as level psychology · jean piaget and his theory • samuel & bryant criticized piaget •...
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AS Level Psychology
The Core Studies
The developmental approach
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Developmental Psychology
• The Topic - Cognitive development
• The authors
• Samuel J & Bryant P (1984)
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Samuel J & Bryant P (1984)
• Can young children
CONSERVE or does
asking the same question
twice cause them to fail?
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
Children’s thought processes are QUALITATIVELY
different to adult thought processes
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Jean PIAGET
• Piaget is the most famous writer on children’s
cognitive development
• Piaget studied his own children and their friends
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Piaget proposed a maturational theory of
cognitive development
• NATURE not NURTURE
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• cognitive development:
• the transformation of initial inborn schema by the
twin processes of
• Assimilation = practise
• Accommodation = modification
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
Cognitive development takes place through FOUR fixed age related stages
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 1- the sensorimotor stage
• birth to 2 years
• child learns from interaction with environment
• only at about 6 months does OBJECT
permanence occur
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• 2 to 7 years
• Child is egocentric - unable to understand the
world from another’s perspective
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Example of egocentric child
• Three mountains task
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• In preoperational stage child cannot conserve
• What does CONSERVE mean?
• Children can CONSERVE when they understand
that quantity does not change when appearance
changes
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• classical conservation test stage 1
RRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
• are there the same number of counters in each
row?
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• classical conservation test stage 2
RRRRRR
R R R R R R
• are there the same number of counters in each
row?
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• conservation test
RRRRRR
R R R R R R
• the child who says NO cannot conserve
number
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• conservation of mass
• 2 rolls of plasticine - is there the same amount in
each?
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• roll one out while child watches
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• still the same amount in each?
the child who says NO is unable
to conserve MASS
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• conservation of volume
• 2 containers of liquid - same amount
in A as in B?
A BBB
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• Watch while pour B into C
• Same amount in A as in C?
A B C
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 2 - pre-operational stage
• same amount in A as in C?
• the child who says NO unable to conserve
VOLUME
A B
C
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• According to Piaget - in all these cases the
child can only take into consideration ONE
aspect of the physical world at a time (what it
looks like)
• THUS if it LOOKS different it MUST BE different!
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 3 -
• CONCRETE operational stage
• 7 - approx 11 years
• child now able to conserve and can perform quite
complex operations
• but only if ‘real’ objects are ‘at hand’
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• the child cannot perform mental operations
(transformations)
• If Bill is taller than Jim and shorter than John
who is the tallest?
• Without real figures to manipulate the child
cannot answer
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• If Bill is taller than Jim and shorter than John who is the
tallest?
• BILL JIM JOHN
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Stage 4
• Aged 11+ ‘Formal Operations’
• is this where the 11+ came from!
• The child can now perform logical operations and
abstract reasoning
• According to Piaget not all achieve the stage
of FORMAL OPERATIONS
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• Samuel & Bryant criticized Piaget
• they did not agree that young children were unable to conserve
• they thought children answered the way they did because of the way the experiment was carried out
• Rose & Blank (1974): Asked only one question using 6 year olds. Conservation of number only.
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Jean PIAGET and his theory
• IN SUM
• Samuel & Bryant criticised Piaget
• thought that the experimental method and the
repeated questions were DEMAND
CHARACTERISTICS
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Standard conservation test
• Question 1 Are there the same number of
counters in row A & B?
A RRRRRR
B RRRRRR
child answers YES
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Standard conservation test
Stage 2
• Child watches the transformation
A RRRRRR
B R R R R RR
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Standard conservation test
Stage 3
• Question 2 Are there the same number of
counters in row A & B?
A RRRRRR
B R R R R RR
child answers NO
failing to conserve
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
Set up an experiment to try to demonstrate that
asking the same question twice causes
children to make errors in the standard
conservation test
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
• The participants - 252 boys & girls
• aged 5 to 8.5 years
• four groups of 63
• mean ages 5 yrs 3 mths
6 yrs 3 mths
7 yrs 3 mths
8 yrs 3 mths
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
• There is a naturalistic IV = age
• Then groups divided into 3 sub groups (21 in
each sub group)
• (1) Standard Group
• Traditional conservation task
• asked two questions
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
• (2) One Judgement Group
• Only one question asked
• AFTER the transformation
• (3) Fixed Array
• Saw only ONE display - the post transformation
one
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
• Procedure
each child given 12 separate trials
4 mass (plasticine)
4 number (counters)
4 volume (liquid)
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
In this experiment
• What are the IVs
• What is the DV
• How did S & B measure the ability to conserve
(operationalise the DV)
• Why did S & B include an unequal condition in
the pre transformation
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
mean errors for each group
age standard 1 question fixed array
5 8 7 9
6 6 4 6
7 3 3 5
8 2 1 3
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
age standard 1 question fixed array
5 8 7 9
6 6 4 6
7 3 3 5
8 2 1 3
• How did performance differ by age ?
• How did performance differ between experimental
groups ?
• Do these results support Piaget?
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Samuel & Bryant (1984) Methodology ?
naturalistic experiment (IV = age)
cross sectional
experimental (IV = condition)
Independent measures (Condition used)
repeated measures (tasks)
Ecological validity ?
Participant bias - was there any?
Ethical concerns - are there any ?
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Samuel & Bryant (1984)
Children’s ability to conserve
Situation vs dispositional explanation
Nature vs Nurture
What do you think?