Stations location for water quality monitoring along the Kufa River within Al-Najaf province
Table 2 Water quality parameters which are used in
this study
Parameters Symbol Unit
Total Alkalinity Alk. mg/ l
Calcium Ca mg/ l
Magnesium Mg mg/l
Chloride Cl mg/ l
Electrical Conductivity Ec s/cm
Total Hardness TH mg/ l
Turbidity Turb. NTU
Total Dissolved Solids TDS mg/ l
Hydrogen Ion concentration
pH -
Potassium K mg/l
Sodium Na mg/l
Water Quality Index (WQI)
A Water Quality Index (WQI) is defined as a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water (Deininger, 1971; Harkins, 1974 and Tiwari, 1988). The objective of water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. A single number cannot tell the whole story of water quality; there are other water quality parameters that are not included in the index. However, a water quality index based on some very important can provide a simple indicator of water quality. In general, water quality indices indicator data from multiple water quality parameters into a mathematical equation that rates the health of a water body with number. The concept of indices to represent gradation in water quality was first proposed by Horton (Horton, 1965). It indicates the quality by an index number, which represents the overall quality of water for any intended use. The present study is aimed to calculate the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Kufa River in order to assess the suitability of its water for drinking use.
Methodology and the work of (GIS) GIS is a powerful tool for developing solutions for
water resources such as assessing water quality and
managing water resources on a local or regional scale.
Use GIS technology to integrate various data and
applications into one, manageable system. The suite of
tools contained in Arc Hydro facilitate the creation,
manipulation, and display of hydro features and
objects within the ArcGIS environment ( Esri ,2014) .
The Geographic information system (GIS) software have been used in this study. Arc GIS(10.2.2) provides tools to evaluate surface water quality. Calculation of the (WQI) by using (WAM) method:- The water quality index was calculated using the
assigned weighted arithmetic index method. The
important physicochemical parameters were used with
respect to their suitability for human consumption and
availability of data from each station. These
parameters were compared with the permissible
values for drinking water quality that recommended by
the Standards based on the formula to calculate WQI
proposed by (Tiwari and Mishra ,1985):
(1)
Where: -
wi = Unit weight factor;
K = proportional constant
The quality rating scale (qi) is a number reflecting the
relative value of this parameter in the polluted water
with respect to its standard permissible value and is
determined as follows:
( )
(2)
Where:
qi= quality rating scale for the ith water quality
parameter.
Vi= estimate permissible value of the ith parameter.
V10= Ideal value of the ith parameter pure water.
Si = standard permissible value of ith parameter.
All the ideal values (V10 = 0) are taken as zero for
drinking water except for pH = 7.0
Overall WQI =
(3) Based on the calculated WQI, the classification of water quality types is shown in table (3).
Mohammed Ali Alanbari et al Assessing of Water Quality of Al-Kufa River for Drinking Water using WQI and GIS
1569| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
Table 3 Water quality classification based on WQI value (Tiwari and Mishra 1985)
Water quality classification WQI level No.
Excellent 0-25 1 Good 26-50 2 Poor 51-75 3
Very poor 76-100 4 Unfit and unsuitable for
human uses More than 100 5
Results and Discussion Water Quality Index for drinking water
The water quality index (WQI) along Kufa River within Al-Najaf province has been calculated using the (WAM) method by some parameters of raw water that were studied in respect to their suitability for human consumption. The descriptive statistical analysis for the collected water quality parameters are shown in table (4). Based on the WQI value, water is categorized into five groups ranging from Excellent water to Unfit and unsuitable for drinking. The unit weight (wi) for all the eleven chosen parameters with standard values one given in table (5).
Table 4 Discriptive summary of mean water quality values along Kufa River within Al-Najaf province
during 2013-2014
Stations & parameters
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 Mean
pH
7.4
7
7.4
9
7.5
6
7.6
1
7.4
2
7.5
5
7.4
5
7.5
1
Turb.
6.9
8
7.9
9
8.5
6
7.2
9
9.0
3
8.4
5
8.9
2
8.1
7
Ec
15
86
.75
16
23
.58
16
25
.33
15
50
.75
16
09
16
47
.83
16
57
16
14
.32
Alk. 12
5
12
8.6
7
12
6.5
12
6.5
13
3.1
7
13
3.8
3
12
6.6
7
12
8.6
2
TDS
10
15
.17
10
22
.42
10
11
.67
99
9.4
2
10
19
.5
10
22
.67
10
78
.67
10
24
.22
T.H
47
5.5
49
8.7
5
48
5.6
7
45
8.6
7
48
1.6
7
46
1
48
1.0
8
47
7.4
8
Ca
10
5.3
9
12
0.2
3
11
1.9
1
11
0.1
6
10
8.5
8
11
6.0
3
11
7.9
11
2.8
9
Mg
53
.41
51
.86
49
.51
49
.23
53
.95
45
.73
47
.63
50
.19
Na
12
1.8
3
12
8.9
2
11
8.4
2
12
0.6
9
13
4.5
13
5.5
13
3.8
3
12
7.6
7
K
5.6
1
6.3
5
6.0
1
5.7
7
6.3
6
6.8
5
6.5
2
6.2
1
Cl
14
9.9
6
15
1.0
2
14
2.8
6
14
7.7
7
16
3.4
4
17
0.7
5
17
0.4
2
15
6.6
Table 5 Water quality parameter stabndards, assigned
and unit weight (Tiwari and Mishra ,1985)
Water quality Parameters
Standard value (Si )
Proportional weight (K)
Unit weight factor (wi)
pH 8.5 1 0.074 Turb. 5 1 0.074
Ec 2000 2 0.148 Alk. 200 1.5 0.112 TDS 1000 2 0.148 T.H 500 1 0.074 Ca 150 1 0.074 Mg 100 1 0.074 Na 200 1 0.074 K 10 1 0.074 Cl 350 1 0.074 13.5 1.00
The computed overall WQI value of all the samples and stations along Kufa River was (77.895) which implies that the water is generally Very poor as shown in table (6) and fig.(4). The computed monthly overall WQI along Kufa River for all samples and stations was (78.048), which implies that the water is generally Very poor as shown in table (7). The monthly WQI variation ranged higher value (106.49) at Dec._2013 and lower value (65.92) at March_2014 along Kufa River, and classify from (Unfit and unsuitable for drinking to Poor water quality) as shown in fig.(5). The annual river water quality index variation along Kufa River ranged (74.434) Poor quality at the upstream near station (K1) and (80.582) Very poor at the downstream near station (K7) which reflect the effects of pollution as shown in table (8) and fig.(6). The result obtained from this study indicates that the overall WQI of Kufa River water is not within the permissible limits for drinking water, thereby signifying contamination. The high value of WQI is obtained as a result of the various human activities taking place at the river bank.
Fig. 4 Shows the overall WQI for drinking water within water quality classification
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
26
51
76
25
50
75
WQI(77.895)
More than 100
100
WQ
I le
ve
l
Water quality classification
Excellent Good Poor Very poor Unfit
Mohammed Ali Alanbari et al Assessing of Water Quality of Al-Kufa River for Drinking Water using WQI and GIS
1570| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
Table 6 Computed overall WQI values for drinking water along Kufa River within Al-Najaf province during
2013-2014
Par
amet
ers
Mea
sure
d
valu
e
(Vi )
Stan
dar
d
valu
e
(Si )
Idea
l V
alu
e (V
10
)
Pro
po
rtio
nal
w
eigh
t (
K)
Un
it w
eigh
t f
acto
r (w
i)
Qu
alit
y
rati
ng
(qi)
WQ
I (w
i*q
i)
pH
7.5
1
8.5
7
1
0.0
74
34
2.5
16
Tu
rb.
8.1
7
5
0
1
0.0
74
16
3.4
12
.09
2
Ec
16
14
.32
20
00
0
2
0.1
48
80
.71
6
11
.94
6
Alk
.
12
8.6
2
20
0
0
1.5
0.1
12
64
.31
7.2
03
TD
S
10
24
.22
10
00
0
2
0.1
48
10
2.4
2
15
.15
8
T.H
47
7.4
8
50
0
0
1
0.0
74
95
.49
6
7.0
67
Ca
11
2.8
9
15
0
0
1
0.0
74
75
.26
5.5
69
Mg
50
.19
10
0
0
1
0.0
74
50
.19
3.7
14
Na
12
7.6
7
20
0
0
1
0.0
74
63
.83
5
4.7
24
K
6.2
1
10
0
1
0.0
74
62
.1
4.5
95
Cl
15
6.6
35
0
0
1
0.0
74
44
.74
3
3.3
11
13
.5
1.0
0
83
6.4
7
77
.89
5
Table 7 Monthly WQI variations along Kufa River
within Al-Najaf province during 2013-2014
Months WQI Water quality classify
July_2013 77.576 Very poor
Aug._2013 74.834 Poor
Sep._2013 84.778 Very poor
Oct._2013 79.705 Very poor
Nov._2013 83.591 Very poor
Dec._2013 106.49 Unfit and unsuitable for drinking
Jan._2014 72.868 Poor
Feb._2014 76.38 Very poor
March_2014 65.92 Poor
Apr._2014 73.6 Poor
May_2014 73.189 Poor
June_2014 67.648 Poor
Mean 78.048 Very poor
Fig. 5 Variation of monthly mean values of WQI for
drinking water in Kufa River within Al-Najaf province
during 2013-2014
Table 8 Annual WQI variations for all stations along
Kufa River within Al-Najaf province during 2013-2014
Stations WQI Water quality classify
K1 74.434 Poor
K2 78.407 Very poor
K3 77.738 Very poor
K4 74.874 Poor
K5 79.507 Very poor
K6 79.667 Very poor
K7 80.582 Very poor
Mean 77.887 Very poor
Fig. 6 Variation of annual mean values of WQI for
drinking water at the stations along Kufa River within
Al-Najaf province during 2013-2014
Using the (GIS) software In this study eleven physico–chemical parameters
were considered in the analysis. GIS is used to link the
results of (WQI) with (GIS). Produce new map of GIS
represents the distribution of WQI for drinking water
in the study area to show the impact of pollution on the
surface water quality. Fig (7).
Mohammed Ali Alanbari et al Assessing of Water Quality of Al-Kufa River for Drinking Water using WQI and GIS
1571| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.4 (Aug 2017)
Fig. 7 The final distribution of (WQI) for drinking water in the study area
Conclusions 1) Application of WQI in this study has been found
very useful in the assessment of the overall water quality. Along seven stations on the Kufa River within Al-Najaf province during the study period revealed that the water quality is not suitable for drinking purposes. The results indicated that the water quality of Kufa River is generally Very poor and it ranged poor water at the upstream and very poor for drinking at the downstream which reflected the effect of pollution due to domestic and agricultural wastes.
2) The results showed that the worst water quality for drinking water according to the WQI classification was in December 2013.
3) The study showed that there is integration between the information obtained from laboratory analysis with GIS software during the study of Kufa River .
4) The results indicated that the use of (GIS) and water quality index (WQI) methods could provide a very useful and an efficient tool to summarize and to report on the monitoring data to the decision makers in order to be able to understand the status of the surface water quality.
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