December 11 –Wednesday Argumentation Skills - 1

December 12 –Thursday 10:30 DR. SABINE FREIZER - "Georgia and Russia: conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” at Senate Room.

December 13- Friday 09:00-10:00 Ziyneti Özkan & Ezgi Nuray - Armenia

10:30 Prof.Knud Erik Jorgensen –Future of the EU At Çatı Restaurant

December 18 – Wednesday 14:00-14:50 Departmental Chair Prof.Aylin Güney lecture 15:00-15:50 Regular Lecture – Argumentation Skills Continued

December 19– Thursday 10:30 DR. SABINE FREIZER - "Armenia and Azerbaijan: the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Turkey's normalization potential" at Senate Room

December 20 – Friday Gökay Çınar –ATAY ÇETİNBİLEK ??? Russia –Georgia War in 2008

December 25 – Wednesday Argumentation Skills – Continued

December 27 – Friday NO CLASS January 1 – Wednesday NO CLASS

January 3 – Friday The Last Class Day before Final Paper Submission/Presentation – Meaning last opportunity to get feedback

January 8 – Wednesday - Around 3000 words print-out Final Paper Submission (including 300 words Abstract, At least 5 Keywords, Bibliograpy, 12 Newtimesromans Word Office format , 1.5 spaced with subheadings) ,

- Powerpoint presentation , 10 slides , 5 minutes , not more not less

Argumentation Skills-2

Arguments about Causes

• What causes some people to become open-minded? to be genius ? Well read ? Listening classical music ? Or vice-a-versa ?

• This is a question about causes and their effects—about what causes what. They're vital questions.

• The evidence for a claim about causes is a correlation(positive or negative) between two events,but not necessarly causation.

18. Explain how cause leads to effect

• When we think that A causes B, we usually

believe not only that A and B are correlated

but also that it "makes sense" for A to cause B.

• Good arguments, then, do not just appeal to

the correlation of A and B: they also explain

why it makes sense for A to cause B.

Formal argument about causes

19. Propose the most likely cause• Most events have many possible causes. Just

finding a possible cause, then, is not enough; you must go on to show that it is the most likely cause.

• Sometimes additional evidence is necessary before any explanation can be accepted with much confidence.

• More evidence is necessary when several competing explanations all fit the available evidence.

20. Correlated events are not necessarily related, could be just coincidental

.

21. Correlated events may have a common cause

• Some correlations are not relations between cause and effect but represent two effects of some other cause.

• For example,it is quite possible, for instance, that being well read and being open-minded are both caused by some third factor: by going to Yaşar University.

22. Either of two correlated events may cause the other : Correlation also does not establish the direction of causality. If A is correlated with B, A may cause B—but B also may cause A. (i.e. chick and egg)

23. Causes may be complex: Maybe, reading makes you more open-minded, but it is surely also true that open-mindedness is likely to lead people to read more. Seldom do we fasten onto the one and only cause.

To be continued – Deductive Arguments