ONLINE LEARNING GLOBAL SNAPSHOT

Asia Research Team

Rashmi Gokulnathprabhu – UHCL

Shanta Goswami - UHCL

COUNTRIES REVIEWED CHINA

INDIA

BACKGROUND – CHINA

China is the world’s largest populous country, providing shelter for 1.3 billion people (July 2009 report). (US Department of State, 2010) By the end of 2005, China had 2,273 institutions of higher learning with over 21 million students. (Expo 2010 Shangai China) In 2005, the total enrollment in ordinary schools of higher learning and vocational schools was 4.75 million, 280,000 more than the previous year. The chief mode of instruction to educate and train China’s adult learners is distance education due to the limited resources in China.

CHINA- DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE

Modes of Distance Learning in China

•Correspondence-based education

•Broadcast/TV-based education since 1980's

•Advanced Distance Learning based on information and Internet technologies evolved since 1990's

CHINA- DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE

Broadcast/TV-based Education

•China Central Radio and TV University (CCRTVU)is a dedicated open and distance education institution, under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Education.

• In February 1978, the preparation of its establishment commenced, and in February 1979, its opening ceremony was held.

•Up to 1999, Radio and TV Universities of China (RTVUs) have seen over 2.60 million college graduates and more than 1 million secondary vocational school graduates. (China Central Radio and TV University, 2001)

CHINA- DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE

Advanced Distance Learning•The Chinese Educational and Research Network (CERNET).

• CERNET was established in 1994.

•In China, currently there are about 2,000 universities. There are about 1,500 universities and institutions connected and about 20 million end users.

• Technologies – •Voice over IP system based on Internet technology and the video conferencing system based on multicast technology.

• HDTV( High-Definition Television) transmission system

•WebCT. (About CERNET and CERNET applications, 2006)

CHINA- DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE

CERNET Topology, 2006

CHINA- DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE

Advanced Distance Learning (CERNET2)

• CERNET2 is the largest next-generation Internet backbone which is the core network of the China next generation Internet demonstration.• In December 2004, CERNET2 backbone opened and are distributed in 20 cities.• Technologies

• Large-scale video communications from point to point, • Wireless or mobile application, • Large-scale video meeting, • High definition TV, • Virtual reality• Digital library and • eHealth (Brief Introduction CERNET2, 2006)

CHALLENGES

•China lacks good infrastructure, adequate bandwidth and computer access at the moment. •Internet access is expensive and not all can afford it. •Web-based study is not readily available to all.• Online centers does not offer all the benefits. •Distance Educators lack training.•The study options in China are limited unlike the Western Education. •The admission process to any university is complex and not many venture out to do it.

BACKGROUND – INDIA

India provides shelter for 1.17 billion people (July 2009 report). (US Department of State, 2010) According to National Center on Education and Economy (2006), in 2002-03, 196 Universities, and 76 Deemed Universities. By 2005, 11 million students in 17,000 colleges affiliated with 230 universities. Another 10 million students were enrolled in 6,500 vocational institutions. (Center for Strategic and International Research, 2010) There are 1 national open university, and 12 state open universities and more than 64 institutes of distance education attached to the regular universities in the country, at the moment.

INDIA – DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE Modes of Distance Education- India

• Distance education has come along a long journey, four to five generations of technology.

• Print,

• Audio/video broadcasting,

• Audio/video teleconferencing,

• Computer aided instruction,

• E- learning/ online learning

• The radio remains a very practical form, because of its reach. Gyan Darshan was launched in January, 2000, and in November 2001, an FM radio channel, Gyan Vani was launched. (GOI Ministry of HRD Press Release, 2003).

INDIA – DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE Modes of Distance Education- India

• Distance education has come along a long journey, four to five generations of technology.

• Print,

• Audio/video broadcasting,

• Audio/video teleconferencing,

• Computer aided instruction,

• E- learning/ online learning

• The radio remains a very practical form, because of its reach. Gyan Darshan was launched in January, 2000, and in November 2001, an FM radio channel, Gyan Vani was launched. (GOI Ministry of HRD Press Release, 2003).

INDIA – DISTANCE EDUCATION SCENE

Edusat is India’s first dedicated education satellite was launched in September 2004. E-books, You-Tube archives, digital repositories, virtual classrooms, Web casts, Wiki, FM Radio, and M-learning limited to SMS is extensively used.

CHALLENGES

Needs centralized regulatory system . Institutional autonomy lacks standard. Unplanned expansion. Quality of education is not uniform throughout. Limited access and regional disparity. Limited funding.

REFERENCES US Department of State (2010). Retrieved on June 29, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm

Expo 2010 Shangai China. Retrieved on June 29, http://formychina.info/main/education/online.php Geoff Potter (2003). A comparison of Chinese and Western Distance Education initiatives: Educational goals and instructional practices. China Central Radio and TV University (2001). Retrieved on June 29, http://www.edu.cn/ccrtv_1459/20060323/t20060323_3923.shtml About CERNET and CERNET applications (2006). Retrieved on June 29, http://www.edu.cn/introduction_1378/20060323/t20060323_158626.shtml CERNET Topology (2006). Retrieved on June 29,

http://www.edu.cn/introduction_1378/20060323/t20060323_158657.shtml CERNET2 Brief Introduction (2006). Retrieved on June 29,

http://www.edu.cn/20060111/3170212.shtml Momentous Applications (2006). Retrieved on June 29,

http://www.edu.cn/20060111/3170216.shtml

REFERENCES US Department of State (2010). Retrieved on July 06, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm Center for strategic & international research (2010). Retrieved on July 06, http://csis.org/files/publication/sam_141.pdf Status of distance education in India (2009). Retrieved on July 06,www.cluteinstitute.com/Programs/Las_Vegas.../Article%20268.pdf Ministry of HRD Press Release (2003). Electronic Media in the service of distance education. Retrieved on July 06, http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/21102003/r211020039.html A report on education in India (2006). Retrieved on July 06, http://www.slideshare.net/sanketvd/educationreport India Development Gateway (2009). Retrieved on July 06,http://www.indg.in/primary-education/teacherscorner/technologies-2013-for-improvement-in-teaching-and-learning-process