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Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Unit – Update OCT 2017 USAHA
William C. Wilson,Ph.D.Acting Research Leader, Research Microbiologist
USDA, ARS, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (ABADRU)
Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR) Manhattan, KS
ABADRU Research
Supported by two ARS National Programs: � Animal Health (NP103) and Veterinary, Medical, and Urban Entomology (NP104)
� Bluetongue virus (BTV)� Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)� Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) � Japanese Encephalitis virus� Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
� Vector biology/ecology/behavior� Culicoides sonorensis� Mosquitoes � House flies
VSV
BTV
RVFV
Current ABADRU Staff� Research Leader
� Vacant
� Scientists � Dr. Lee Cohnstaedt-Research Entomologist� Dr. Barbara Drolet – Research Microbiologist� Dr. Dana Nayduch – Research Entomologist� Dr Leela Noronha – Veterinary Medical Officer� Dr. William Wilson – Research Microbiologist� Vacant – Research Microbiologist� Vacant – Research Microbiologist� Vacant – Computational Biologist
Multidisciplinary Problems:Multidisciplinary Research Team
MAMMALIANHOST
INSECT VECTOR
INFECTIOUSAGENTS
Entomologists
Veterinarians Virologists
Small farm insect control measuresLee Cohnstaedt
Insecticidal sugar baits and stations Treated barriers
§ Treated screen resulted in a 92% reduction in collected midges compared to no screen
(Snyder and Cohnstaedt, in review)
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
Num
ber o
f Culicoides
(±SE
)
Unscreened control Untreated screenTreated screen
§ LED tuned to emit optimal UV wavelength
§ Solar panel§ Photo switch to conserve power§ Screen to block non-target
organisms§ Self-contained ISB reservoir
Cohnstaedt and Snyder 2016
Biting midge research highlights
Significance:• New genetic tool/resource
• Helps inform genome project• Reveals new control targets
• First look at conditions inside the midge• Genome-level response to diet• Peek at vector competence, reproduction à
mitigation• RNAi
• Use this tool in future investigations of gene function
Accomplishments: • Built 1st transcriptome for midges• Described genes involved with reproduction, defense• Established RNAi as a tool in midge research• Described midge-microbe interactions
Ongoing projects: Characterize EHDV-midge interactions, including early response to infection and dissemination (36 h)
Whole Genotyping Studies§ BTV-2 in California
§ Gaudreault, N.N., J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 26: 553-557. 2014. § BTV-11 from Canine Abortions
§ Gaudreault, N.N., J. Vet. Diag. Invest 27-442. 2015§ EHDV-7 Israeli isolate pathogenic in cattle
§ Wilson et al., J. Gen. Virol. 96: 1400-1410. 2015.§ EHDV North American strains
§ Strains of type 1 and 2 from AL, CA, LA, TX, Alberta (Virus Genes 52: 495 2016)§ Strains of EHDV2 from 2012 cattle outbreak
§ BTV-3 introduced into the US (J. Gen Vriol. submitted 2017)
§ USA Isolates§ AK, FL, MS § 1999-2016
� Caribbean and Central American isolates � Barbados, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama� 1988-1991
Wilson et al., Vet. Ital. 51:269 2015
Nayduch lab research on house fly-bacteria interactions1. Fly-bacteria interactions across life history, expression of defense genes
2. Evolution of house fly and other filth fly immune gene families
3. “Fate” of bacteria in the house fly alimentary canal, vector potential for pathogens
4. Differencesinacquisition,carriageandexcretionofbacteriabymaleandfemaleadulthouseflies
Bacterialenumerationonselectivemedia:frommanurehomogenate,flysurfacewashes,andhomogenizedsurface-sanitizedflies
Microscopy:tovisualizefoodindissectedalimentarycanalsmaleandfemaleflies
L1 L2 L3 Pup Adlt0
5
10
15
rela
tive
expr
essi
on
540
043
709
872
NA1
775
620
225
L1 L2 L3 pupa adult
NegativePositive
Viremia - Virus isolation Detection of viral nucleic acid in serum
ANALYSIS OF VIREMIA/RNA IN SERUM
ØNo viremia was detected in vaccinated animals
ØViremia starting on day 1 until day 4 was detected in control RVFV infected animals
Nucleotide variations between RVFV Strains Saudi Arabia-01 and Kenya-06
L segment
M segment
S segment
Genomicsegment
Number of Nucleotide
changesL 76M 56S 25
Shivanna et al., Genome AnnouncementsAccepted 2016.
Rift Valley fever � RVF subunit vaccine patent October 2017 and license
pending
� Laboratory and field genetic detection systems developed
� Monoclonal Antibodies developed
� cELISA in commercial development and evaluation
� Lateral flow assay in commercial development� Bovine diagnostic MassTag PCR in patent submission
� Virus population genetics studies ongoing
� Reverse genetic system established
� Virus reassortment project ongoing
� Virus-insect-host initiated in primary macrophage cultures
Japanese Encephalitis modelingLee Cohnstaedt and Scott McVey
Risk of JEV introduction to USA a systematic literature review (Dr. Cernicchiaro) (Oliviera et al. in review)
Likely spread of JEV in the USA Network modeling (Dr. Scoglio)
S IEIn the USA,long-distance dispersal will be driven by birds, local transmission driven by feral pigs
Riad et al 2017
JEV, WNV, VSV, SBV and RVFV, BTV, EHDVZika????
Mosquitos (multiple species), flies, midges, black flies
Uninfectedinsect
Healthyanimal
Sickanimal
Human
County-levelquarantine
SourceofVSVatt=0
Wildlifecarriers
Sickanimals(indexcase)
eggspupae
larvae
cofeeding
Infectedinsects
Healthyanimal
Sickanimal
healthyanimals
Healthyanimalamplification
H1:Localabundance
H2:Persistence
Insectdispersal
Insectdispersal
SickanimalsHealthyanimals
AnimalTransport
H3:Spatialcontagion
AnimalTransport
airtemp,streamflow,precipitation,vegetation,densityofhost(lags)
winterminimumtemp
localhost/vectorabundance,dispersalability,newconditions
Sickanimals
Uninfectedinsect
Healthyanimal
Sickanimal
Human
overwinter
EconomicLosses
VSVflowthroughthesystem
HealthyanimalbecomessickanimalConsequencesofVSVtohumanhealthandeconomy(e.g.,lossofincomewithimpactsonhorseandcattlehealth)
Dispersetonewlocationsandprocesses
repeat(t+2,loc=3)
County-levelquarantine
SourceofVSVatt=0
Wildlifecarriers
Sickanimals(indexcase)
eggsandlarvae(t+1,loc=1)
eggspupae
larvae
cofeeding
eggs
larvae
pupaeInfectedAdultinsects
Infectedinsects
Healthyanimal
Healthyanimal
Sickanimal
healthyanimals
Healthyanimal
Insectdispersal
InfectedAdultinsects
Insectdispersal
amplification
AnimalTransport
SickanimalsHealthyanimals
Transmission&overwinterprocesses(tandt+1,loc=2)
AnimalTransport
Dispersaltonewlocations
Dispersetonewlocationsandprocesses
repeat(t+2,loc=4)
Insecttransmissiontoinsects
Insecttransmissionto
animals
Verticaltransmissionin
insects
Contacttransmissionin
animals
LeeCohnstaedtBarbaraDroletScottMcVey
LuisRodriguez
AngelaPelzel-MCluskey
EmileElias
JustinDerner
Whataboutinteractionswiththeenvironment?DebraPeters: integrationofcomponents
andoverallvision
ABADRU/USDALeeCohnstaedtBarbaraDroletD.ScottMcVeyDanaNayduchLeela NoronhaWilliamWilson
KansasStateUniversityJuergen RichtBonto FaburayIgorMorozovWenjun MaSallyDavisSun-YoungSunwooStephenHiggsDanaVanlandingham
SouthDakotaStateUniversityAlanYoungMaximLebedev
CEEZADCenter of Excellence
for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases
NBAFTransitionFunds–BiosecurityResearchInstitute/KSU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you for your attention!