asia-pacific development journal vol.20, n°1, june 2013

8/13/2019 ASIA-PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL Vol.20, n1, June 2013

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\f`. >2, Df. 7, Kude >27?

HD YMH_ H__UE;

Yme eofdfaho hapgot fl dew rejhfdg` trgihdj

ieve`fpaedts hd tme E_OGR rejhfd

Iydgahos hd muagd ieve`fpaedt;

pgrthg` afnh`hty gdi kuap

Agtomhdj resfuroes whtm ieagdi;

g l`gwei strgtejy6

Rerpetugthdj tme j`fng` ihvhshfd fl `gnfur;

ieledshve lree trgie gdi ieve`fpaedt

hd tme tmhri wfr`i

Lhdgdohdj yfudj gdi e`ier`y iepediedts;

tme ogse fl Hdihgd pun`ho pf`hoy


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Yme seoretgrhgt fl tme Eofdfaho gdi _fohg` Ofaahsshfd lfr Gshg gditme Rgohlho (E_OGR) hs tme rejhfdg` ieve`fpaedt gra fl tme Udhtei Dgthfdsgdi serves gs tme aghd eofdfaho gdi sfohg` ieve`fpaedt oedtre lfr tmeUdhtei Dgthfds hd Gshg gdi tme Rgohlho. Hts agdigte hs tf lfster offpergthfdgafdj hts 5? aeaners gdi 8 gssfohgte aeaners. Ht prfvhies tme strgtejho`hdc netweed j`fng` gdi ofudtry-ève` prfjrgaaes gdi hssues. Ht suppfrts

Jfverdaedts fl ofudtrhes hd tme rejhfd hd ofdsf`higthdj rejhfdg` pfshthfdsgdi givfogtes rejhfdg` gpprfgomes tf aeethdj tme rejhfds udhquesfohfeofdfaho omg`èdjes hd g j`fng`hzhdj wfrì. Yme E_OGR seoretgrhgths hd Ngdjcfc. Règse vhsht tme E_OGR wenshte gt 0www.udesogp.frj4 lfrlurtmer hdlfragthfd.

Yme smgiei gregs fl tme agp hdihogte E_OGR aeaners gdi gssfohgte aeaners.


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Gshg-Rgohlho Ieve`fpaedt Kfurdg` \f`. >2, Df. 7, Kude >27?

hDew Xfrc, >27?


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hh

Ymhs pun`hogthfd agy ne reprfiuoei hd wmfè fr hd pgrt lfr eiuogthfdg` fr dfd-prflht purpfseswhtmfut speohg` perahsshfd lrfa tme ofpyrhjmt mfìer, prfvhiei tmgt tme sfuroe hs gocdfwèijei.Yme E_OGR Run`hogthfds Fllhoe wfuì gppreohgte reoehvhdj g ofpy fl gdy pun`hogthfd tmgt uses tmhspun`hogthfd gs g sfuroe.

Df use agy ne agie fl tmhs pun`hogthfd lfr resgè fr gdy ftmer ofaaerohg` purpfse wmgtsfeverwhtmfut prhfr perahsshfd. Gpp`hogthfds lfr suom perahsshfd, whtm g stgteaedt fl tme purpfse gdiextedt fl reprfiuothfd, smfuì ne giiressei tf tme _eoretgry fl tme Run`hogthfds Nfgri, UdhteiDgthfds, Dew Xfrc.

G_HG-RGOHLHO

IE\E@FRAEDY

KFU^DG@

\f`. >2, Df. 7, Kude >27?

Udhtei Dgthfds pun`hogthfd_gès Df. E.7?.HH.L.27?G`` rhjmts reserveiAgdulgoturei hd Ymgh`gdiH_ND; 8:=-8>-7-7>22-7>9


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hhh

Givhsfry Nfgri

Aeaners

Ir. XH@AG[ GCX[Omhel Eofdfahst, _futm Oedtre (lfraer Ihreotfr gdi Omhel Eofdfahst,UDOYGI), _whtzer`gdi

Ir. ^G_MHI GAKGI\hoe-Omgdoe``fr, Rgchstgd Hdsthtute fl Ieve`fpaedt Eofdfahos (RHIE),Rgchstgd

Ir. AX^DG GU_Y^HG\hoe-Omgdoe``fr lfr Gogieahos, Ie @g _g`è Udhvershty, Rmh`hpphdes

R^FLE__F^ ^GKE_M OMGDI^G\hoe-Omgdoe``fr gdi Rreshiedt, Udhvershty fl tme _futm Rgohlho, Lhkh

R^FLE__F^ YGCGYF_MH HYFRrflessfr, Jrgiugte _omff` fl Eofdfahos gdi Jrgiugte _omff`fl Run`ho Rf`hoy, Udhvershty fl Yfcyf, Kgpgd

Ir. AU^GY CG^HA_GCF\Omghragd fl tme Exeouthve Nfiy fl tme Eurgshgd Eofdfaho Oùnfl _ohedthsts, Cgzgcmstgd

Ir. _GAGD CE@EJGAGExeouthve Ihreotfr, Hdsthtute fl Rf`hoy _tuihes, _rh @gdcg

R^FLE__F^ IEERGC DGXXG^Kgwgmgr`g` Demru Udhvershty (lfraer Omhel Eofdfaho Givhsertf tme Jfverdaedt fl Hdihg), Hdihg

R^FLE__F^ ÊMAGD _FNMGDOmghragd, Oedtre lfr Rf`hoy Ihg`fjue, Ngdj`giesm

Ir. OMG@FDJRMFN _U__GDJCG^DIhsthdjuhsmei Le``fw, Ymgh`gdi Ieve`fpaedt êsegrom Hdsthtute,Ymgh`gdi

R^FLE__F^ XU XFDJIHDJOmhdese Gogieay fl _fohg` _ohedoes, Omhdg

Eihtfrs

Omhel EihtfrIr. Gdhsuzzgagd OmfwimuryIhreotfr, Agorfeofdfaho Rf`hoy gdi Ieve`fpaedt Ihvhshfd

Agdgjhdj Eihtfr

Ir. Gydu` MgsgdOmhel, Ieve`fpaedt Rf`hoy _eothfdAgorfeofdfaho Rf`hoy gdi Ieve`fpaedt Ihvhshfd


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hv

Eihtfrhg` stgteaedt

Yme Gshg-Rgohlho Ieve`fpaedt Kfurdg` hs pun`hsmei twhoe g yegr ny tmeEofdfaho gdi _fohg` Ofaahsshfd lfr Gshg gdi tme Rgohlho.

Hts prhagry fnkeothve hs tf prfvhie g aeihua lfr tme exomgdje fl cdfwèije,experhedoe, hiegs, hdlfragthfd gdi igtg fd g`` gspeots fl eofdfaho gdi sfohgìeve`fpaedt hd tme Gshgd gdi Rgohlho rejhfd. Yme eapmgshs fl tme Kfurdg` hs fd tmepun`hogthfd fl eaphrhog``y ngsei, pf`hoy-frhedtei grthoès hd tme gregs fl pfvertyg`èvhgthfd, eaerjhdj sfohg` hssues gdi agdgjhdj j`fng`hzgthfd.

Frhjhdg` grthoès gdg`yshdj hssues gdi prfnèas reèvgdt tf tme rejhfd lrfa tmegnfve perspeothve gre weòfaei lfr pun`hogthfd hd tmeKfurdg`. Yme grthoès smfuì mgveg strfdj eapmgshs fd tme pf`hoy hap`hogthfds l`fwhdj lrfa tme gdg`yshs. Gdg`ythog` nffcrevhews wh`` g`sf ne ofdshierei lfr pun`hogthfd.

Agdusorhpts smfuì ne sedt tf;

Omhel EihtfrGshg-Rgohlho Ieve`fpaedt Kfurdg`

Agorfeofdfaho Rf`hoy gdi Ieve`fpaedt Ihvhshfd

E_OGR, Udhtei Dgthfds Nuhìhdj^gkgigaderd Dfc GvedueNgdjcfc 72>22Ymgh`gdiLgx; >==-?22: fr >==-7222E-agh`; esogp-apiiBud.frj


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v

G_HG-RGOHLHO IE\E@FRAEDY KFU^DG@

\f`. >2, Df. 7, Kude >27?

OFDYEDY_

Rgje

Kfmd Jh`nert Yme eofdfaho hapgot fl dew rejhfdg` 7trgihdj ieve`fpaedts hd tme E_OGR rejhfd

Gtgdu _edjuptg gdi Iydgahos hd muagd ieve`fpaedt; ??

Gnmhkht Jmfsm pgrthg` afnh`hty gdi kuapGsmlgq Gmagi Cmgd gdi Agtomhdj resfuroes whtm ieagdi;


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vh

Exp`gdgtfry dftes

êleredoes tf if``grs ($) gre tf Udhtei _tgtes if``grs, udèss ftmerwhse stgtei.

êleredoes tf tfds gre tf aetrho tfds, udèss ftmerwhse speohlhei.

G sf`hius (/) netweed igtes (e.j. 78=2/=7) hdihogtes g lhdgdohg` yegr, g orfp yegr fr gdgogieaho yegr.

Use fl g mypmed netweed igtes (e.j. 78=2-78=5) hdihogtes tme lu`` perhfi hdvf`vei,hdoùihdj tme nejhddhdj gdi edi yegrs.

Yme lf``fwhdj syanf`s mgve need usei hd tme tgnès tmrfujmfut tme kfurdg`;

Ywf ifts (..) hdihogte tmgt igtg gre dft gvgh`gnè fr gre dft sepgrgte`y repfrtei.

Gd ea-igsm () hdihogtes tmgt tme gafudt hs dh` fr dej`hjhnè.

G mypmed (-) hdihogtes tmgt tme htea hs dft gpp`hognè.

G pfhdt (.) hs usei tf hdihogte ieohag`s.

G spgoe hs usei tf ihsthdjuhsm tmfusgdis gdi ah``hfds.Yftg`s agy dft gii preohse`y neoguse fl rfudihdj.

Yme ieshjdgthfds eap`fyei gdi tme presedtgthfd fl tme agterhg` hd tmhs pun`hogthfd ifdft hap`y tme expresshfd fl gdy fphdhfd wmgtsfever fd tme pgrt fl tme _eoretgrhgt fl tmeUdhtei Dgthfds ofdoerdhdj tme èjg` stgtus fl gdy ofudtry, terrhtfry, ohty fr greg fr fl htsgutmfrhthes, fr ofdoerdhdj tme ie`hahtgthfd fl hts lrfdthers fr nfudigrhes.

Zmere tme ieshjdgthfd ofudtry fr greg gppegrs, ht ofvers ofudtrhes, terrhtfrhes, ohthes

fr gregs.

Nhn`hfjrgpmhog` gdi ftmer releredoes mgve, wmerever pfsshnè, need verhlhei. Yme UdhteiDgthfds negrs df respfdshnh`hty lfr tme gvgh`gnh`hty fr ludothfdhdj fl U^@s ne`fdjhdj tffutshie edththes.

Yme fphdhfds, lhjures gdi esthagtes set lfrtm hd tmhs pun`hogthfd gre tme respfdshnh`hty fltme gutmfrs gdi smfuì dft deoessgrh`y ne ofdshierei gs relèothdj tme vhews fr ogrryhdjtme edifrseaedt fl tme Udhtei Dgthfds. Aedthfd fl lhra dgaes gdi ofaaerohg`prfiuots ifes dft hap`y tme edifrseaedt fl tme Udhtei Dgthfds.


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7

YME EOFDFAHO HARGOY FL DEZ ÊJHFDG@ Y^GIHDJ

IE\E@FRAEDY_ HD YME E_OGR ÊJHFD7

Kfmd Jh`nert*

Hd tmhs pgper tme resu`ts fl g duaner fl duaerhog` shau`gthfds fl pfsshnè

trgie `hnerg`hzgthfd soedgrhfs hd tme E_OGR rejhfd gre presedtei. Yme

soedgrhfs ofdshierei hdoùie; expgdshfd fl exhsthdj trgie n`fos tfedofapgss dew aeaners3 ofdsf`higthfd gdi ieepedhdj fl exhsthdj trgie

gjreeaedts3 gdi g rejhfd-whie lree trgie greg. Yme shau`gthfds were

ofdiuotei ushdj tme afie` fl tme J`fng` Yrgie Gdg`yshs Rrfkeot (JYGR)

gdi were ngsei fd g prfkeothfd fl tme igtgngse tf >272.

KE@ O`gsshlhogthfd; O227, gdi afre reoedt`y Ahcho, >22:). Yme gromhteoture tmgt wh`èaerje hd tmhs dew edvhrfdaedt reaghds udoertghd, g`tmfujm severg` tediedohes gre

ihsoerdhnè (_of``gy gdi Jh`nert, >272). Yme tredi tmgt mgs prfjressei afst rgphi`ymgs need tme prf`hlergthfd fl sag``, nh`gterg` lree trgie gjreeaedts, g tredi gnfutwmhom Aedfd (>228) mgs need orhthog`. Goofrihdj tf _of``gy gdi Jh`nert (>272), shdoe>222 sfae ?2 nh`gterg` lree trgie gjreeaedts (LYGs) mgve need ofdoùiei gafdjGshg-Rgohlho eofdfahes, whtm severg` ftmers nehdj udier dejfthgthfd lfr sfae thae

* Rrflessfr, Iepgrtaedt fl Eofdfahos gdi Lhdgdoe, Kfd A. Mudtsagd _omff` fl Nushdess, Utgm _tgte

Udhvershty, ?5>-?5?793

lgx; 9?5-:8:->:273 e-agh`; kjh`nertBusu.eiu).

7 Yme shau`gthfds presedtei hd tmhs pgper were frhjhdg``y prepgrei gs ngocjrfudi lfr tme E_OGRrepfrt, edthtèi Jrfwhdj Yfjetmer; Eofdfaho Hdtejrgthfd lfr gd Hdoùshve gdi _ustghdgnè Gshg-Rgohlho

Eofdfay. Yme gutmfr wfuì `hce tf tmgdc G`nertf Hsjut, Dgjesm Cuagr gdi Ahg Ahcho lfr very me`plu`

ofaaedts fd tme egr`her irglts fl tme pgper, gdi g`sf tf express mhs jrgthtuie tf G`nert Hsjut lfr chdi`y

mgvhdj ofaphèi gdi lurdhsmei tme trgie ofst igtg usei hd g duaner fl tme shau`gthfds.


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>

gdi sth`` ftmers gt tme stgje fl pre`hahdgry stuiy. Gshg-Rgohlho eofdfahes mgve g`sfneed gothve`y dejfthgthdj LYGs whtm pgrtders futshie tme Gshg-Rgohlho rejhfd.

Ymere mgs g`sf need g tredi tfwgris ofdsf`higthdj gdi expgdihdj exhsthdjgjreeaedts hd tme rejhfd. Yme afst dftgnè ieve`fpaedts hd tmhs rejgri gre tmeG_EGD+? gjreeaedt, wmhom wfuì nrhdj tfjetmer tme eofdfahes fl tme Gssfohgthfdfl _futmegst Gshgd Dgthfds (G_EGD) g`fdj whtm Omhdg, Kgpgd gdi tme êpun`ho flCfreg, gdi tme pfsshnè expgdshfd fl tme gjreeaedt tf G_EGD+< (hdtrfiuohdjGustrg`hg, Hdihg gdi Dew [eg`gdi) fr ftmer stgtes gs we``. Gdftmer pfsshnh`hty hsg rejhfd-whie gjreeaedt. _of``gy gdi Jh`nert (>272) ihsoussei pfsshnè afig`hthes hdafre ietgh`, gdi E_OGR (>27>) prfvhiei g ofapremedshve fvervhew fl tme vgrhfus

hssues surrfudihdj eofdfaho hdtejrgthfd hd tme Gshg-Rgohlho rejhfd.

Yme purpfse fl tmhs pgper hs tf use ofaputgnè jederg` equh`hnrhua (OJE)afie``hdj teomdhques tf jghd hdshjmts hdtf tme pfsshnè eofdfaho hap`hogthfds fl tmesepftedthg` rejhfdg` trgie ieve`fpaedts. Hd tme pgper tme JYGR afie` hs usei tfgdg`yse g tftg` fl seved ihlleredt trgie `hnerg`hzgthfd soedgrhfs, udier g vgrhety flihlleredt gssuapthfds. Hd tme lhrst set ofdshiergthfd hs jhved tf tme hap`hogthfds flexpgdihdj fde fl tme ourredt trgie gjreeaedts (G_EGD) tf hdoùie ftmer ofudtrhes hdtme rejhfd, tmrfujm G_EGD+?, gdi tmed G_EGD+


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?

preleredthg` relfra, eved fd gd E_OGR-whie sogè, sujjesthdj tmgt extrgrejhfdg` trgiereaghds vhtg``y hapfrtgdt gdi smfuì ne pursuei ofdourredt whtm hdtrgrejhfdg` trgie

dejfthgthfds.

Yme struoture fl tme pgper hs gs lf``fws. _eothfd HH ofdtghds g ihsousshfd fltme aetmfif`fjy gifptei, hdoùihdj nrhel dftes fd OJE gdg`yshs, tme JYGR afie`gdi igtgngse, gdi tme experhaedtg` ieshjd. G`sf ihsoussei hs tme aetmfi lfrprfkeothdj tme JYGR igtgngse lrfa hts >229 ngse yegr tf >272, gdi g nrhelgssessaedt fl tme vergohty fl tme prfkeothfd. _eothfd HHH ofdtghds g ihsousshfd fl tmeaghd resu`ts fl tme shau`gthfds. Ofdoùihdj ofaaedts, hdoùihdj dftes fd tme`hahtgthfds fl tme stuiy gdi pftedthg` luture ihreothfds, lf``fw.

HH. _HAU@GYHFD AEYMFIF@FJX

Yme hieg nemhdi OJE hs tf prfjrga g `grje-sogè agtmeagthog` systearepresedthdj (hd tmhs ogse) tme j`fng` eofdfay gdi tf ofanhde tmgt tmefrethog` systeawhtm g nedomagrc set fl reg` wfrì igtg represedthdj tme stgtus quf. Yme equh`hnrhuahs tmed perturnei tf jedergte hdshjmts hdtf tme ihreothfd gdi agjdhtuie fl tmeeofdfaho elleots fl pf`hoy hdtervedthfds gdi/fr ftmer omgdjes hd tme eofdfaho

systea.

OJE teomdhques ihller lrfa ftmer aetmfis fl gdg`yshs fl trgie pf`hoy (e.j.jrgvhty gdg`yshs fr pgrthg` equh`hnrhua shau`gthfd) gdi lrfa agorfeofdfaho lfreogsthdjafie`s hd tmgt tmey gre usei tf try tf exp`hoht`y goofudt lfr tme nemgvhfur fl tme edthresystea gt g ihsgjjrejgte ève`, gtteapthdj tf ogpture g`` tme reèvgdt hdterofddeothfdsnetweed agrcets. Yme teomdhque hs pgrthou`gr`y we``-suhtei tf gdg`yshdj omgdjes hdeofdfaho pf`hoy tmgt gre `grje edfujm tf mgve gd hapgot fd tme fverg`` eofdfahosystea gdi/fr spregi fver au`thpè seotfrs/rejhfds. Jhved tme agjdhtuie fl tme

omgdjes hd tme hdterdgthfdg` trgie edvhrfdaedt tmgt gre `hce`y tf foour hd tme E_OGRrejhfd gdi tmehr nrfgi rejhfdg` gdi seotfrg` ofvergje, OJE gdg`yshs hs tmus gdgpprfprhgte aetmfif`fjhog` omfhoe.

Jh`nert gdi Zgm` (>22>) prfvhiei g nrhel fvervhew fl tme teomdhque, gs we`` gsg survey fl duaerfus gpp`hogthfds. G afre ofapremedshve hdtrfiuothfd tf OJE

aetmfis wgs ofdiuotei ny Jh`nert gdi Yfwer (>27?). êoedt surveys fl gpp`hogthfdshdoùie _of``gy gdi Jh`nert (>222), ^fnhdsfd gdi Ymherleìer (>22>) gdi @`fyi gdiAgo@gred (>229). êoedt OJE pgpers ieg`hdj whtm ieve`fpaedts hd tme Gshg-Rgohlho

rejhfd hdoùie Nrffcs, ^f`gdi-Mf`st gdi [mgh (>225), _trutt gdi Ahcho (>228),Gdiersfd gdi _trutt (>277) gdi Jh`nert (>27?).


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9

Afie` gdi ngse igtg

Yme shau`gthfds presedtei hd tmhs pgper were rud ushdj tme JYGR afie`(Merte`, 788:). Ymhs pgrthou`gr OJE afie` mgs neofae very whie`y usei fver tme `gstieogie (see tme surveys `hstei gnfve), gdi represedts g nedomagrc afie` fl sfrts.Yme struoture fl tme afie` hs g stgdigri, au`threjhfd OJE, ihsoussei hd ietgh` hdMerte` (788:). Jhved tmgt tme struoture fl tmhs afie` hs whie`y cdfwd gdi lghr`ystgdigri, g ietghèi iesorhpthfd mgs need ihspedsei whtm.

Yme igtgngse usei hd tme shau`gthfds wgs JYGR:.7, wmhom mgs g ngse yegrfl >229.>_hdoe wfrchdj whtm tme lu`` JYGR igtg hs very ofaputgthfdg``y expedshve, lfr

tme shau`gthfds repfrtei hd tmhs tme pgper tme igtg were gjjrejgtei tf ?5 rejhfds gdi75 seotfrs.?Fd tme rejhfdg` shie tme prhagry fnkeothve wgs tf hiedthly hdihvhiug``y tmeaeaner eofdfahes fl E_OGR wmerever pfsshnè. Yme reaghdhdj ofudtrhes/rejhfdswere omfsed tf ng`gdoe tme dgturg` jefjrgpmho/eofdfaho nregcifwds, wmhèlgotfrhdj hd tme agkfr trgihdj pgrtders gdi tme requhreaedts fl tme trgie pf`hoysoedgrhfs. Yme seotfrg` gjjrejgthfd wgs shah`gr`y g ofaprfahse fl dgturg`gjjrejgthfd gorfss shah`gr ogtejfrhes gdi tme agkfr expfrt ogtejfrhes fl tme E_OGReofdfahes.

Upigte tf >272

Jhved tmgt tme hdhthg` igtgngse yegr fl >229 hs sfaewmgt igtei, tme lhrst stepwgs tf prfkeot tme igtgngse tf g afre reoedt yegr. Yme gutmfr upigtei tme JYGRigtgngse tf >272 vhg g jrfwtm prfkeothfd. Yme aetmfif`fjy hs shah`gr tf tmgt gifpteihd Jh`nert (>27?) gdi _trutt gdi Gdiersfd (>277).

Hd g OJE afie` suom gs JYGR, jrfwtm fl futput hs irhved ny omgdjes hdprfiuothvhty, tme ogphtg` stfoc gdi ftmer resfuroes, tme shze fl tme `gnfur lfroe gdi

(hd tme ogse fl JYGR, wmhom sp`hts sch`èi gdi udsch`èi `gnfur) omgdjes hd tmeofapfshthfd fl tme `gnfur lfroe. Medoe, ht hs deoessgry tf ieve`fp ngse`hde prfkeothfdsoedgrhfs lfr egom fl tmese lgotfrs hd giihthfd tf prfkeothfds fl omgdjes hdpfpu`gthfds wmhom glleot tme ieagdi shie fl tme afie`. Afrefver, tgrhlls gdi ftmertrgie pf`hohes agy mgve omgdjei shjdhlhogdt`y fver tme perhfi >229->272, gdi hieg``ytmgt smfuì ne tgced hdtf goofudt. Medoe, hd tmhs pgper, hd ofdtrgst tf tme wfrc fl

> Zmhè JYGR:.7 mgs tme sgae ngse yegr gs JYGR:, ht mgs haprfvei hdput-futput igtg lfr g duaner fl

eofdfahes hapfrtgdt lfr tmhs stuiy, hdoùihdj Omhdg gdi \het Dga, gs we`` gs tme Eurfpegd Udhfd.

_unsequedt tf tme ofapèthfd fl tmhs stuiy, JYGR= neogae gvgh`gnè, whtm g ngse yegr fl >22:.? _ee tme tgnès lfr tme rejhfdg` gjjrejgthfd. Lfr seotfrs, prhagry orfps, prhagry gdhag` ngsei, lfrestry

gdi lhsmerhes, ahdhdj gdi qugrryhdj, fh` gdi jgs, lffi prfiuots, texthès, wffi prfiuots, omeahog`s,

aetg`s, lgnrhogtei aetg` prfiuots, aftfr vemhoès, eèotrfdhos, agomhdery gdi servhoes mgve need

hiedthlhei.


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5

Jh`nert (>27?) gdi _trutt gdi Gdiersfd (>277), tgrhll rgtes mgve g`sf need gikustei tftme afst reoedt`y gvgh`gnè igtg. Yme edi resu`t fl tmhs prfoess hs g prfkeotei

equh`hnrhua lfr tme j`fng` eofdfay gs gt >272 tmgt lhts tme nrfgi agorfeofdfahoigtg, hdoùihdj gjjrejgte trgie, gdi relèots tme ourredt tgrhll rgtes.

Yme ngsho gssuapthfds fl tme upigte tf >272 gre presedtei hd tgnè 7. Ymeigtg lfr pfpu`gthfd jrfwtm were fntghdei lrfa tme igtgngse fl tme Zfrì Rfpu`gthfdRrfspeots; Yme >272 êvhshfd,9 wmhom were agppei fdtf tme gutmfrs igtgset, whtmtme gotug` gddug` pfpu`gthfd jrfwtm rgtes usei lfr tme perhfi >229->228 extrgoteilrfa tme @gnfrstg igtgngse fl tme Hdterdgthfdg` @gnfur Frjgdhzgthfd (H@F). Ymeprhagry sfuroe fl hdlfragthfd fd omgdjes hd tme shze fl tme fverg`` `gnfur lfroe hs

tme H@F @gnfrstg igtgngse. Yme gvergje gddug` jrfwtm rgte hs gnfut 7.< per oedt fvertme shau`gthfd perhfi. Jrfwtm rgtes gre mhjmer lfr ieve`fphdj eofdfahes, gvergjhdjgnfut > per oedt.

êoedt igtg ny Ngrrf gdi @ee (>272) wfuì sujjest tmgt tmere mgs needshjdhlhogdt jrfwtm hd tme gvgh`gnh`hty fl sch`èi `gnfur (ielhdei gs mgvhdj ofapèteiterthgry eiuogthfd) hd agdy fl tme ofudtrhes fl hdterest fver tme `gst ieogie.5

Goofrihdj`y, tme gutmfr sp`ht tme goouau`gthfd fl `gnfur hdtf sch`èi gdi udsch`èiofapfdedts ushdj tme omgdjes hd tme Ngrrf gdi @ee (>272) igtgngse, wmhom gjghd

were agtomei tf tme gutmfrs gjjrejgthfd.

Igtg fd lgotfr prfiuothvhty omgdjes gre dft whie`y gvgh`gnè3 medoe,g stgdigri gpprfgom wgs lf``fwei gdi tme ouau`gthve omgdjes hd tftg` lgotfrprfiuothvhty (YLR) were ogòu`gtei reshiug``y ushdj jrfss ifaestho prfiuot (JIR)prfkeothfds. Yme gvergje reg` JIR jrfwtm fver tme perhfi >229->272 wgsgpprfxhagte`y 9.? per oedt (5.9 lfr ieve`fphdj eofdfahes, >.: lfr ieve`fpei,hdoùihdj tme êpun`ho fl Cfreg), whtm g mhjm fl 77.> lfr Omhdg gdi g `fw fl 2.9 lfrKgpgd. Yme lhttei gjjrejgte YLR vgùes lrfa tme prfkeothfd gre repfrtei hd tme tgnè 7

gs g ofdshstedoy omeoc. Ymese gre ouau`gthve lrfa >229 tf >272. Yme gvergje gddug`jrfwtm rgtes hd prfiuothvhty hap`hei ny tmese esthagtes jederg``y lg`` hdtf tme rgdje 2.9tf > per oedt, whtm fd`y Hdihg nehdj s`hjmt`y mhjmer tmgd > per oedt gdi afst fl tmeieve`fphdj eofdfahes s`hjmt`y ne`fw 7 per oedt. Yme gvergje rgte fl gjjrejgte YLRjrfwtm wgs 2.: per oedt fver tme perhfi >229->272, g `httè `fw nut relèothdj tmere`gthve`y pffr eofdfaho perlfragdoe fl agdy ieve`fpei eofdfahes fver tme `gstlew yegrs fl tme ieogie.


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per oedt rgdje (see Iuvg` gdi ie `g Aghsfddeuve, >228)3 medoe, tme esthagtesseea quhte p`gushnè, hl fd tme ofdservgthve shie.

Ygnè 7. Jrfwtm gssuapthfds lfr prfkeothfd fl peroedtgje omgdje tf >272

Ofudtry fr greg Rfpu`gthfd@gnfur lfroe jrfwtm

JIRGjjrejgte Ogphtg`

Udsch`èi _ch`èi YLR jrfwtm

Gustrg`hg 7.2 7=.? 7.9 7:.:

Dew [eg`gdi 5.8 :.8 >9.> =.9 -2.: :.>

Rgohlho hs`gdis 7?.? 77.7 2.9 >?.7

Omhdg ?.8 ?.? 57.: =8.7 8.> 9.: 8.8 >=.9 >.: ?7.>

Kgpgd -2.? -9.= 8.< >.5 2.5 >..9 9.2 7>.> >9.8 ?.5 >9.7

êst fl Egst Gshg ?.7 5.= 5?.? 98.? 9.5 95.2

Oganfihg 72.? 7:.= 9:.5 57.5 :.: ??.>

Hdifdeshg :.9 7>.2 ?2.8 ?8.? =.?

Rmh`hpphdes 77.< 72.< 7=.< ?>.= 9.8 > 78.? >5.8 9

Ymgh`gdi 9.9 >.? 57.2 >9.? >.7 >2.:

\het Dga :.> 7>.< .8 5.= 75.=

_rh @gdcg 5.9 >.= 7>.> 9?.9 =.9 92.5

êst fl _futm Gshg 7:.7 >?.> 78.> 5=.2 72.: 97.8

Cgzgcmstgd 9.9 9.5 95.:

ûsshgd Leiergthfd ->.9 >.5 ->.7 >5.= 5.7 >5.=

êst fl Oedtrg` Gshg :.5 >>.?


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:

Neoguse fl g tediedoy lfr JYGR tf s`hjmt`y udierpreihot tme jrfwtm hd wfrìtrgie fver tme shau`gthfd perhfi dftei hd Jh`nert (>27?), g reiuothfd hd trgdspfrtgthfdofsts (systea whie) wgs g`sf hapèaedtei tf agtom tme omgdjes hd gjjrejgte j`fng`

expfrts (tme smfoc wgs gd haprfveaedt hd prfiuothvhty hd tme frier fl 72 per oedt).

Gs whtm `gnfur lfroe, teomdf`fjy gdi pfpu`gthfd omgdjes, jrfwtm hd tmeogphtg` stfoc ogd ne hapfsei ihreot`y hd g prfkeothfd soedgrhf. Lrfa g jrfwtm tmefryperspeothve, mfwever, teomdf`fjhog` givgdoes gdi pfpu`gthfd jrfwtm gre usug``yrejgriei gs exfjedfus, gdi tme jrfwtm fl tme ogphtg` stfoc hs edifjedfus. Hdieei, hdofapgrgthve stgtho shau`gthfds fl `fdj-rud soedgrhfs whtm OJE afie`s ht hs ofaafdtf hapfse g stegiy-stgte o`fsure wmereny tme reg` returd tf ogphtg` hs lhxei gdi tmesupp`y fl ogphtg` hs edifjedfus`y ieterahdei hd respfdse tf ftmer omgdjes hd tme

eofdfaho systea, wmhè hd reourshve iydgaho shau`gthfds tme ogphtg` stfoc hd usug``yieterahdei ny gd hdvestaedt/iepreohgthfd ruè.:

Yme stegiy-stgte ofdvedthfd mgs need usei hd tme gdg`yshs. Yme jrfwtm rgtehd tme ogphtg` stfoc hs tmerelfre ieterahdei whtmhd tme prfkeothfd shau`gthfd gdirepfrtei hd tgnè 7 gs g ofdshstedoy omeoc. Yme rgthf fl tme ourredt goofudt ng`gdoetf JIR hs lhxei, gdi ogphtg` hs dft lree tf afve gorfss ofudtrhes. Fver tme perhfi>229->272, tme prfkeotei gvergje gddug` jrfwtm rgte hd tme ogphtg` stfoc hs gnfut?.? per oedt. Gs whtm YLR, goouau`gthfd rgtes gre sfaewmgt lgster hd ieve`fphdj

eofdfahes (?.8 per oedt) tmgd ieve`fpei eofdfahes (>.5 per oedt). G`sf gs whtm YLR,

Hrgd (Hs`gaho epun`ho fl) :.? 8.8 5?.8 >.7 78.5

Yurcey :.= 9.8 ?9.2 >5.9 ?.? >>.=

Udhtei _tgtes 5.8 : >.: ?.= 7?.= :.7 2.2

êst fl wfrì 77.7 79.? >8.2 >9.7 >.7 >2.27?/27/hdiex.mta3 Hdterdgthfdg` @gnfur Frjgdhzgthfd, @gnfrstg igtgngse. Gvgh`gnè lrfamttp;//`gnfrstg.h`f.frj/3 Udhtei Dgthfds, Iepgrtaedt fl Eofdfaho gdi _fohg` Gllghrs, Zfrì Rfpu`gthfd

Rrfspeots igtgngse. Gvgh`gnè lrfa mttp;//esg.ud.frj/wpp/3 gdi Ngrrf gdi @ee (>272).

Dfte; Jrfwtm rgtes gre ouau`gthve lrfa >229 tf >272. Rgohlho hs`gdis relers tf g`` ofudtrhes hd Foegdhg exoept

Gustrg`hg gdi Dew [eg`gdi. EU->: relers tf tme >: ourredt aeaners fl tme Eurfpegd Udhfd.

Ygnè 7. (ofdthduei)

Ofudtry fr greg Rfpu`gthfd @gnfur lfroe jrfwtm JIR Gjjrejgte OgphtgÙdsch`èi _ch`èi YLR jrfwtm

: _ee Mgrrhsfd, ûtmerlfri gdi Ygrr (788:) lfr lurtmer ietgh`s.


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=

tme prfkeothfds lfr ogphtg` goouau`gthfd gre hd g very p`gushnè rgdje. Ushdj g shapèperpetug` hdvedtfry prfkeothfd lrfa tme JYGR:.7 igtg, lfr exgapè, whtm g 5 per oedt

iepreohgthfd rgte, tme gvergje rgte fl ogphtg` goouau`gthfd hd >229/25 wfuì mgveneed ?.: per oedt. Yme upigte prfkeothfd usei hd tme stuiy hs permgps g `httè afreofdservgthve, nut gjghd tmhs relèots re`gthve`y pffr eofdfaho jrfwtm hd tme `gst pgrt fltme prfkeothfd perhfi (h.e. >22=->272). Medoe, tme gutmfr hs sgthslhei tmgt mhs prfkeothfdjedergtei g sedshnè ogphtg` goouau`gthfd gdi prfiuothvhty jrfwtm soedgrhf.

Lhdg``y, omgdjes hd tgrhlls were ieterahdei ny gjjrejgthdj tme afst reoedt`ygvgh`gnè elleothve`y gpp`hei rgtes hd tme Yrgie Gdg`yshs gdi Hdlfragthfd _ystea(Y^GHD_) igtgngse fl tme Udhtei Dgthfds Ofdleredoe fd Yrgie gdi Ieve`fpaedt

(UDOYGI) tf agtom tme stuiys seotfrg` gdi rejhfdg` gjjrejgthfd fl JYGR igtg.=Ygrhllreiuothfds were tmed hdoùiei hd tme prfkeothfd shau`tgdefus`y whtm tme ftmer lgotfrs.Ygnè > presedts tme trgie wehjmtei gvergje tgrhll (gpp`hei gdi lgoei) lfr seèotei

eofdfahes hd tme JYGR:.7 igtg gdi hd tme gikustei igtgset. Lfr ofapgrhsfdpurpfses tme tgrhlls hd tme JYGR< igtg mgve g`sf need hdoùiei, gs tmey mgve hd tmedew`y reègsei JYGR= igtg3 tme ngse yegrs fl nftm gre >227 gdi >22:, respeothve`y.Gs ogd ne seed, tgrhlls mgve lg`èd sunstgdthg``y fver tme perhfi, sf ht hs hapfrtgdt tftgce tmhs legture hdtf goofudt.

= Lfr afst ofudtrhes tme igtg usei hs lfr >272. Ze agtomei g`` tme ofudtrhes repfrtei hd Y^GHD_ tf tme

ofrrespfdihdj JYGR rejhfds hd fur gjjrejgthfd (hdoùihdj gjjrejgte rejhfds). _hah`gr`y, tme ihsgjjrejgte

mgrafdhzei systea tgrhll rgtes fl Y^GHD_ gre gjjrejgtei up tf tme JYGR ofdofrigdoe.

Ygnè >. Zehjmtei gvergje tgrhll elleothve`y gpp`hei

gdi lgoei >227, >229, >22:, >272

(Reroedtgje)

Ofudtry>227 >229 >22: >272

Gpp`hei Lgoei Gpp`hei Lgoei Gpp`hei Lgoei Gpp`hei Lgoei

Gustrg`hg 9.? 5.? >.8 ?.= 7.= ?.?

Omhdg 77.9 5.= 5.< 5.2 =.5 9.: ?.9 ?.?

Hdihg >7.< 5.? 7>.= 9.< 77.9 ?.9 72.? ?.

Kgpgd 9.7 5.2 ?.> 9.= 7.8 7.< 9.2

Ag`gyshg 9.: ?.? 5.> >.= ?.5 >.5 >.< >.7

Dew [eg`gdi 7.: :.5 >.5 .8 ?.? >.7 ?.5 7.: ?.7 7.5

êpun`ho fl Cfreg =.9 2.2 >.> 2.2 7.7

Ymgh`gdi =.= 77.9


17/160


18/160


72

ofudterei ny tme reiuoei iejree fl ofaputgthfdg` ofapèxhty, wmhom edgnèsofdshiergthfd fl g jregter rgdje fl pftedthg` soedgrhfs, gdi jregter ève`s fl seotfrg`

gdi rejhfdg` ihsgjjrejgthfd tmgt mgve need gifptei, wmhè sth`` giiresshdj tmeprhagry questhfds fl hdterest. Yme resu`ts presedtei hd seothfd HHH smfuì ne hdterpreteigs hdihogthdj mfw tme eofdfahes wfuì ihller g`fdj tme reèvgdt eofdfaho ihaedshfd,re`gthve tf tme prfkeotei >272 equh`hnrhua, glter g`` gikustaedts hd respfdse tf tme`hnerg`hzgthfd soedgrhf mgi tgced p`goe hl tme trgie grrgdjeaedts nehdj shau`gtei mgineed hapèaedtei.

Egom fl tme soedgrhfs hs rud hd lfur ihlleredt perautgthfds, wmhom greieshjdei tf me`p udierstgdi tme pftedthg` hapfrtgdoe fl vgrhfus lgotfrs lfr tme

eofdfaho hapgot fl tme trgie relfra. Hd tme lhrst, g defo`gsshog` lgotfr agrcet o`fsurehs usei, wmereny tme tftg` gvgh`gnh`hty fl g`` prhagry lgotfrs hs lhxei gdi lgotfr prhoesgre lèxhnè. Ymhs hs g ofdservgthve gpprfgom, hdtediei tf ogpture tme aeihua-rud

elleot fl tme trgie `hnerg`hzgthfd, h.e. lfous hs jhved tf tme elleot fl reg``fogthfd flprfiuothfd, ofdsuapthfd gdi trgie, lfr g jhved resfuroe/teomdf`fjy ngse. Dext, tmesgae soedgrhfs gre rud ushdj g stegiy-stgte (`fdj-rud) o`fsure hd tme agrcet lfrprfiuothve ogphtg`. Hd tmhs gpprfgom, gs iesorhnei gnfve, tme reg` returd tf ogphtg` hslhxei gdi tme supp`y fl ogphtg` hs edifjedfus`y ieterahdei hd respfdse tf ftmeromgdjes hd tme eofdfaho systea (see Mgrrhsfd, ûtmerlfri gdi Ygrr, 788:3 Zgdj gdi_omum, >22>3 gdi Jh`nert gdi Zgm`, >22>, lfr ftmer exgapès). Ymhs hs g re`gthve`y`fw-ofst aetmfi fl gpprfxhagthdj tme iydgaho jghds lrfa trgie relfra gssfohgteiwhtm ogphtg` goouau`gthfd.

Neoguse LYGs agy hdvf`ve relfras tmgt lgoh`htgte hdterdgthfdg` trgie ftmertmgd tgrhll relfra, hd g tmhri perautgthfd haprfveaedts tf trgdspfrtgthfd teomdf`fjygre hdtrfiuoei tf tme shau`gthfds gt tme nh`gterg` ève` tmgt gre fd tme frier fl 72 peroedt. Yme smfoc hs gpp`hei fd`y tf tme nh`gterg` trgie l`fws fl tme `hnerg`hzhdjeofdfahes. Ymhs hs g rgtmer shapè gpprfgom, fl ofurse, nut ht ifes jhve sfae hieg flmfw auom trgie lgoh`htgthfd ahjmt agtter re`gthve tf trgie relfra. Ymhs trgie lgoh`htgthfdhs og`èi gssuapthfd 7.

Lhdg``y, hd tme lfurtm perautgthfd tme trgie lgoh`htgthfd hssue hs exp`frei lurtmerny uth`hzhdj igtg prfvhiei ny E_OGR fd trgie ofsts gt tme nh`gterg` ève`. Ymegpprfgom hs tf use tme vgrhgthfd hd tme nh`gterg` trgie ofsts tf gikust tme trgdspfrtgthfdprfiuothvhty smfoc. Yme ngse prfiuothvhty smfoc tf trgdspfrtgthfd ellhohedoy hshdoregsei lrfa 72 per oedt tf >2 per oedt. Afre hapfrtgdt`y, wmhè tme gvergje smfoc

hs >2 per oedt, tme gotug` smfoc fd gdy jhved ofudtry pghr hs hdverse`y prfpfrthfdg` tftme E_OGR esthagte fl trgie ofsts, det fl tme gotug` gpp`hei tgrhll. Medoe ofudtrypghrs whtm re`gthve`y mhjm trgie ofsts jet g prfpfrthfdg``y nhjjer smfoc tf prfiuothvhty,gdi ofudtry pghrs whtm re`gthve`y `fw nh`gterg` trgie ofsts jet g prfpfrthfdg``y sag`èr


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77

smfoc tf prfiuothvhty. Ymgt hs tf sgy, ht hs gssuaei tmgt tmere gre ihahdhsmhdj returds tftrgie lgoh`htgthfd. Ymhs soedgrhf ogd ne hdterpretei gs shau`gthdj sfaetmhdj shah`gr tf

gifpthdj nest prgothoes. Yme nedelhts fl trgie lgoh`htgthfd gre g`sf gssuaei tf mgve gdhapgot fd g`` trgie l`fws, dft kust tme ofudtry pghrs `hnerg`hzhdj hd gdy pgrthou`grshau`gthfd. Ymgt hs, hd tme prevhfus shau`gthfd wmed, sgy, Ymgh`gdi `hnerg`hzes trgiewhtm Omhdg, tme trgie lgoh`htgthfd prfiuothvhty smfoc gpp`hei fd`y tf Ymgh`gdi-Omhdgtrgie. Dfw ht hs gssuaei tf gpp`y tf g`` fl Ymgh`gdis trgie (h.e. tme ellhohedoyhaprfveaedts gre gssuaei tf sph`` fver). Gjghd, tmhs hs sth`` g rgtmer shapè gpprfgom,nut ht prfvhies g uselu` ieafdstrgthfd fl tme hapgot fl afre gjjresshve trgielgoh`htgthfd gssuapthfds. Ymhs hs og`èi trgie lgoh`htgthfd gssuapthfd >. Yme resu`tsudier nftm sets fl gssuapthfds ogd ne tmfujmt fl gs g type fl sedshthvhty gdg`yshs.

Zmhè fd`y seèotei resu`ts mgve need presedtei hd tmhs pgper, tme lu`` resu`ts gregvgh`gnè fd request.

HHH. _HAU@GYHFD Ê_U@Y_

Yme resu`ts fl tme trgie `hnerg`hzgthfd soedgrhfs gre dfw ofdshierei. Ymeseved soedgrhfs udier ofdshiergthfd ogd ne jrfupei hdtf tmree nrfgi ogtejfrhes,wmhom egom mhjm`hjmthdj ihlleredt rejhfdg` trgie `hnerg`hzgthfd afig`hthes. Yme lhrst twf

gre ofdoerdei whtm sequedthg` expgdshfd oedtrei fd G_EGD. Yme dext twf greofdoerdei whtm twf ihlleredt afig`hthes lfr ofdsf`higthdj exhsthdj lree trgiegjreeaedts hd tme rejhfd, lhrst ny ieepedhdj tme iejree fl `hnerg`hzgthfd gafdjourredt aeaners gdi seofdi ny g`sf `hnerg`hzhdj netweed n`focs. Yme lhdg` jrfup fltmree, wmhom ofaprhse GRYG, gd E_OGR-whie LYG gdi ofapète au`th`gterg` trgierelfra, respeothve`y, ogd ne ofdshierei nedomagrcs gjghdst wmhom tme ftmer resu`tsogd ne ofapgrei.

Expgdihdj G_EGD

Hd tgnè ? tme esthagtei we`lgre elleots fl tme lhrst jrfup fl soedgrhfs gre

presedtei lfr nftm tme aeihua-rud gdi `fdj-rud o`fsures, gdi ht ofdtghds tme twftrgie lgoh`htgthfd gssuapthfds. Ht agy ne reog`èi tmgt tme aeihua-rud shau`gthfdsogpture fd`y tme elleot fl reg``fogthdj exhsthdj resfuroes, wmhè tme `fdj-rudshau`gthfds g`sf ogpture tme elleot fl ogphtg` goouau`gthfd. Yme igtg mgve needsuaagrhzei lfr tme eofdfahes ihreot`y glleotei ny tme relfra, nut g`sf tgce goofudtfl tme gjjrejgte elleots fd ofudtrhes dft hdoùiei hd tme soedgrhfs, sp`ht ny tmfse

whtmhd E_OGR gdi tmfse futshie. Yme lhjures presedtei gre tme equhvgèdt vgrhgthfd hdmfusemfì hdofae (E\), wmhom hs tme afdetgry vgùe fl tme hdoreaedt hd hdofae tmgtwfuì mgve tf ne jhved tf (fr tgced gwgy lrfa) tme rejhfdg` mfusemfì gt tfigys


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7>

prhoes tf agce tmea gs we`` fll tfigy gs tmey wfuì ne udier tme prfpfsei pf`hoyomgdje, glter tme requhrei eofdfaho gikustaedts mgve tgced p`goe.8

Yme tftg` we`lgre jghd tf tme eofdfahes fl G_EGD hs esthagtei gt rfujm`y$?.: nh``hfd lrfa ofapèthfd fl G_EGD+?, rhshdj tf $5.8 nh``hfd lrfa G_EGD+ per oedt, tme tftg` jghd hs rfujm`y 52 thaes tme gddug` jghd).

72 Ht smfuì ne dftei tmgt g`` resu`ts presedtei hd tgnè ? were aegsurei re`gthve tf tme sgae prfkeotei

equh`hnrhua. Medoe, tme hdoreaedtg` fr agrjhdg` nedelht ogd ne ieterahdei ny tgchdj tme ihlleredoe

netweed twf ofùads.


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7?

Ygn`e?.Aeihua

gdi`fdj-rudwe`lgrehapgotflG_EGD

expgdshf

dsoedgrhfs

(Ah``hfdsflUdhtei_tgtesif``grs,E\) A

e

ihua

rud

@fdj

rud

@fdj-rudtrgie

@fdj-rudtrgie

Ofudtryfrgreg

lgoh`htgthf

d7

lgoh`htgthfd>

G_EGD+

?

G_EGD+.2

Hdihg

->87.=

-7?:2.7

-55>.?

:=72.5

-:22.8

=>98.?

-:5?.9

72

75=.7

Kgpgd

529?.=

>55:?.:

>575=.8

>59.

asia-pacific development journal vol.20, n°1, june 2013

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