asia culture

8/13/2019 asia Culture

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Culture

Culture is a learned system of knowledge,behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, and normsthat is shared by a group of people (Smith, 1966).

In the broadest sense, culture includes howpeople think, what they do, and how they usethings to sustain their lives. Cultural diversityresults from the unique nature of each culture.

The elements, values, and context of each culturedistinguish it from all others (Beebe, Beebe, &Redmond, 2005).


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Asia and the Pacific

The Asia and the Pacific region presented here

follows the specific UNESCO definition which

does not forcibly reflect geography. It refers to

the execution of regional activities of the

Organization.


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General

The extended family has significant influence, andthe oldest male in the family is often the decisionmaker and spokesperson. The interests and

honor of the family are more important thanthose of individual family members. Older familymembers are respected, and their authority isoften unquestioned. Among Asian cultures,

maintaining harmony is an important value;therefore, there is a strong emphasis on avoidingconflict and direct confrontation.


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Economy

Asia has the second largest nominalGDP of allcontinents, after Europe, but the largest whenmeasured in purchasing power parity. As of 2011,the largesteconomies in Asia

are China, Japan, India, SouthKoreaand Indonesia.[26]Based on Global OfficeLocations 2011, Asia dominated the officelocations with 4 of top 5 were in Asia, Hong

Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, Seouland Shanghai.Around 68 percent of international firms haveoffice in Hong Kong.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)


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Economy

According to Citigroup9 of 11 Global Growth

Generatorscountries came from Asia driven

by population and income growth. They

areBangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq,

Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lankaand

Vietnam.[37]Asia has four main financial

centres: Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore andShanghai.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigrouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_(countries)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_(countries)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_(countries)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_(countries)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup


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Economy Future

It is forecasted that Indiawill overtake Japan

in terms of nominal GDP by 2020.[36]By 2027,

according to Goldman Sachs, China will have

the largest economy in the world. Several

trade blocs exist, with the most developed

being the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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Languages

Asia is home to several language familiesand

many language isolates. Most Asian countries

have more than one language that is natively

spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue,

more than 600 languages are spoken in

Indonesia, more than 800 languages spoken in

India, and more than 100 are spoken in thePhilippines. China has many languages and

dialects in different provinces.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family


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Food

In many parts of Asia, riceis a staple food, and itis mostly served steamedor as a porridgeknownas congee. China is the world largest producerand consumer of rice. In China, Japan, Korea and

Vietnam, people usually use chopsticks to eattraditional food, but shapes of chopsticks aredifferent in these countries. An island nationsurrounded by ocean, Japan has various fish

dishes. Especially, fresh raw fish cuisines are verypopularin Japan andaround the world, suchas sushiand sashimi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice


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Health

Due to respect for authority, disagreement with therecommendations of health care professionals isavoided. However, lack of disagreement does notindicate that the patient and family agree with or will

follow treatment recommendations.

Among Chinese patients, because the behavior of theindividual reflects on the family, mental illness or anybehavior that indicates lack of self-control may

produce shame and guilt. As a result, Chinese patientsmay be reluctant to discuss symptoms of mental illnessor depression.


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Health

Some sub-populations of cultures, such as those from Indiaand Pakistan, are reluctant to accept a diagnosis of severeemotional illness or mental retardation because it severelyreduces the chances of other members of the familygetting married. In Vietnamese culture, mystical beliefs

explain physical and mental illness. Health is viewed as the result of a harmonious balance

between the poles of hot and cold that govern bodilyfunctions. Vietnamese dont readily accept Western mentalhealth counseling and interventions, particularly when self-

disclosure is expected. However, it is possible to acceptassistance if trust has been gained.


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Health

The Russian experience with medical practitioners hasbeen an authoritarian relationship in which freeexchange of information and open discussion was notusual. As a result, many Russian patients find it difficult

to question a physician and to talk openly aboutmedical concerns.

Patients expect a paternalistic approach-the competenthealth care professional does not ask patients whatthey want to do, but tells them what to do. This

reliance on physician expertise undermines a patientsmotivation to learn more about self-care andpreventive health behaviors.


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Appointment

In many situations, an emphasis is placed on

promptness and appropriate attire. Breaking

social commitments, such as appointments or

even casual plans to meet with friends, can be

a serious faux pas. Preventing another person

from keeping a commitment, especially with

family, is rude as well.


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Elders

Special respect is paid to older people in manycircumstances. This can include standing when older peopleenter a room, always greeting older people before otherspresent (even if they are better known to the speaker),standing when speaking to ones elders and serving older

people first at a meal table. Touching the head, shouldersor back of an older person can be considered disrespectful,even if the intent is to comfort or indicate affection.

Older people are rarely referred to by first names; they areaddressed with such honorificsas Mr. and Mrs. or the

appropriate non-Englishequivalents. Sometimes termssuch as "Uncle" or "Auntie" are appropriate for older non-relatives.
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Elders

In India, elders are given priority over younger people in a range ofsocial settings. For example, it is impolite for a young person to besitting while an elder is standing, in this case, even if there is a freeseat, the young person will offer their seat to the elder in concern.Another example would be if an elder is carrying something ofconsiderable weight, and a young person has their hands free, it isexpected of the young person to offer assistance to the elder inconcern.

As with all other Asian cultures, young people in India address anyolder unrelated person by the closest plausible relation i.e. a slightlyolder person of the same generation may be referred to as elder

brother, or elder sister in the respective language while an elderlyperson may be referred to as auntie, uncle, grandpa or grandma asappropriate, again in each respective language. As with many otherAsian lingual spheres, Indian languages follow strict honorifics thatmust be abided by.


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Chopsticks

In the rituals of a Japanese cremation, therelatives pick the bones out of the ashes withchopsticks, and two relatives may then hold thesame piece of bone at the same time. This is the

only occasion in which it is acceptable for twopeople to hold the same item at the same timewith chopsticks. At all other times, holdinganything with chopsticks by two people at the

same time, including passing an item fromchopsticks to chopsticks, will remind everyonewitnessing this of the funeral of a close relative.
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Chopsticks

Gesturingwith chopsticks or using them to

skewer food are actions that are seen as rude.

Leaving chopsticks standing in a bowl

of riceor other food is afaux pasbased on the

resemblance to sticks of incense in a bowl

used to honour the dead ancestors. Etiquette

further forbids tapping chopsticksagainst theside of a bowl, or crossing ones chopsticks

with those of someone else.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture


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Luck

Certain customs regarding good and

bad luckare important to many Asian people.

These customs may be regarded

as superstitionsby many, but they are often

tied to religious traditionsand are an

important part of certain belief systems, even

among the well-educated and affluent sectorsof society.
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Shoes

Traditionally, shoesare notwornin households innations suchas India, Indonesia, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia, nor in certain holy places elsewhere, suchas mosqueand many Buddhistor Hindutemples. The typicalexpectation is that shoes will be removed in the foyer and leftneatly with toes pointing outside. Socks or stockings should be veryclean and in good condition. In regions where shoes are not worn inhouses, these rules also apply torestaurants, except those withWestern-style tables and chairs.[citation needed]

Furthermore, in Japan, when one buys a new pair of shoes, onewears them for the first time in the morning. It is unlucky to wear

them for the first time in the evening or afternoon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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Handshakes

Americans routinely mangle Asian handshakes.It's quite simple, actually when you are in China,Hong Kong , Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia,Singapore, Vietnam, or South Korea, you can

shake hands. But avoid direct eye contact duringthe handshake, and don't shake very hard or verylong. your host may bow to you. The more senioryou are, the deeper the bow. You may also bow.

The bow is a sign of mutual respect.

The Philippines is the exception here. Don't bow,but do make direct eye contact.


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Business cards

The exchange of business cards must be made properly. Businesscards should be printed in English on one side and in your host'slanguage on the other. In China, the card should be printed in blackor gold ink. you should always present only pristine cards.

When you present your card, you do so with both hands, nativelanguage side up and readable to your host. When you receive acard in return, study it, thank the person, and place the card gentlyin your jacket pocket.

Names and Titles

Last names and professional titles are used across Asia. Don't beafraid to say that you are a professional if you are one.


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Business attire

Your default business wardrobe is

conservative business dress, with suits, ties,

and tie-up shoes for men, and conservative

suits and dresses for women. Because of theirwarmer climates, some leniency in dress is to

be found in Vietnam, Malaysia, The

Philippines, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Buteven in these countries, be conservative and

avoid flashiness of any kind.


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Dining

In China and Hong Kong, expect a banquet - long meal with innumerablecourses served one after the other. Arrive on time and get ready to eat.Take something from every serving dish, even if it's only a little amount.But never clean your plate - symbolically, the magnificence of the mealmeans that you can't finish it.

In Japan, you will be hosted to an evening of eating and drinking. Let your

host order and enjoy something from each platter. Don't refuse to eatsushi or sashimi - (both of which involve raw fish) - you'll insult your host.Drink your beer or sake slowly - you host will fill your cup every time itsempty.

Koreans entertain both at home and at restaurants. Arrive on time ifyou're going to a private home, and bring a small gift. If you're invited out

to a night on the Town, be appropriately grateful, for your host is probablyplanning to spend a lot of money.

The Filipinos style of entertaining is to invite you to a private home, whereyou and a gaggle of your host's friends will enjoy a lavish meal.


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Gestures

Never talk with your hands in your pockets. The "okay"sign in America means "money" in Japan. Never pointin Cambodia, or anywhere for that matter! If in doubt,avoid gestures entirely. And never pass things using

your left hand, as it is considered unclean in manycultures.

Buddhists consider feet offensive, sowatch theposition of them when crossing your legs. Ensure thatyour foot is not prominently pointed at someone.

Never touch a Thai, Cambodian or Vietnameseperson's head -- not even to tousle a small child's hair.It is considered very disrespectful.
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Correspondence

Eliminate jargon and excessive informality

in e-mails. Reread your messages and letters

before sending them out to ensure that your

message and tone are clear. In Asia, styles ofcorrespondence are different -- longer letters

are favored. Follow up all meetings with a

letter thanking the person and confirmingwhat was discussed and decided.
http://www.askmen.com/money/how_to/1_how_to.htmlhttp://www.askmen.com/money/how_to/1_how_to.htmlhttp://www.askmen.com/money/how_to/1_how_to.htmlhttp://www.askmen.com/money/how_to/1_how_to.html


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When they say sing, you sing

If you are taken to a Karaoke bar in Japan,Taiwan or China, and are asked to sing a song,the proper protocol is to give it your best

effort, even if you cannot carry a tune. Becareful with special awards. It is considered anhonor to be given the fish head at a meal. Torefuse it would offend your host. Be gracious,

accept the tribute and have a taste. When thefocus is no longer on you, it will be takenaway.


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Save face

It is of utmost importance that you understand theconcept of losing and gaining face. Never do anythingthat will make an Asian feel disrespected and ashamed.When it's absolutely imperative to correct someone,

do it privately, discreetly and courteously. Take theblame yourself: "I'm sorry, Tanaka-san, I must haveexplained it poorly. I appreciate your excellent answerbut I should have included more information in myrequest."

This approach allows him to change his answer whilemaintaining his dignity. Never embarrass yourself, yourbusiness associate or your client.


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Buy the right gifts

Do your research beforehand to determine what

kind of gift, if any, is appropriate. Forget about

anything made of pigskin in Muslim countries and

avoid giving things that come in sets of four inChina (as the number four signifies death). In

Indonesia, it's inappropriate to bring a gift to your

first meeting, while most Japanese

companiesappreciate a gift that everyone in the

office can enjoy, such as a box of chocolates.
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Apologize when it's expected

If there is any possibility that you have

offended someone, apologize. Not doing so

will harm your career far more than the

apology will hurt your ego. And remember;your sense of humor may not go over well

cross-culturally. Leave your jokes at home so

you won't have to apologize later for causingoffense.


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Indonesia

Public displays of affection with spouses or partners are regarded assexual and thus are frowned upon. However public displays of affectiontowards one's children, parents or family members are approved of.

Indonesian people don't bow. Bowing is considered weird and uncommon.

Always use your right hand, when shaking hands, offering a gift, handingor receiving something, eating, pointing or generally touching another

person Making sounds while eating is considered impolite. This includes slurping

or the sound of cutlery touching the dish.

Offer gifts with the right hand only.

Gifts should not be opened when received.

Avoid talking about Religion and Race in Indonesia, because Religion andRace are sensitive issues in Indonesia.

Tipping is customary in Indonesia, yet it is optional


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Japan

Business cards should be given and accepted with both hands. It is expected that the cards will immediately beinspected and admired, then placed on the table in front of the receiver for the duration of the meeting. After themeeting, cards should be stored respectfully and should never be placed in a back pocket. You should not write ona business card. If you want to be taken seriously at a business meeting, you must have business cards. When youget them out, they should be in a card holder - not just taken out of your pocket. [4]

It is a faux pas to accept a gift when it is first offered and the giver is expected to offer it multiple times (usually 3times). Gifts are generally not opened in the giver's presence.[5]

In greeting or thanking another person, it may be insulting if the person of lower status doesnot bowappropriately lower than the other person. However,foreigners are rarely expected to bow. The level and

duration of the bow depends on status, age and other factors.[6]

Pouring soy sauce onto rice is considered unusual.[6]

It is less common to pour one's own drink in a social setting. Generally an individual will offer to pour acompanion's drink and the companion, in return, will pour the individual's drink.

Blowing one's nose in public is a faux pas.

For women, not wearing cosmeticsmay be seen as unprofessional or expressive of disregard for the situation.

A smile or laughter from a Japanese person may mean that they are feeling nervous or uncomfortable, and notnecessarily happy.

"Hai" means "yes" in Japanese, but in a meeting or discussion it is often used to mean "Yes, I have heard you".

Don't mistake this for agreement with your point of view. It is very bad manners to be late in Japan. If you have an appointment then aim to be early.

It is rude to not send a postcardfor Japanese New Yearto someone who sent you one. Sending such a postcard tosomeone who suffered a death in the family during the past year is a faux pas.

Tippingis considered rude and is rarely done in Japan except in certain cases, such as tipping your surgeon for anoperation, when visiting a high class ryokan, or when dealing with house movers.
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Korea

The number 4 is considered unlucky, so gifts should not be given in multiples of 4.Giving 7 of an item is considered lucky.[7]

Blowing one's nose at the table, even if the food is spicy, is mildly offensive. Ifnecessary, take a trip to the toilet or at least be very discreet. [8]

In restaurants and bars, pouring one's own drink is a faux pas.

When someone of a significantly higher social position pours you a drink, it is

considered proper to turn away from that person when you drink it. Leaving a gratuity is usually not accepted nor expected.

When handing an item to someone, it is considered rude to only use a single hand.Under most circumstances, especially when interacting with a stranger or asuperior, one uses the right hand supported by the left hand.

Even though mentality evolved, women smoking in public is sometimes notaccepted, despite being legally allowed.

A couple kissing each other in public is a faux pas, since it is not seen as modest.

It is socially acceptable to curl your upper lips to the left when flatulence isexpected. In the presence of elders or superiors, the left eye should be closed
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Thailand

Thais hold their king in very high regard and anysign of disrespect is a major faux pas. Currency,postage stamps, magazines covers and any otheritems with the kings image are never tossed to

the ground or treated harshly. Even licking theback of a postage stamp is considereddisrespectful. Most especially, these items arenever trod upon as it is a sign of utmost

disrespect to place ones foot above the head ofthe king. Money or other items droppedaccidentally should immediately be picked up andreverently brushed.


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Vietnam

When going out to eat with other people, it isprestigious to pay for the meal. It is thereforerude to prevent someone from paying if theyhave made the offer first. The offer can be made

as soon as going to a restaurant is discussed oranytime thereafter. On the other hand, invitingothers for a meal, drink or event automaticallycreates the expectation that the one giving the

invitation will pay for the others. Among youngerpeople, the practice of splitting the bill isincreasingly common.

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