armasuisse federal office of topography, swisstopo federal directorate for cadastral surveying dr....

armasuisseFederal Office of Topography, swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying

Dr. Daniel SteudlerSwiss Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying

The State Land Service of Latvia 20th Anniversary Conference «Challenges for Cadastre in Digital Era»8 May 2013, Riga, Latvia

Structured Approach for Integrating Structured Approach for Integrating Cadastral Data in a Geodata Cadastral Data in a Geodata InfrastructureInfrastructure

2 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying

Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013

Land related issues and needs

Role of land administration, land management and land governance

Six key elements for a «Spatially Enabled Society»

Focus on two key elements

Landownership information

Common data integration concept

Case study

Table of ContentsTable of Contents



1950(2.5 billion)

1970(3.7 billion)

1990(5.3 billion)

2010(6.9 billion)

2030(8.3 billion)

2050(9.2 billion)

World urban/rural population 1950-2050(esa.un.org)

70%urban

30%rural

60%urban

40%rural51%

urban49%rural

43%urban 57%

rural29%36%

64%71%

Challenges – SocialChallenges – Social

• population growth (increasing to 9 billion by 2050), huge urbanization process

• intensive development of infrastructures and basic services

• conflicts between concept of private and individual landownership and of traditional, indigenous land tenure



Challenges – Environmental sustainabilityChallenges – Environmental sustainability

• environmental sustainability is hugely affected by the "tragedy of commons" dilemma;

• serious erosion and degradation problems;

clear definition of responsibility and accountability for the resource "land".



Challenge – Disaster managementChallenge – Disaster management

• Thailand after tsunami: lack of proper landownership information allowed financial investors to take over land, while local fisherman have been ousted from their properties;

• well documented landownership information would have protected minorities with lesser economic power against exploitation;

• Aceh after tsunami: the loss of land registry and cadastral data caused huge problems for reconstruction, planning, and social stability;

Disaster management starts before the disaster; landownership information is crucial.



Challenge – Land ManagementChallenge – Land Management

Nail house in Chongqing, China (2007):A cadastre with documentation of land ownership is clearly in place, but something else seems to be non-satisfactory.



Land Administration and Management ParadigmLand Administration and Management Paradigm

Tasks Land related activities

Tools / Methods

Strategy– visions and objectives

Land policy • political activities

Management– measures and projects for the

implementation of the policy

Land management • land-use planning• land consolidation• land reallocation• melioration• landscape develop-

ment• land recycling

Administration / Documentation– handling of spatial information, data

analysis, data visualization– cadastral operations, data modelling, data

acquisition, data maintenance, data distribution

Land administration and cadastre

• monitoring• navigation• geoinformation• land registration• cartography • surveying• geodesy



Steudler, D. and A. Rajabifard, editors, 72 pages, FIG Publication no. 58

http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub58/figpub58.pdf

Publication «Spatially Enabled Society»Publication «Spatially Enabled Society»

A spatially enabled society – including its government – is one that makes use and benefits from a wide array of spatial data, information, and services as a mean to organize its land related activities. Spatial enablement is a concept that adds location to existing information and thereby unlocks the wealth of existing knowledge about the land, its legal and economical situation, its resources, potential use and hazards. Information on landownership is thereby a basic and crucial component to allow for correct decision-making. Such data and information must be available in a free, efficient, and comprehensive way in order to support the sustainable development of society. It therefore needs to be organized in such a way that it can easily be shared, integrated, and analysed to provide the basis for value-added services.



Six Key Elements for a SESSix Key Elements for a SES

• Legal framework for basic geoinformation;

• Common Data integration concept

• legal and institutional independence of information (to allow for independent responsibilities);

• common geodetic reference framework;

• standardized data modelling concept;

• Positioning infrastructure for the common reference framework;

• Network infrastructure to enable integration and sharing of spatial data through the spatial data infrastructure SDI;

• Landownership information as one of the basic information topics;

• Data and information

• official, authentic, complete, comprehensive, updated;

• accessibility of data i.e. public sector information initiatives;

• volunteered geographic information (VGI), web 2.0 possibilities.



1. Multipurpose Cadastre(German style)

1. Multipurpose Cadastre(German style)

2. Title or deedstenure styleCadastres(Torrens/English style)

2. Title or deedstenure styleCadastres(Torrens/English style)

3. Taxation driven cadastre (French/Latin/ USA style)

3. Taxation driven cadastre (French/Latin/ USA style)

Tenure

Value

Use

Development

Incorporating:

Land policy

SpatiallyenabledLAS

Services tobusinessandpublic

Countrycontext

Sustainabledevelopment - Economic - Environmental - Social - Governance

Cadastralengines…

Land management

paradigm

Spatially enabled

government

ParcelsPropertiesBuildingsRoads

Inte

gra

ted

fu

ncti

on

s

SDIMapping agencies

and other data providers

Better decision making

(Williamson, Enemark, Wallace, Rajabifard, 2010)

Land Management ParadigmLand Management Paradigm



Land Ownership InformationLand Ownership Information

• application of subsidiary principle: political decisions should be taken at lowest administrative and political level, and as close to the citizens as possible

• interaction between Government, business, and citizens is concerned with land tenure, land tenure security, land and mortgage market

• it is generally accepted that a land administra-tion system is to be based on land ownership data

• examples are INSPIRE (where cadastral parcel is a core data set); the six Dutch official and authentic registries (one of them "parcel and land registration"); or the Danish basic data program (person, business, real property, address, geographic, and incomes data)

Paul van der Molen



Institution,stakeholder

Legal topic spatial data,geoinformation

textual information

GeodataInfrastructure

(GDI)

Collective land rights Corporations, tribes, clan

Land-use planning Planning dept.

Water/noise protection Local government

Environ. dept.Environ. protection

Land valuation Government

Land registry,cadastre

National governmentState governmentLocal government

Public-law restrictions Government

Three key elements for data integration concept:

- legal resp. institutional independence- legal resp. institutional independence - common geodetic reference framework- common geodetic reference framework - standardized data modelling concept- standardized data modelling concept

Common Data Integration ConceptCommon Data Integration Concept



• stakeholders can (and have to) look after their own data sets, they only have to respect the defined basic principles for a GDI

• the fear of stakeholders – loosing control over their data – can be overcome

• work flow and data flow can be clearly defined and managed for each stakeholder independent from the others

Common Data Integration ConceptCommon Data Integration ConceptAdvantages (1/2)


Legal topic spatial data,geoinformation

textual information


Collective land rightsCorporations, tribes, clan

Land-use planning Planning dept.

Water/noise protection Local government

Environ. dept.Environ. protection

Land valuation Government

Land registry,cadastre

National governmentState governmentLocal government

Public-law restrictions Government

wor

k flow

definiti

on




• GDI can be operated independently from other stakeholders• layers/domains can be added or removed as the need arises• layers/domains can be used to manage and accommodate

different legal or social issues (e.g. private landownership vs. traditional indigenous land tenure; crowd-sourced data; VGI; etc.)

• local, national or regional GDI can be established, which can share and aggregate data sets for the benefit of sustainable governance

Advantages (2/2)




• all stakeholders have to respect those basic principles and maintain and update their data sets accordingly

• setting-up a GDI is less of a technical problem, it is much more about inter-governmental communication (to overcome stakeholder's silo-type of thinking and the fear of loosing control over its own data and information)

Issues



Conceptual Principles to Ensure Inter-Conceptual Principles to Ensure Inter-operability in Land Administrationoperability in Land Administration

1)legal and institutional independence, “layer” principle (possibi-lity to define independent stakeholder responsibilities);

2)common geodetic framework;

3)standardized data modelling concept (long-term data security);

4)no logic relations between domains (connection through geographic location only);

5)mandate for an independent body to operate the GDI, in order to avoid power games between agencies.

These principles allow for an independent, very responsive, and rather flexible geodata infrastructure (GDI).



Case Study SwitzerlandCase Study Switzerland

• 1994: definition and introduction of digital format in cadastral surveying (with 8 information domains and standardized data modelling concept);

• 2004: adapted data model for cadastral surveying with 3 additional information domains;

• since 2009: development of GDI independently from cadastral surveying; includes today some 150 different information layers/domains (see map.geo.admin.ch);

• 2012: decision to include additional 17 public-law restrictions (=domains) from different stakeholders into the cadastre in order to provide an integrated and more transparent picture of private-law (rights) and public-law (restrictions) issues related to land;

such developments – mainly also in a federated context – are possible only by respecting the basic conceptual principles for land administration.



Legal security in landownershipLegal security in landownership

…is secured through standardized and readily accessible documentation of private-law rights…

LANDOWNERSHIP…LANDOWNERSHIP…LANDOWNERSHIP…LANDOWNERSHIP…

…and of public-law restrictions.

Land registerLand registerLand registerLand registerCadastral surveyingCadastral surveyingCadastral surveyingCadastral surveying PLR cadastrePLR cadastrePLR cadastrePLR cadastre



17 PL-Restrictions on the Federal level17 PL-Restrictions on the Federal level


PL-Restriction spatial data,geoinformation

textual information

Project zonesConstruction linesAerial obstacles

Airport authority

Project zonesConstruction lines Railways

Cantonal and municipal use planning Land-use planning Dept.

National Highway Dept.Project zonesConstruction lines

Hazardous waste Environmental Dept.

Ground water protection zonesGround water protection perimeters Water Management

Noise levels Environmental Dept.

Forest delimitation (in constr. zones)Forest distance lines Forest Dept.


wor

k flow

defi

nition

wor

k flow

defi

nition


Example2Example2


Spatial enablement at work …

armasuisse federal office of topography, swisstopo federal directorate for cadastral surveying dr....

Documents

land governance

resource land

role of land administration

land related issues

cadastral data

indigenous land tenure

loss of land registry

policy land managementland