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Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Seed Drying in FixedBed: Process Heterogeneity and Seed QualityGlaucia F. M. V. Souza

a, Ricardo F. Miranda

b & Marcos A. S. Barrozo

a

a Chemical Engineering School, Federal University of Uberlândia

b Mechanical Engineering School, Federal University of Uberlândia

Accepted author version posted online: 08 May 2015.

To cite this article: Glaucia F. M. V. Souza, Ricardo F. Miranda & Marcos A. S. Barrozo (2015): Soybean (Glycine max L.Merrill) Seed Drying in Fixed Bed: Process Heterogeneity and Seed Quality, Drying Technology: An International Journal, DO10.1080/07373937.2015.1039542

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Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Seed Drying in Fixed Bed: Process Heterogeneity

and Seed Quality

Glaucia F. M. V. Souza1, Ricardo F. Miranda2, Marcos A. S. Barrozo1

1

Chemical Engineering School, Federal University of Uberlândia,

2

MechanicalEngineering School, Federal University of Uberlândia

Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed: Av. João Naves de Ávila,2121 – Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG – 38400-902, Brazil. E-mail:

[email protected]

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the most important oilseed in the world market.

Seed quality has direct influences on the success of the crop and contributes significantly

to productivity levels. The quality of soybean seeds can be influenced by several factors

during drying. This study evaluated the drying of soybean seeds in a fixed bed dryer,

considering the heterogeneity of the process and the effect of process variables on seed

quality. Seed and air temperatures, seed moisture and seed quality were measured

through the bed. Empirical equations were obtained relating seed quality indicators, at

several bed axial positions, as a function of process variables.

KEYWORDS: Glicine max L. Merril , heterogeneity of process, seed quality.

INTRODUCTION

High quality soybean seed production is a challenge for the agricultural sector,

especially when tropical and subtropical regions are considered. In these regions, special

production techniques must be used. [1] Soybean seed production also depends on


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availability of adequate facilities at harvest and processing, such as the adequate

conditions for seed drying. [2]

Seed quality is defined as a measure of characters or attributes that will determine

the performance of seeds when sown or stored. [3] It is a multiple concept encompassing

genetic quality, seed health, physical aspects, viability and vigour. [4] The physical

aspects are related to mechanical damages and fissures in the tegument. Viability refers to

the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed vigour is the sum

total of those properties of the seed which determine the level of activity and performanceof the seed during germination and seedling emergence. The literature contains many

reports about changes in soybean seed quality during drying. [5-7] These studies have

shown that caution must be taken in any system that involves the movement of seeds,

which can lead to mechanical damage. Due to this caution, some authors [8-9]

recommended the use of the fixed bed dryers. In this type of dryer, the drying air is

forced through the interstitial space of seed mass, while the particles in the bed remain

static.

Artificial drying of soybean seeds involves a series of peculiarities. [10-13] In the

rainy season, or anticipating harvest, when seeds are harvested with about 22% moisture,

immediate drying is mandatory. Considering such high percentage for safe storage

without physiological quality losses, seeds should be dried down to 13%-14% (db). Seed

viability can be considerably reduced by inadequate drying or by delayed drying. [14-15]


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An important problem in drying soybean seeds at high temperatures is seed coat splitting.

[16] This condition turns the beans susceptible to microbial attack in storage, and also

reduces germination potential. Low seed moisture,


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Commercial seeds of cultivar BRS Valiosa, genetically modified, with average Sauter's

diameter d p=6x10-3

m, density ρ=1.19x103 kg.m-3, and bed porosity ε = 0.37 were used

for the experimental procedures.

Experimental Apparatus

Figure 1 describes the experimental apparatus used in this study. The air system

consisted of: 1) a radial blower (Kepler-Weber); 2) a gate valve to control flow; 3) anelectric heater; 4) voltage variator to adjust temperature of incoming air (SMUN

Ximeng Electric); 5) a flow meter (TSI Incorporated; USA) ; 6) air humidifier to adjust

incoming air humidity; 7) conical region for air distribution; 8) drying zone, measuring

0.25m diameter and 0.6m height.

Operating Conditions

Experimental conditions were chosen based on a central compost design. [27] The

experiments were done in two repetitions. Table 1 shows temperature (T f ), surface

velocity (V f ) and relative humidity (RH) levels of drying air used in the experiments.

Equation 1 presents the non dimensional (coded) form of the independent variables:

40 0.7 35.0; ;

5 0.3 10

f f T V RH X X X 1 2 3 (1)

Where T f isoC, V f is m s

-1, RH is %


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Experimental Methodology

Before the experiments were done, samples of seeds were collected to determine initial

moisture (by the oven method at 105 ± 3°C for 24h) and for the measurement of seed

quality indices before drying.

After assembling the experimental apparatus and properly calibrating the measuring

devices, the system was adjusted to the operating conditions previously established by the

experimental design. Soybean seeds were placed in the fixed bed through the upper

opening until reaching a thickness of 0.4m, when the trial time was started (time zero).

Dry and wet bulb temperatures were obtained from copper-constantan thermocouples

calibrated in a thermostatic water bath with a mercury thermometer with a precision of

0.05 °C. The precision of the measurements for velocity and air relative humidity were ±

0.05m s-1 and ± 4%, respectively.

Seed samples were collected after 0.33, 0.66, 1.16, 1.83, 2.33 and 3.0 hours for

determination of seed moisture. Seed and air temperatures were measured at 0.42, 0.92,

1.42, 2.0, 2.66 and 3.0 hours, and after 3.0 hours. Sampling was done along the bed in

positions: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 m, which are equivalent to dimensionless

positions (h/L) of the bed of 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0, respectively. Where h is the

axial position and L is the fixed bed height.

Seed moisture was determined by the oven method at 105 ± 3°C for 24h. Seed samples


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collected for temperature measurement were immediately placed in small thermally

isolated containers, containing copper-constantan thermocouple. The initial moisture of

the seeds was 20.0 ± 0.2 (% db).

Evaluation Of Seed Quality

Before starting the drying procedure in each experiment a sample of seeds was collected

to determine initial seed physiological (germination test, accelerated aging test,

emergence test in sand) and physical (sodium hypochlorite test - fissures) quality. After 3

hours of each experiment, seed samples were collected along the seed bed, at the positions 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40m, equivalent to dimensionless positions (h/L) of

the bed of 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0, respectively. These seeds samples were also

submitted to analyzes of physiological and physical quality.

Two hundred seeds were used for the germination test. The seeds were placed in

germination paper and rolled, before placing them in germinators at 25ºC. Germination

percentage was determined five days later, counting the number of normal seedlings,

according to the International Seed Testing Association – ISTA. [28] The accelerated

aging test was done with 200 seeds, placed in gerboxes (0.11x0.11x0.03 m) and

maintained for 48 hours at 41±0.5°C and 100% relative humidity. Subsequently, the

germination test was done, according to ISTA. [28] The emergence test in sand was done

in sand beds using 200 seeds, sown at 0.02 m depth, and moisture was maintained by

periodical watering. Ten days later, when no more seedling emergence was observed

after two consecutive evaluations, the percentage of normal seedlings was determined


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according to ISTA. [28] The sodium hypochlorite test was done with two replications of

100 seeds, placed in containers and covered with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Ten

minutes later, the number of seeds that were not imbibed was determined, and the results

expressed as average percentage per sample. [29]

In order to determine the effect of drying process variables on seed quality, the values,

obtained in each one of the tests, for each bed position, were divided by the respective

values of initial quality (before drying), thus obtaining the indices of germination,

accelerated aging, emergence in sand and the index of seeds without fissures.

The individual effects and interactions of the variables T f , V f and RH on seed quality

indices were quantified. Prediction equations were obtained for each response studied

(indices of germination, accelerated aging, emergence in sand, and seeds without

fissures) at the different axial positions of the bed, by multiple regression.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Drying Rate, Seed Moisture And Temperature, And Air Temperature Along The

Bed

Table 2 presents the drying rates of soybean seeds at the different axial positions

of the bed for each experimental condition.

A significant drop in seed drying rate is observed as it advances through the bed,

indicating a heterogeneity of the drying potential in the different axial positions in all

experiments. The differences between dimensionless positions 0.125 (near the bottom)


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and 1.0 (top of bed) were about 0.30±0.05 percentage points per hour (pp h -1) for most

experiments. The greatest differences, 0.80 and 0.49 pp h-1, were observed in low drying

air velocity (0.27m s-1) and high air relative humidity (49.1%), respectively. The smallest

difference between drying rates at the axial positions of the bed, 0.19 pp h -1, was obtained

using the greatest drying air velocity (1.12 m s-1).

Final soybean seed moisture (after drying) is shown in Table 3. As previously

mentioned, final soybean seed moisture should be down to 13%-14% (db) to maintain

seed quality during storage. It can be seen that, in most experiments, final seed moisturewere out of the desirable range for safe seed storage. Only three experiments (5, 7 and 13

) had seed with final moisture below 13 to 14% (db) at the different axial positions of the

bed. Thus, these three experimental conditions are adequate to drying, however the seed

quality should be also considered.

Seed temperature and air temperature measured at the different positions of the fixed bed

became stable in time, with a significant difference along the axial positions of the bed, in

greater or smaller scale depending on the operating conditions. Higher heterogeneities

were obtained with lower drying air velocities. Figure 2 makes clear the significant effect

of air velocity on the product heterogeneity along the bed. At 0.27 m s -1, the air reached

temperatures between 31 and 38°C and the seed between 30 and 36°C (Figure 2A); in

contrast, at 1.12 m s-1, air temperature was between 37 and 39°C while seeds were

between 36 and 37°C (Figure 2B).


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High differences in seed temperature can lead to a final product with different

levels of quality as well. Therefore, seed quality after drying should also be considered in

order to define the best combination of the variables in the drying process

Quality Of Soybean Seeds

The experimental data on seed quality (indices of germination, vigor, emergence in sand,

and seeds without fissures) obtained along the drying bed for each experiment, were

adjusted in prediction equations for each quality indicator, as a function of drying

variables, using the response surface technique. The fitted equations are represented inthe form.[30]

^

~~ ~ ~ ~o

y b x b x B x

Where: b0: linear coefficient;~~

'b x : first order effects;~

b : parameter linked to isolated

variables;~~

' x B x : quadratic contribution; B: parameters linked quadratic variables and

interactions;~

x : coded variables.

In this paper we present some equations to represent the behavior of seed quality indices

at two different axial positions (near the bottom and top of bed). The parameters with p-

level greater than 10% (error probability of the statistical test) were disregarded, and the

respective variables were considered irrelevant. [27]


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The empirical equations for predicting the germination index (GI) of soybean seeds for

bed axial positions (dimensionless) 0.125 (near the bottom) and 1.0 (top of bed) as a

function of drying variables are the follows:

0.125~ ~ ~

0.043 0.026 0 0

GI 0.981 x ' 0 x' 0 0 0 x

0 0 0 0

(2)

1.0~ ~ ~

0.038 0.025 0 0

GI 0.987 x ' 0 x' 0 0 0 x

0 0 0 0

(3)

The quadratic correlation coefficients indicate that 80 and 85% of experimental data

variability of germination index (GI) can be explained by the equations 2 and 3,

respectively. Temperature was the variable that most affected the germination index of

soybean seeds. From these equations is possible to quantify the importance of this drying

variable in reducing the germination indices of soybean seeds at these axial positions.

Figure 3 depicts response surfaces for predicting of germination index (GI) of soybean

seeds at dimensionless axial positions 0.125 (A) and 1.0 (B), according to the models

previously presented, as function of non-dimensional values of temperature (X1) and

relative humidity (X3) of drying air.


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These surfaces (Figure 3) also demonstrate the great sensitivity of seed germination to

drying temperature (X1) variation, which was also observed at the other axial positions.

The best results, i.e., and the least damage to seed quality were obtained at the lowest

drying air temperatures (X1 = − 1.41 or T f = 32.9°C). High temperature can cause greater

latent effect than the immediate one, which will appear in storage. [31] After a period of

storage, the thermal damages can lead to the seed germination suffer even greater

reductions. [20]

Drying temperature was also the variable that most affected soybean seed vigor in theaccelerated aging index. The empirical equations for predicting soybean seed accelerated

aging (AAI) at the dimensionless axial positions 0.125 (near the bottom) and 1.0 (top of

bed) are:

0.125~ ~ ~

0.049 0, 032 0 0

AAI 0.973 x ' 0 x' 0 0 0 x0 0 0 0, 027

(4)

1.0~ ~ ~

0.046 0.034 0 0

AAI 0.977 x ' 0 x' 0 0 0 x

0 0 0 0

(5)

Figure 4 depicts the surface responses for predicting the accelerated aging index (AAI) of

soybean seeds at bed axial positions (dimensionless) 0.125 (A) and 1.0 (B) as function of

non-dimensional values of temperature (X1) and relative humidity (X3).


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The best condition occurs with a lower level of drying temperature (X1

= − 1.05), around 35°C, and intermediate level of air relative humidity (X3 = 0), about

35%. Germination and vigor decrease is associated with the overdrying as well as the

underdrying. [7] Overdrying may cause invisible damage to the living cells of the seed

and destroy its viability. [32] Underdried seeds lose viability due to mold activity.

However, due to the drying conditions used in this study, the decreasing in germination

and vigor are expected to be mostly due the overdrying (conditions with high air

temperature and low air humidity values), as seen in the Figures 3 and 4.

It also can be observed in Figure 4 results, the difference between the accelerated aging

index at these two axial positions (h/L=0.125 and 1.0), thus indicating a heterogeneous

profile along the bed, also for seed quality.

All drying variables, somehow, affected soybean seed emergence in sand index at the

first layers of the fixed bed (h/l=0.125 and 0.25). Drying temperature and air velocity

were the variables that significantly affected this quality indicator at dimensionless

positions 0.5 and 1.0. Such difference could be due to the greater sensitivity of the first

layers of the fixed bed to the variables of the process, since the air is hotter and dryer at

those positions.

The empirical equations for predicting soybean seed emergence in sand index (ESI) at

axial positions 0.125 and 1.0 are:


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0.125~ ~ ~

0.062 0.039 0 0

ESI 0.996 x ' 0 x' 0 0.016 0 x

0.014 0 0 0.012

(6)

1.0~ ~ ~

0.064 0.042 0 0

ESI 0.987 x ' 0 x' 0 0.013 0 x

0 0 0 0

(7)

These equations, respectively, explain 94 and 96% of the variability of experimental data

of seed emergence in sand index .

Figure 5 depicts response surfaces for predicting soybean seed emergence in sand index

(ESI) at the dimensionless (h/L) axial positions 0.125 and 1.0, as function of the variables

studied. Once again, temperature was the variable that most affected seed quality in the

sand emergence test. In general, optimum condition occurred with values near the lowest

levels of drying air temperature, around 35°C (X1 = – 1.05)

The quality index that was most affected by all variables simultaneously was the index of

seeds without fissures. Empirical equations for predicting the index of seeds without

fissures (ISWF) at the axial positions (dimensionless) 0.125 and 1.0 are:

0.125~ ~ ~

0.025 0 0 0.017

ISWF 0.971 x ' 0 x' 0 0 0.013 x

0.066 0.017 0.013 0.038

(8)


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1.0~ ~ ~

0.020 0 0.012 0.016

ISWF 0.992 x ' 0.018 x' 0.012 0 0.016 x

0.038 0.016 0.016 0.029

(9)

Equations 8 to 9 explain, respectively, 85 and 83% of ISWF data variability. Figure 6

presents surface responses for the prediction of soybean seed index of seeds without

fissures (ISWF) at the these axial positions (h/L=0.125 and 1.0) as function of non-

dimensional values of drying air temperature (X1), relative humidity (X3) with constant

air velocity at the central point of the experimental design (X2= 0).

The lower levels of ISWF (seed with low physical quality) are obtained in the first layer

of the fixed bed, when the temperature is high and the relative humidity is low

(conditions that lead to a high drying rate) . It is also important to highlight that the effect

of the drying variables on this quality index, especially temperature, decreases as the

distance of drying air intake increases, thus, showing heterogeneous behavior of the fixed

bed in deep layer.

As observed in Figure 6, the increase in seed coat cracking is associated with conditions

that lead to a high drying rate, with the corresponding high shrinkage rate, [14] and high

mechanical damages. Differential shrinkage of seed coat and cotyledons occurs during

drying. When the drying rate is increased, the seed coat at the surface of the soybean

tends to shrink faster than the cotyledons causing the cracks. [13] According to TeKrony

et al. [33] problems of seed coat cracking can occur when drying air relative humidity is

below 35 to 40%.


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Besides the qualitative behavior observed on the surface responses presented in this

study, the proposed equations allow the quantification of the effects of the drying

variables in fixed bed on the physiological and physical quality of the seeds.

CONCLUSIONS

The methodology developed was adequate to study the heterogeneity of the drying

process along the bed and to analyze the grouped effect of air temperature, relative

humidity and air velocity on the final seed quality of soybean dried in a fixed bed dryer.

Significant differences were observed for moisture, air temperature and seeds in axialdirection of the bed.

The used statistical technique allowed to obtain empirical correlations for the quality

indices of soybean seeds as a function of the variables analyzed. These equations can be

used to predict the drying conditions at which the quality indices of soybean seeds are

commercially acceptable. The best germination and vigor indices are attained at low

values of air temperature (lower than 35oC) coupled with a high air relative humidity

(higher than 35%). In addition, high air relative humidity (higher than 35%) and low seed

temperatures assure better seed physical quality, expressed by the high index of non-

fissured seeds. In general, the decrease in seed quality is associated with conditions that

lead to high drying rate and corresponding overdrying conditions.


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AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the State of Minas Gerais Research Support

Foundation (FAPEMIG) and National Council for Scientific and Technological

Development (CNPq) for their financial support.

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23. Mujumdar, A.S.; Law, C.L. Drying Technology: Trends and applications in

postharvest processing. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2010, 3, 843-852.

http://lattes.cnpq.br/1095833148260006http://lattes.cnpq.br/1526946408801828http://lattes.cnpq.br/2270677706718167http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249263204&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&refeid=2-s2.0-78249263204&src=s&imp=t&sid=351FFACBD5EAB6C89EBC277E1F8156D7.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a150&sot=ctocbw&sdt=a&sl=37&s=PUBYEAR+AFT+2010+AND+PUBYEAR+BEF+2014http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249263204&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&refeid=2-s2.0-78249263204&src=s&imp=t&sid=351FFACBD5EAB6C89EBC277E1F8156D7.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a150&sot=ctocbw&sdt=a&sl=37&s=PUBYEAR+AFT+2010+AND+PUBYEAR+BEF+2014http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249263204&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&refeid=2-s2.0-78249263204&src=s&imp=t&sid=351FFACBD5EAB6C89EBC277E1F8156D7.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a150&sot=ctocbw&sdt=a&sl=37&s=PUBYEAR+AFT+2010+AND+PUBYEAR+BEF+2014http://lattes.cnpq.br/5969496186215144http://lattes.cnpq.br/7640108116459444http://lattes.cnpq.br/1526946408801828http://lattes.cnpq.br/4074369473895050http://lattes.cnpq.br/8399881058983357http://lattes.cnpq.br/1095833148260006http://lattes.cnpq.br/1095833148260006http://lattes.cnpq.br/8399881058983357http://lattes.cnpq.br/4074369473895050http://lattes.cnpq.br/1526946408801828http://lattes.cnpq.br/7640108116459444http://lattes.cnpq.br/5969496186215144http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249263204&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&refeid=2-s2.0-78249263204&src=s&imp=t&sid=351FFACBD5EAB6C89EBC277E1F8156D7.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a150&sot=ctocbw&sdt=a&sl=37&s=PUBYEAR+AFT+2010+AND+PUBYEAR+BEF+2014http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249263204&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&refeid=2-s2.0-78249263204&src=s&imp=t&sid=351FFACBD5EAB6C89EBC277E1F8156D7.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a150&sot=ctocbw&sdt=a&sl=37&s=PUBYEAR+AFT+2010+AND+PUBYEAR+BEF+2014http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-78249263204&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&refeid=2-s2.0-78249263204&src=s&imp=t&sid=351FFACBD5EAB6C89EBC277E1F8156D7.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a150&sot=ctocbw&sdt=a&sl=37&s=PUBYEAR+AFT+2010+AND+PUBYEAR+BEF+2014http://lattes.cnpq.br/2270677706718167http://lattes.cnpq.br/1526946408801828http://lattes.cnpq.br/1095833148260006


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24. Santos, K.G.; Santos, D.A.; Duarte, C. R.; Murata, V.V.; Barrozo, M.A.S. Spouting

of Bidisperse Mixture of Particles: A CFD and Experimental Study. Drying Technology

2012, 30, 1354-1367

25. Arruda, E.B.; Façanha, J.M.F.; Pires, L.N.; Assis, A.J.; Barrozo, M.A.S.

Conventional and modified rotary dryer: Comparison of performance in fertilizer drying.

Chemical Engineering and Processing 2009, 48, 1414-1418.

26. Ratti, C., Crapiste, G.H. Modeling of batch dryers for shrinkable biological materials.

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27. Box, M.J.; Hunter, W.G.; Hunter, J.S. Statistics for experimenters: an introduction todesign, data analysis and model building. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

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Course for Seedsmen, Proccedings [S.l.] (pp.117-118). Mississippi State University: Seed

Technology Laboratory, 1982.

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Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments. New York: John Wiley and Sons,

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Academic Press, 1972.

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33. TeKrony, D.M.; Egli, D.B.; White, G.M. Seed production and technology. In:

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Table 1. Levels of operating conditions

Levels Variables

x T f (°C) V f (m/s) RH (%)

– α = – 1.41 32.9 0.27 20.8

– 1 35.0 0.4 25.0

0 40.0 0.7 35.0

+ 1 45.0 1.0 45.0

+ α = 1.41 47.0 1.12 49.1


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Table 2. – Drying rates in percentage points per hour at the different axial positions (at

the end of drying).

Experiments (T f -V f -RH)

Drying rate (pp h-

) Bed axial position, h/L (-)

0.125 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0

1 35°C – 0.4m s- - 25% 2.06 1.97 1.92 1.86 1.75

2 35°C - 0.4m s- - 45% 1.55 1.44 1.33 1.32 1.17

3 35°C - 1.0m s- - 25% 2.16 2.12 1.98 1.96 1.84

4 35°C - 1.0m s- - 45% 1.73 1.65 1.50 1.48 1.37

5 45°C - 0.4m s-

- 25% 2.30 2.25 2.17 2.07 2.00

6 45°C - 0.4m s- - 45% 1.93 1.90 1.77 1.72 1.68

7 45°C - 1.0m s- - 25% 2.39 2.31 2.22 2.14 2.06

8 45°C - 1.0m s- - 40% 2.10 2.07 2.00 1.92 1.86

9 32.9°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 1.83 1.76 1.68 1.59 1.50

10 47°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 2.31 2.28 2.13 2.11 2.01

11 40°C - 0.27m s- - 35% 2.10 2.02 1.73 1.66 1.30

12 40°C - 1.12m s- - 35% 2.13 2.09 2.07 2.02 1.94

13 40°C - 0.7m s- - 20.8% 2.35 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.06

14 40°C - 0.7m s- - 49.1% 1.64 1.52 1.41 1.35 1.15

15 40°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 1.84 1.77 1.70 1.63 1.57

16 40°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 1.85 1.79 1.73 1.66 1.59


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Table 3. – Final moisture of soybean seed at the axial positions of fixed bed (at the end

of drying).

Experiments (T f -V f -RH) Final moisture (% db) at bed axial position, h/L

(-)

0.125 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0

1 35°C - 0.4m s- - 25% 14.2 14.5 14.6 14.8 15.2

2 35°C - 0.4m s- - 45% 15.1 15.5 15.8 15.8 16.3

3 35°C - 1.0m s- - 25% 13.9 14.0 14.4 14.5 14.9

4 35°C - 1.0m s-

- 45% 15.3 15.5 16.0 16.1 16.4

5 45°C - 0.4m s- - 25% 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.8 14.0

6 45°C - 0.4m s- - 45% 14.1 14.2 14.6 14.7 14.9

7 45°C - 1.0m s- - 25% 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6

8 45°C - 1.0m s- - 40% 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.4

9 32.9°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.1 15.3

10 47°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 13.7 13.8 14.2 14.3 14.6

11 40°C - 0.27m s- - 35% 14.8 15.0 15.9 16.1 17.2

12 40°C - 1.12m s- - 35% 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 15.1

13 40°C - 0.7m s- - 20.8% 13.0 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.9

14 40°C - 0.7m s- - 49.1% 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.1 16.7

15 40°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5

16 40°C - 0.7m s- - 35% 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.9 14.2


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Figure 1. Experimental apparatus.


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Figure 2. Profiles of drying air and seeds temperatures over time at different axial

positions (h/L) with air velocity of 0.27 m/s (A) and 1.12 m/s (B); with inlet air

temperature of 40 ° C and relative humidity of 35%.


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Figure 3. Response surfaces for predicting soybean seed germination index (GI) at the

bed axial positions (h/L) of 0.125 (A) and 1.0 (B) as a function of T f and RH.


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Figure 4. Response surfaces for predicting soybean accelerated aging index (AAI) at the

axial positions (h/L) of 0.125 (A) and 1.0 m (B) as a function of T f and RH.


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Figure 5. Response surfaces for predicting soybean emergence in sand index (ESI) at the

dimensionless axial position of 0.125 (A) as a function of RH and V f , and 1.0 (B) as a

function of T f and V f .


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Figure 6. Response surfaces for predicting soybean index seeds with no fissures (ISWF)

at the dimensionless axial position of 0.125 (A) and 1.0 (B) as function of T f and RH.

artigo drying

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